Unit 4
Unit 4
def make_sound(self):
pass
class Dog(Animal):
def make_sound(self):
return "Woof!"
class Cat(Animal):
def make_sound(self):
return "Meow!"
# Creating objects
dog = Dog("Buddy")
cat = Cat("Whiskers")
# Using polymorphism
animals = [dog, cat]
for animal in animals:
print(animal.name + ": " +
animal.make_sound())
1. Inheritance Issues:
Overuse of Inheritance: Inheritance hierarchies can
become overly complex, leading to maintenance
challenges and difficulties in understanding the
code.
Diamond Problem: When a class inherits from two
class Animal:
def __init__(self, name, sound):
self.name = name
self.sound = sound
def make_sound(self):
class Dog(Animal):
super().__init__(name, "Woof")
class Cat(Animal):
super().__init__(name, "Meow")
dog = Dog("Buddy")
cat = Cat("Whiskers")
# Calling methods
In this example:
counter++;
return counter;
}
}
Here, the synchronized keyword ensures that only one thread can execute
the increment or getValue method at a time, preventing concurrent access
issues.
2. Monitor as a Display Device: In a broader context, outside of
programming, a monitor is commonly used to refer to a display device like
a computer monitor. In OOP, the graphical user interface (GUI) components
and their behavior might be encapsulated in objects. For example, a
window, a button, or any visual element on the screen can be represented
as objects in an OOP paradigm.
public class MyWindow {
private Button myButton;
public MyWindow() {
myButton = new Button("Click me");
}
The term "monitor" can have different meanings based on the context in
OOP, so it's essential to consider the specific use case or programming
paradigm you are referring to.
class SharedResource:
def __init__(self):
self.data = 0
self.semaphore = Semaphore()
def update_data(self):
with self.semaphore:
self.data += 1
def worker(shared_resource):
for _ in range(1000):
shared_resource.update_data()
shared_resource_instance = SharedResource()
threads = []
for _ in range(5):
threads.append(thread)
thread.start()
# Wait for all threads to finish
thread.join()
Keep in mind that the exact implementation may vary depending on the
programming language you are using and the specifics of your application.
The general idea is to use semaphores to coordinate access to shared
resources in a way that ensures thread safety in a multi-threaded
environment.
In object-oriented programming (OOP), a thread refers to the smallest unit of
execution within a process. Threads are independent sequences of instructions that
can be scheduled and executed concurrently. In the context of OOP, threads are
often used to achieve concurrent execution of different tasks or operations.
Here's a brief overview of how threads can be used in the context of OOP:
1. Multithreading:
Definition: Multithreading is the concurrent execution of more than one
sequential set of instructions, known as threads, within a single process.
Application in OOP: In OOP languages like Java or C++, you can use
multithreading to create and manage multiple threads within a program. Each
thread can be considered as an independent object executing a specific task.
2. Thread Class (Java):
In Java, the Thread class is used to create and manage threads. You can create
a new thread by extending the Thread class or implementing the Runnable
interface.
Example using Thread class:
class MyThread extends Thread {
public void run() {
// Code to be executed in the new thread
}
}
4. Thread Safety:
In OOP, when dealing with shared resources accessed by multiple threads, it's
important to consider thread safety. Thread safety ensures that the shared
data is accessed and modified in a way that avoids conflicts and data
corruption.
Synchronization mechanisms such as locks or synchronized methods can be
used to achieve thread safety.
Threads in OOP allow for concurrent execution of tasks, which is particularly useful
for applications that need to handle multiple operations simultaneously, like
handling user input, performing background tasks, or managing parallel
computations. However, it's important to be cautious about potential issues such as
race conditions and ensure proper synchronization when accessing shared resources
in a multithreaded environment.
In object-oriented programming (OOP), message passing refers to the
process by which objects communicate with each other. Objects in OOP
encapsulate data and behavior, and they interact by sending messages. A
message is a request for an object to perform one of its methods, which are
the functions or procedures associated with the object.
1. Object Creation:
Objects are instances of classes, which serve as blueprints for creating
objects.
When an object is created, it has its own set of attributes (data) and
methods (functions).
2. Message Sending:
Objects communicate by sending messages to each other.
A message typically includes the name of the method to be executed
and any required parameters.
3. Method Execution:
When an object receives a message, it invokes the corresponding
method.
The method is executed with the object's internal state (attributes)
and may modify the state or return a value.
4. Encapsulation:
Encapsulation is a key principle in OOP, and it means bundling data
(attributes) and methods that operate on that data within a single
unit (object).
Objects hide their internal state, and interactions occur through well-
defined interfaces (public methods).
5. Polymorphism:
Polymorphism allows different objects to respond to the same
message (method) in different ways.
It enables objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a
common base class during message passing.
6. Inheritance:
Inheritance allows a class to inherit attributes and methods from
another class.
Subclasses can override or extend methods inherited from their
superclass, adding flexibility to message passing.
pythonCopy code
class Dog:
def bark(self):
print("Woof!")
class Cat:
def meow(self):
print("Meow!")
# Message passing
dog_object = Dog()
cat_object = Cat()