Tijseg: Peer-Pressure and Social-Media As Predictors of Teenage Pregnancy in Oyo State, Nigeria

ISSN: 1300 – 7432
TIJSEG
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Turkish International Journal of Special Education and Guidance & Counseling 2023, volume 12, issue 1
PEER-PRESSURE AND SOCIAL-MEDIA AS PREDICTORS OF TEENAGE

PREGNANCY IN OYO STATE, NIGERIA
Augusta Nkem MOLOKWU
PhD, Federal college of education special Oyo,Oyo state, Nigeria
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1058-6602
augustamolokwu2020@gmail.com
Seun Weyinmi AJAGBE

Federal college of education special Oyo, Oyo state, Nigeria
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8948-320X
weyinmiseun@gmail.com
Received: March 04, 2023 Accepted: June 07, 2023 Published: June 30, 2023
Suggested Citation:
Molokwu, A. N & Ajagbe, S. W. (2023). Peer-pressure and social-media as predictors of teenage pregnancy in Oyo State, Nigeria.
Turkish International Journal of Special Education and Guidance & Counselling (TIJSEG), 12(1), 35-44.
This is an open access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.

Abstract
Teenage pregnancy in this day and age has increased amongst schoolgirls. This could be due to peer pressure and exposure to the
social media. This study investigates Peer pressure and social media as predictors of teenage pregnancy among secondary school
girls in Ibarapa Division of Oyo State. Using descriptive survey design, multistage sampling was done to select 100 schoolgirls with
an age range of 13-19 across selected secondary schools. Teenage Pregnancy and Peer Pressure Questionnaire (TEPAPP-Q) and
social media and Sex Questionnaire (SMAS-Q) developed and validated were used to collect data. Data collected was analyzed
using frequency count and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Findings revealed peer pressure (F-ratio=.5863; p<.05) and social media
(F-ratio=.3716; p<.05) to have significant effects on teenage pregnancy among the participants, while peer pressure show greater
influence. Conclusively, a climate that is sensitive to sexual identity development and appropriate health information is necessary.
Early counselling orientation on the impact of succumbing to pressure and parental guidance to avoid abuse of the social media
were recommended.
Keywords: Peer-pressure, social-media, teenage pregnancy, adolescents.
INTRODUCTION
Teenage pregnancy has become one of the very common challenges among adolescents in Nigeria. Teenage
pregnancy occur within the ages of 13 to 19 and about half of these pregnancies are by chance and definitely
not by choice as more than half end in abortion, unfortunately, in an unsafe conditions. An estimated 3.9
million girls aged 15 to 19 go through dangerous abortions ending in pregnancy related complications
(Kassa, Arowojolu, Odukogbe, & Yalew, 2018; Ojo & Asebiomo, 2019). The negative consequences and
outcomes tends to cause stigmatization and entrenched stereotyping as pregnant teenagers are not likely to
continue their career path, secure a job or finish school (Alabi & Oni, 2017; Mathewos & Mekuria, 2018).
The world Health Organization (WHO) are committed to constant advocacy, and capacity building of
adolescents and are constantly collaborating in global partnership with a collection of stakeholders to
empower at least 120 million women and girls to have access to contraceptives by the year 2020.
The transit from childhood to teenage may be coloured with insecure emotions, in some cases, this could
result to complex immature and negligent behaviours. Teenage has to do with age which is between 13 to
19 and ending there, while adolescence is an adjective that describes the stages a child experiences during
the period of teenage age. It represents the transitional phase of growth and development cognitive abilities
and social interactions between childhood and adulthood which is characterized by rapid physical growth
Copyright © Turkish International Journal of Special Education and Guidance & Counseling 35
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and development, with notable emotional intensity such as anger and sadness (Reitsema, Jeronimus, van
Dijik, & de Jonge, 2021) and social changes.
The World Health Organization (WHO) (2021), described the adolescent as any person(s) who is within the
ages of 10 to 19years. This critical developmental period is usually understood as the years between the
onset of puberty and the establishment of social independence (Allen and Waterman, (2019). During the
passé of early adolescence, physical changes become rapid, changes in attitudes and behaviour are also
observed. The many physical, sexual, cognitive, social, and emotional changes that happen during this
period come with anticipation and anxiety for both adolescent and family connectedness (Odimegwu &
Mkwananzi, (2018).
The first phase of adolescent development is the period of establishing a sense of autonomy (Allen and
Waterman, 2019), as they make effort establishing emotional independence from parents. A lot of
adolescents at this stage usually have passionate quarrels with their parents and significant others as they
struggle to acquire extra independence. A lack of affection and attention from home is a recipe for a teen
to seek love outside the home and attention from the opposite sex. Less time is craved with family as
against the cherished time with peers. The struggle at this period is characterized by same-sex peer groups
with a reduction in commitment to family activities and a lack of adherence to parental influence. At the
mid- adolescent stage, they initiate passionate love relationships. It is not uncommon for adolescents to
have crushes on adults during this stage. There is a development of emotional aptitude (the ability to
understand and manage one’s own emotions) and social competence (the ability to successfully relate with
others), otherwise referred to as emotional intelligence, which is the ability to identify and manage own
feelings and the feelings of others (Molokwu & Olabisi, 2020).
At emotional development stage, they cultivate the ability to think abstractly, fall in love, go through the
experience of infatuation and become interested in romantic and sexual relationships. This stage is bedeviled
with the incidence of unwanted and unplanned pregnancy which has become a worrisome situation in our
society today as it constitutes a health hazard to both the mother and the fetus. This infatuation is built on
imaginary audience or make-believe audience (peers) that are observing them. Appearance at this age, is
paramount subsequently, unhealthy sexual awareness is ventured into exposure to drugs, and the resultant
consequences is an unwanted pregnancy (Mathewos & Mekuria, 2018). A number of risk factors that
contribute to teenage pregnancy include unsafe sexual engagement, abuse of contraceptives (Iyanda,
Dinkins, Osayomi, Adeusi, Lu & Oppong, 2020), risks associated with multiple intimate partners,
drug/substance use and misuse, deprivation, truancy and low family income or single parent family. It
further leads to disruption in academic pursuit and contributes to school dropout (Ayamolowo, Ayamolowo
& Odetola, 2020).
Peer pressure is a factor that is worthy of note when it comes to teenage pregnancy. Molokwu (2022)
submitted that this is a very potent factor as peers evidently form social groups and norms to which members
are expected to conform. As they are constantly pre-occupied with how they appear to others, they
constantly worry about the way others perceive them as a result, they express their vulnerability through
keen interest in appearance measured in clothing, hair-dos and language. The bearing and pressing pressure
to belong to and fit in with peers is constantly, demanding a necessity to act, look, think or behave in a
certain ways so as to receive approval, validation and appreciation from peers, and a sense of being accepted
by friends and peers. The peer group, often through a naive attachment wields a strong influence on the
adolescent’s development. Secondary school years is a period of dramatic personal, social, and cognitive
change where peer pressure is prevalent. Socio-demographic characteristics are usually the strongest
predictors of friendship formation. Peer groups which is typically a same-sex group, have unique capacities
to encourage negative or positive behaviour in their members.
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Social media became an essential and integral part of the adolescents’ life in this millennium. It is used in
different sectors and domains like in health, education and communication. It includes Facebook, Whatsapp,
Instagram, Snap chat, Telegram and a host of others which uses the internet. The swelling trends in the use
of social media and influence of peer pressure are among the understandable concerns of adolescence,
especially with the incursion of the covid-19 pandemic (Mufta, 2022) and the required lockdown of schools
which necessitated the discard of face- face teaching and learning and replaced with the e-learning. It has
regrettably influenced the taste and desire for fashion and trends among teenagers. They become victims of
a number of unpleasant consequences like internet obsession, cyberbullying, anxiety, pornography addiction
and sleep disorders. Alfakoro, Yahaya and Abdul, (2021) posits that depending on the side it falls on, social
media wields negative and positive impacts.
Many youth are now addicted to watching movies on the social media in the process they get exposed to
sexthings and pornography in the social media, and as a consequence become prone to engaging in practical
carnal activity and as a result, they end up in committing abortion (Onasoga & Arunachallam, 2018). The
resultant effect on education is the truncation of academic activities and syllabus, increased health risk
particularly for the special needs child, isolation, and rejection by family members and in some cases, lack
of affection and care from both parents and family.
A physical manifestation of the consequences of constant use of or addiction to social media is discomforts
from prolonged immobility and decreased exercise. This inactivity in life style could cause increased weight
gain and fear of missing out and not fitting in among peers. Therefore, the researcher is motivated to undertake
this study in order to determine the effects of peer pressure and media on teenage pregnancy among
secondary school adolescent girls in Ibarapa Division of Oyo.
Statement of the Problem
Teenage pregnancy has become a recurrent issue in Nigerian society as it has a direct implication on school
dropout among girls and a subsequent contributor to the disparities experienced in the education of both
girls and boys. Despite the extensive attention given to adolescent sexuality and teenage pregnancy in the
last two decades, the incidence has not abated and many adolescent mothers often experience a lack of equal
career opportunities and a high rate of unemployment. Social-Media networks possibly will make
Adolescents susceptible to taking risky choices or decisions, which consist of but are not limited to risky
sexual behaviour, alcohol, drugs, and violence. Oftentimes, the sexual behaviour of teenagers is traceable
to quest and drive to experiment the dictates of peer pressure.
The twenty-first century is a digital age characterized by exposure to social media, information and
communication technology. The love for adventure exposes them to unhealthy sexual behaviours through
the social media. Some of them visit sites with explicit contents and as such are predisposed to the urge to
experiment what they see and watch. The risk of maternal and prenatal health is of apprehension for both
the pregnant teen and the health sector as the frequency of premature birth and low birth weight is prevalent
amongst teenage mothers.
A teen mother to be (the pregnant teen) could easily be exasperated and prone to violence in order to
overcome grief and distraught feeling of failure and suicide. Ordinarily, pregnancy predisposes to
hypertension, anemia combined with prolonged labour and the severe complications associated with early
pregnancy and complications. On the long run, the education is disrupted and the teen stigmatized. The
consequences is that the teen may never return to school but may live with the burden of guilt and regret.
Resting on this backdrop, this study set out to investigate the effects of peer pressure and social media on
teenage pregnancy among adolescents’ in selected secondary schools in Oyo Town.
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Purpose of the Study

The main purpose of this study was to investigate peer pressure and social media as predictors of teenage
pregnancy among secondary school girls in Ibarapa Division of Oyo State and in precise terms to:
1. Determine the peer influence on teenage pregnancy in Ibarapa Division of Oyo State.
2. Examine the influence of social - media on teenage pregnancy in Ibarapa Division of Oyo State.
Hypotheses
Two hypotheses were tested:
i. There will be no significant effect of peer influence on teenage pregnancy in Ibarapa Division of
Oyo State.
ii. There will be no significant effect of media on teenage pregnancy in Ibarapa Division of Oyo State.
METHOD
Research Design
The descriptive survey research design was used for this study. Multi-stage sampling was adopted for the
study. Two of the three local governments were randomly selected while 12 schools were selected from
each of the two local government (5 schools from each local government).
The Participants
The population of this study comprised all female students between the ages of 13 and 19 years in secondary
schools. Ten (10) female students were randomly selected from each of the twelve schools. A total of one
hundred (100) female secondary school students participated in this study within Ibarapa Division of Oyo
State, Nigeria. Ibarapa Division has three local government areas namely Ibarapa East, Ibarapa Central and
Ibarapa North Local Government Areas.
Research Instrument
The research tool through which responses were elicited from the respondents according to the variables
that were tested in the hypotheses. The questionnaire consisted of three sections. Section A is the bio-data
of the participants; Section B is 9-item Teenage Pregnancy and Peer Pressure Questionnaire (TEPAPP-Q)
which uses two likert scale (Yes=1 and No=2) and seeks to elicit response on how peer pressure influence
the participants to be involved in sexual activities while Section C is the 8-item Media and Sex Questionnaire
(MAS-Q) which uses three-likert scale (Never=1, Once in a while=2 and Often=3) and elicit response on
participants use of the media/internet to access sexually explicit contents.
Reliability and Validity
These questionnaires were developed and validated by the investigator. Face validity was done on the
instrument by the researcher and other experts in the field. The reliability of the instrument was calculated
using Kudas Richardson method with reliability coefficient of 0.72 considered reliable for use.
Procedure for Data Collection
The researcher assisted by research assistants administered the questionnaire in selected secondary schools
within the study area after seeking the permission of the school principals. Copies of the questionnaire were
distributed to participants and retrieved after they had been filled.
Analysis of Data
The data collected was analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The significance level was taken
as .05 in the study.
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RESULTS
The socio-demographic characteristics of the participants included in the study are given in Table 1.
Table 1. Participants’ socio-demographic data
AGE
Class 13-15 years 16-19 years Total
JSS 1 4 2 6
JSS 2 14 4 18
JSS 3 18 16 34
Subtotal 36 22 58
SS 1 6 16 22
SS 2 2 18 20
Subtotal 8 34 42
Total 44 56 100
Socio-demographic data of participants

20
JS 3 SS 2
18
JSS 3 SS 1
16
JS 2
14
12
10
8
SS 1
6
JS 1 JSS 2
4
JSS 1 SS 2
2
13-15 years 16-19 years
Figure 1. Bar chart showing participants socio-demographic data

Table 1 above and the bar chart show the participants’ socio-demographic data in terms of age and class. The table show
that 36 of the participants in Junior Secondary classes were within the age range of 13-15 years were in while 22 were
within the age range of 16-19 years. Table 1 also show that participants in Senior Secondary classes within the age range
of 13-15 years were 8 while those within the age range of 15-19 years were 34. The table further shows that more
participants (56) were within the age range of 16 -19 years than those (44) within the age range of 13-15 years. This data
shows that most of the participants were matured adolescents in JSS 3, JSS 2, SS 1 and SS 2.
In order to test the first hypothesis of the research, "There will be no significant effect of peer influence on
teenage pregnancy in Ibarapa Division of Oyo State", ANOVA test was applied to the data. ANOVA test
result is given in Table 2.
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Table 2. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) of effect of peer influence on teenage pregnancy.

Model Summary
Model R R-Square Adjusted R-Square Std Error of
the Estimate
1 .209a .044 .034 6.397
ANOVA
Source of variation Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig
Regression 183.959 1 183.959 4.495 .037b*
Residual 4010.681 98 40.925
Total 3294.390 99
a. Dependent variable: Teenage pregnancy
b. Predictor: (Constant) Peer Pressure
*Significant at .037
Table 2 above which has two parts shows the model summary and ANOVA. The model summary reveals
an R-square (i.e. the coefficient of determination) of 0.44. This means the proportion of variance of the
dependent variable (teenage pregnancy) account for 44% of the difference in the independent variable (peer
pressure). The table further shows the analysis of variance of peer influence on teenage pregnancy. It shows
that F-ratio (4.495) is greater than the level of significance (0.037) i.e. [F (1, 98) = 4.495; p< 0.037].
Therefore, the null hypotheses is rejected. Peer influence therefore influenced teenage pregnancy in the
study area.
In order to test the second hypothesis of the research, "There will be no significant effect of media on teenage
pregnancy in Ibarapa Division of Oyo State", ANOVA test was applied to the data. ANOVA test result is
given in Table 3.
Table 3. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) of Effect of Media/Internet on Teenage Pregnancy
Model Summary
Model R R-Square Adjusted R-Square Std Error of
the Estimate
1 .205a .042 .032 6.404
ANOVA
Source of variation Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig
Regression 175.909 1 175.909 4.290 .041b*
Residual 4018.731 98 41.007
Total 4194.640 99
a. Dependent variable: Media/Internet
b. Predictor: (Constant) Peer Pressure
*Significant at .041
Table 3 above which has two parts showing the model summary and ANOVA. The model summary reveals
an R-square (i.e. the coefficient of determination) of 0.42. This means the proportion of variance of the
dependent variable (teenage pregnancy) account for 42% of the difference in the independent variable
(media/internet). The table further reveals the analysis of variance of effect of media on teenage pregnancy.
It shows that F-ratio (4.290) is greater than the level of significance (0.041) i.e. [F(1,98)=.352; p<.041].
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Therefore, the null hypotheses is rejected. Media therefore have significant effect on teenage pregnancy in
the study area.
DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS, and RECOMMENDATIONS
Being an investigation into the effects of peer pressure and media on teenage pregnancy in Ibarapa Division
of Oyo State, the researcher found that though both peer pressure and media had significant effects on
teenage pregnancy of adolescent girls, peer pressure exerted greater effect than media. This finding is
consistent with that of Ojo and Asebiomo (2019) who reported that adolescents spend more time with peer
groups more than with their parents, as a result, they often choose and decide to conform to their peers
desires and expectations. The findings of Isuku, (2015) in an earlier research found that cliques are formed
and distinguished through the extent of influence wielded, such as affiliation to socio-demographic
characteristics as predictors.
The study also revealed that exposure to social media is a causative variable tin the incidence of teenage
pregnancy. Going by the submissions of Pikhart and Botezat,(2021), the social media indisputably have a
positive use however, some of the sites may well be misused and abused by teenagers through viewing
lascivious and sensuous related lurid pop-up (advertisements), explicit images and video clips. This is
similar to what has been reported in earlier studies and it is expected because adolescents are active users
of the social media. The findings of Molokwu, (2022) collaborated the findings of Pikhart and Botezat,
(2021). Further, that peer pressure added to misdemeanors which is in consistency with the reports submitted
by Osuntuyi, Ireyomi and Aluko (2021) that unaccepted norms displayed by young ones are as a result of
impact of peer pressure caused by lack of parental positive presence.
The accessibility to internet was also found to be a significant contributor to cybercrime in the study area.
This finding is consistent with Oloworekende (2019) who reported that e various social media platforms
have also help in sustaining the practice of cyber fraud as most of online personalities also known as online
influencer’s are in one way or the other linked to the lifestyle of fraud. Flaunting their ill-gotten wealth over
the various social media platforms and reiterating the notion of hard work which is mostly referred to as
fraud or scamming is used to mount pressure on most youth massively to engage in all. This finding is
corroborated by the work of Mushwana, Monareng, Richter and Muller (2015) whose surmise is that access
to sexual content in music, movies, television and magazines had an influence on early sexual activity
among the young. It has allowed numerous adolescents to come across like-minded individuals for
intellectual support and it has also fortified healthy way of life through peer influence, and also acting as a
basis of stress relief and entertainment.
Social media undoubtedly is a double-edged sword, particularly relating to peer pressure amongst
adolescents. It is a getaway route for stressors, am avenue to pick up both positive and negative hobbies.
The inability to get constant money to buy data for recharge could make a teenager tilt towards pilfering
and theft. It is imperative to concede the benefits of social media, but the hazards cannot be disregarded
(Molokwu, 2022). Enhancing adolescents’ inner strength is effective at lessening problematic behaviors,
such as addiction to Internet (Shek, 2020). The inextricable usefulness of school guidance counsellors, the
involvement of parents and teachers tilt towards instilling explicable expected moral ideology. For example,
positive youth development programmes in schools and societies might possibly enhance this ability (Shek,
2021a ; Shek. 2021b). Furthermore, schools play active role in averting possible harm by integrating into
education an online fraud and virtual dating formal curricula. Teachers also can do more to encourage
healthy communications and facilitate productive peer connections.
On the way forward, it is vital for us to make certain that we are cultivating in adolescent users knowledge
of these risks and empowering them to take cognizant actions and informed decisions devoid of yielding to
peer pressure. The findings of this study concluded that: Teenage pregnancy can be as a result of the
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influence of the negative impact of social media and the negative influence of peer pressure among in
Ibarapa Division of Oyo State. Against this backdrop, recommendations were made below:
Recommendations
The following recommendations were made based on the findings in the study:
i. Female students should receive early counsel and orientation on the danger that lurks around the
social media and the internet and especially on how their choice of peers and friends can impact
negatively on their lives.
ii. Parents should monitor the changes, interest in courting, intimacy, and sexual related conducts of
these teens as they grow and develop.
iii. A climate tha is sensitive to individual issues, sexual identity development and also sexual
orientation, is necessary to create a comfortable atmosphere where diverse types of sexual related
topics, imaginations, interests and appropriate health information about avoiding risk-taking
behaviour, such as drug use and unsafe sexual behaviour, is important and should be provided by
all stakeholders.
iv. It is also pertinent to introduce skills that will develop and enhance capacity to handle and proffer
solutions to challenging circumstances with peers, and career guidance.
v. Since pregnant adolescents experience stigmatization, negligence of care and access to adequate
health care services, the need to review health delivery and planned interventions services by the
Government for those with abortion complications becomes imperative.
Limitations of the Study
The findings of this study offer some valuable and thought-provoking awareness with respect to
investigating peer pressure and social media as predictors of teenage pregnancy among secondary school
girls in Ibarapa Division of Oyo State. However, the study has some limitations which might have
implications for further research. First is limitation of sample size of the study as it was carried out only
among teenagers in secondary school in Ibarapa Division of Oyo State.
Second, is that the study used measures that could make the correlation among the variables to be
exaggerated by common method variance also, the respondents could have tended to offer responses that
were socially right. Consequently, future researchers may design better scale structure together with the
outline of results which may need substantiation using a grander representative sample comprising of several
cultures, since the study conveyed a continuum to the knowledge base that support ethnically pluralistic
environment.
Ethics and Conflict of Interest
As the authors of this study, we declare that we collected data in accordance with ethical rules during the
research process and acted in accordance with all ethical rules. We also declare that there is no conflict
among the authors.
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Appendices: A Study on Effects of Peer Pressure and Media on Teenage Pregnancy among Secondary School
Adolescent Girls in Ibarapa Division of Oyo State
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Appendix 1
INSTRUCTION
This is a questionnaire for the above study. Information provided is intented for academic purpose and
kept confidential. Please fill as applicable.
SECTION A
BIO-DATA
Age: 13-15 years ( ), 16 -19 years ( )
Class: JSS 1 ( ), JSS 2 ( ), JSS 3 ( ), SS 1 ( ), SS 2 ( ), SS 3 ( )
SECTION B
TEENAGE PREGNANCY AND PEER PRESSURE QUESTIONNAIRE (TEPAPP-Q)
SN Statement Yes No
1. There is nothing wrong in being influenced by my friends.
2. At times, I have done some things because others dared me to.
3. If my friends are drinking, I will also like to have a drink.
4. I am being influenced by my friends to doing things I wouldn't do normally.
5. Some of my friends want to have sex because a lot of people of their age have already had sex.
6. I have been friends with some people, just because others liked them.
7. I have gone to parties, just to feel I belong.
8. I often do things just to be popular with the people at school.
9. At times, I have hung out with some people, so others wouldn't think I was unpopular.
10. I feel pressured to have sex.
SECTION C
MEDIA AND SEX QUESTIONNAIRE (SMAS-Q)
SN Statement Never Once in a while Often
1. I have a social media account.
2. I see pornography on social media.
3. I have watched explicit sexual content on television sometimes.
4. I have read sex stories.
5. I have friends who watch sex on their phone.
6. I have never seen a sexual video before.
7. I can search and download anything on my phone.
8. I do what I like with my phone anytime I want.

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PEER-PRESSURE AND SOCIAL-MEDIA AS PREDICTORS OF TEENAGE

Seun Weyinmi AJAGBE

This is an open access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.

Purpose of the Study

Socio-demographic data of participants

13-15 years 16-19 years

Figure 1. Bar chart showing participants socio-demographic data

Table 2. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) of effect of peer influence on teenage pregnancy.

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