Electrical Theory 2

ciflora 2024
Relationship between the three primary
electrical characteristics
Ohm’s Law
“current is directly proportional to
voltage and inversely proportional
to resistance”
𝑬
𝑰=
𝑹

Current (I) in amps

Voltage (E) in volts
Resistance (R) in ohms
Symbols
• Voltage Symbol • Resistance Symbol

• Current
Simple Circuit
Simple Circuit Example

AC Circuit DC Circuit
Series Circuit
• all loads are connected one after
another in a series.
• If a conductor or a load is broken, it
opens the circuit.
• This condition does not allow the
current to complete the circuit and
makes the entire circuit dead.
• A good example of this is the old
design for holiday lights. If one bulb
was burned out, the entire string
would not light.
Series Circuit
Current value is the same in every
part of the circuit.
IT = I1 = I2 = I3 …
Voltage, on the other hand, does
not remain constant throughout
the circuit.
The total voltage (VT) is equal to
the sum of all the voltage in the
circuit.
VT = V 1 + V 2 + V 3 …
Parallel Circuit
• Loads are connected across the
power line to form branches.
• Loads operate independently of
each other, and therefore a break
in any one branch does not prevent
the line voltage from being applied
to the remaining branches.
• The result is that one path (branch)
can be open with the load not
receiving current without the other
loads being affected.
Parallel Circuit
• Current has a number of paths to
follow.
• If all paths are available, the
current divides itself between the
branches back to the source.
• If a path is open, the current
divides between the remaining
available paths and goes back to
the source.
• Voltage value is the same in every
load of the circuit.
VT = V1 = V2 = V3 …
Resistors with Equal Values
• RT is determined by dividing the
value of one of the resistors by
the total number of resistors in
the circuit
Resistors with Unequal Values
1 1
𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅𝑇 =
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + +⋯ + +
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 2 4 6

𝟏𝟐
𝑹𝑻 = 𝜴
𝟏𝟏
Parallel Circuit (to determine current)
Find the sum of all currents in all
the branches

IT = I1 + I2 + I3 …
Parallel Circuit (to determine current)
𝐸
𝐼= 𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3
𝑅𝑇
1
𝑅𝑇 =
1 1 1 𝑉1 12
+ + 𝐼1 = = =6𝐴
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 𝑅1 2
1 𝑉2 12
= 𝐼2 = = =3𝐴
1 1 1
12 V + +
2 4 6
𝑅2 4
𝑹𝑻 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟗 𝑉3 12
𝐼3 = = =2𝐴
𝐸 𝑅3 6
𝐼=
𝑅𝑇
𝐼 =6+3+2
12
=
1.09 𝑰 = 𝟏𝟏 𝑨
𝑰 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟏 𝑨
Series-Parallel 𝐼=
𝐸
The rules of series and parallel 𝑅𝑇
circuits are applied selectively to
circuits containing both types of 𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅23
interconnections. 1
𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅1 +
For series , 𝑹𝑻 = 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑 + ⋯ 1 1
+
𝑅2 𝑅3
1
𝑅𝑇 = 38 +
1 1
+
20 30
𝑅𝑇 = 50 𝛀

25
𝐼= =
50
Series-Parallel
𝑉2 𝑉3
𝐼2 = 𝐼3 =
𝑅2 𝑅3
V2 = V3
VT = V1 + V2 =6V
V2 = VT - V1 6
𝑉1 = 𝐼1 𝑅1 𝐼3 = = 𝟎. 𝟐 𝐀
30
= 0.5 38
𝑉1 = 𝟏𝟗 𝑽
check
V2 = 25 – 19 = 6 V I1 = I 2 + I 3
= 0.3 + 0.2
6
𝐼2 = = 𝟎. 𝟑 𝐀 = 0.5 A
20
Single Phase vs. Three Phase
Single Phase
• Used in most homes and small businesses
• Able to supply ample power for most smaller
customers, including homes and small, non-
industrial businesses
• Uses 2 to 3 wires

Three Phase Power

• Common in large businesses, as well as
industry and manufacturing around the globe
• Allows for smaller, less expensive wiring and
lower voltages, making it safer and less
expensive to run
• Highly efficient for equipment designed to run
on 3-phase
• Uses 3 to 4 wires
ELECTRIC POWER
• Power is the rate at which work is 𝑃=𝐸𝐼
performed, or the rate at which using Ohm’s Law
energy is expended.
• When this amount of work is 𝑃 = 𝐼2 𝑅
accomplished in one second, it is 𝐸2
equal to one watt. 𝑃=
𝑅
• A watt is the basic unit of power. where:
• One watt is also defined as the Power = P = Watts (VA)
amount of work that is accomplished I = amperes
when a voltage of one volt causes one R = ohms
ampere of current to pass through a E or V = volts
circuit.
ELECTRIC POWER
Consider a 50-watt household
bulb and a 100-watt household
bulb.

If both bulbs are rated for 120

volts, Ohm’s Law can be used to
calculate the resistance of the
bulb and then the current flowing
through the bulb.
ENERGY CONSUMPTION (electric consumption)
• Multiply power (kW) by the
number of hours used (usually
per month)
• Measured in kWhr
• To determine the energy bill
multiply kWhr by electricity rate
of the area
ENERGY CONSUMPTION (Sample Computation)
Determine power consumption of the
appliance (in kW)
Can be obtained from appliance
nameplate or brochures/manual
1 𝑘𝑊
𝑃 = 1000 𝑊 = 1 𝑘𝑊
1000 𝑊

Multiply power by the number of hours

used per day per month
3 ℎ𝑟𝑠 30 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 1 𝑘𝑊
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ
𝑘𝑤ℎ𝑟
= 90
𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ
 ENERGY CONSUMPTION (Sample Computation)
Multiply electricity rate in the area (if
unknown use old electricity bill by dividing
total bill with kWhr used)
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝑖𝑙𝑙
𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 =
𝑘𝑊ℎ𝑟 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑
52833.89
=
4920
= 𝑃ℎ𝑝 10.74 per kWhr

𝑃ℎ𝑝 10.74
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝐵𝑖𝑙𝑙 = 90 𝑘𝑊ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑊ℎ𝑟
= 𝑃ℎ𝑝 966.60
Sample…
𝑃 = 12.7 220 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝑖𝑙𝑙
𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 =
1 𝑘𝑊 𝑘𝑊ℎ𝑟 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑
= 2794 𝑊
1000 𝑊
= 2.794 𝑘𝑊 8644.89
=
870
= 𝑃ℎ𝑝 9.94 per kWhr
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
1.5 ℎ𝑟𝑠 30 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
= 2.794 𝑘𝑊
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝐵𝑖𝑙𝑙
𝑘𝑤ℎ𝑟 𝑃ℎ𝑝 9.94
= 125.73 = 125.73 𝑘𝑊ℎ𝑟
𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑘𝑊ℎ𝑟
= 𝑃ℎ𝑝 1249.76