FM\D^MC \ECKMIUFUMC

MRUIMC GE\E^MQM[MC GFJEC KECAMC

BE^EN^DXMRBUFM^ KJRD^KE^(BXK )

Dfei?
HMCCZ @MUFJKM ^MI@MI

(<;2>:5<:><<=<)

\^DA^M@ R[UKJ CE^R

REGDFMI [JCAAJ JF@U GEREIM[MC NMCJ
RMFEI
[MIUC ><></><>=
=. Kehjcjsj.
Berenrdvmsbufmr kjsdrkers (BXK) `erupmgmc sumtu ter`jcdfdaj ymca `ecambu pmkm
mncdr`mfjtms hucasj sjste` smrmh pusmt ymca terjmkj getjgm supfmj kmrmi ge dtmg teriectj.
Rtrdge `erupmgmc nectug BXK prj`er kj M`erjgm Rerjgmt kmc `ecjmkj
peceymnmn ge`mtjmc ge ; stefmi pecymgjt jmctuca, gmcger kmc pecymgjt sjste`
percmpmsmc nmwmi grdcjg (Ijcgfe & Bieever, ><=;).
Rtrdge`erupmgmc sumtu gemkmmc ymca kjsenmngmc mkmcym jcterupsj perpusj pmkm
nmajmc dtmg tertectu. Cmtjdcmf Rtrdge Mssdbjmtjdc `e`mgmj ter`jcdfdaj nrmjc mttmbg uctug
`ecymtmgmc uraecsj permwmtmc strdge mgut sepertj imfcym `jdgmrk jchmrg mgut. Rtrdge
`erupmgmc sumtu geamwmtmc `ekjg kmc `e`erfugmc pecmcamcmc seaerm uctug `ecaurmcaj
gebmbmtmc per`mcec (Jacmtmvjbjus & Qdrg`mc, ><=8). Rekmcagmc Fewjs, et.mf (><==),
`eckehjcjsjgmc nmiwm strdge (nrmjc mttmbg) sumtu gemkmmc ymca terjmkj getjgm dtmg tjkmg
`eckmpmtgmc mfjrmc kmrmi ymca mkegumt gmrecm jsge`jm mtmu perkmrmimc ymca

`ecyenmngmc ge`mtjmc sef-sef dtmg.

Kmrj getjam kehjcjsj kjmtms kmpmt kjsj`pufgmc nmiwm BXK, strdge mtmu nrmjc mttmbg
`erupmgmc sumtu amcaaumc hucasj dtmg ymca terjmkj mgjnmt mfjrmc kmrmi ge dtmg ymca
jcmkegumt mgjnmt jsge`jm mtmu pebmicym pe`nufui kmrmi dtmg (ie`drmajg).
>. Etjdfdaj
m. \ecyenmn Utm`m.
Mtierdsgferdsjs (pecaermsmc kmc pecenmfmc mrterj) `erupmgmc pecyenmn utm`m
strdge. Mtierdsgferdsjs kmpmt `ecyenmngmc pe`nectugmc trd`nus kmc
e`ndfj. Mtierdsgferdsjs jcj kjmwmfj dfei jchjftrmsj fjpjk ymca mncdr`mf pmkm tucjgm
jctj`m mrterj
`ecjmkj pecu`pugmc fe`mg kmc `e`nectug pfmg. \ecenmfmc pfmg fenji bepmt terjmkj
pmkm mrterj ymca `ecamfm`j pecjcagmtmc turnufecsj mfjrmc kmrmi spertj pmkm kmermi
perbmnmcamc mrterj mtmu mrterj yma nergefdg-gefdg. \fmg ymca rmpui gmrecm gmfsjhjgmsj
kecamc `ukmi njsm ruptur ymca `ermcasmca terjmkjcym respdcs jchfm`msj. \fmtefet kmc
hjnrjc kjfepmsgmc kmc `efegmt pmkm per`ugmmc pfmg kmc `ecyenmngmc pecye`pjtmc
mtmu dgfusj pmkm mrterj. \fmg ymca ruptur mtmu trd`nus jcj juam kmpmt fepms `ecajgutj
mfjrmc kmrmi kmc pecyenmngmc pecye`pjtmc pmkm pe`nufui mrterj nmajmc kjstmf.
Jchmrg serenrmf tj`nuf smmt terjmkj su`nmtmc pmkm mrterj kmc supfmj kmrmi ge dtmg
teramcaau.
 Renmamj mgjnmt kmrj jsge`jm mgmc tj`nuf nernmamj amcaaumc `etmndfjg (jsbie`jb
bmsbmke) sepertj prdkugsj M[\ ymca tjkmg mkegumt, amcaaumc id`edstmsjs
jdc,
pefepmsmc msm` m`jcd (`jsmfcym afutm`mt) pe`nectugmc rmkjgmf nenms kmc
nermgijr kecamc ge`mtjmc sef. Kmermi ymca kjsegjfjfjca jctj jsge`jm kjsenut
pecu`nrm `msji
nersjhmt reversjnef jjgm mfjrmc kmrmi ymca mkegumt kmpmt kjpufjigmc seaerm (kmfm`
wmgtu 2 jm`), `mgm gmsgmke jsge`jm kmpmt kjiectjgmc kmc `ecaurmcaj gerusmgmc
dtmg kmc geijfmcamc hucasj ceurdfdajs.
2. \mtdhjsjdfdaj
Kmrmi kjsupfmj ge dtmg `efmfuj kum pmsmca pe`nufui kmrmi mrterj utm`m, ymjtu
mrterj bmrdtjs jctercm (sjrgufmsj nmajmc mcterjdr) kmc mrterj vertenrmf (sjrgufmsj nmajmc
pdsterjdr). \erbmnmcamc mrterj bmrdtjs senmajmc nesmr `ecyupfmj kmrmi ge fdnus hrdctmf,
pmrjetmf, te`pdrmf, amcafjm nmsmfjs, kmc senmajmc kjecsehmfdc (timfm`us
kmc ijpdtimfm`us). \erbmnmcamc utm`m kmrj mrterj bmrdtjs, ymjtu mrterj serenrmf `ekjmf
kmc

mrterj serenrmf mcterjdr. Mrterj vertenrmf nersmtu `e`nectug mtrerj nmsjfer, kj`mcm
perbmnmcamc jcj `ecyupfmj kmrmi ge nmajmc tecami kmc nmwmi fdnus
te`pdrmf, dgsjpjtmf, bereneffu`, nmtmca dtmg kmc senmajmc kmrj kjecsehmfdc. Bmnmca
utm`m kmrj mrterj nmsjfer mkmfmi mkmfmi mrterj serenrmf pdsterjdr. Rjrgufmsj serenrmf
mcterjdr kmc
pdsterjdr nersmtu `e`nectug sjrgufus Qjffjs dfei mrterj gd`ucjs mcterjdr kmc
pdsterjdr. Mcd`mfj pmkm mrem jcj u`u` terjmkj seijcaam sm`nucamc pe,nufui
kmrmi mrterj tjkmg terjmkj.
Dtmg `eckmpmt supfmj kmrmi sebmrm terus-`ecerus uctug `e`ecuij genutuimc
dgsjaec kmc afugdsm nmaj ceurdc uctug kmpmt `ecjmfmcgmc hucasjcym. Mfjrmc kmrmi
`estj tetmp terjmam 15< ‒ =<<< `f/`ecjt (55 `f/=<< arm` jmrjcamc dtmg), mtmu ><%
kmrj bmrkjmb dutput mamr dtmg kmpmt nerhucasj dptj`mf. Ojgm mfjrmc kmrmi ge dtmg
teriectj sebmrm tdtmf sepertj pmkm gmsus bmrkjmb mrrest, kmfm` 2< ketjg mgmc terjmkj
perunmimc
`etmndfjs`e ceurdfdajs, `etmndfjs`e teriectj kmfm` > `ecjt kmc kmfm` 5 `ecjt mgmc
terjmkj ge`mtjmc sef dtmg.
Kmfm` gemkmmc cdr`mf, dtmg terfjckuca kmrj perunmimc tegmcmc kmrmi mrterj rmtm-
rmtm kmrj tegmcmc kmrmi sjste`jg fenji kmrj 5< ‒ =5< ``Ia `efmfuj `egmcjs`e ymca
kjsenut mutdreaufmsj. @egmcjs`e jcj kjfmgugmc kecamc `erunmi kjm`eter pe`nufui

kmrmi serenrmf senmamj respdc terimkmp perunmimc tegmcmc kmrmi, seijcaam mfjrmc kmrmi
ge dtmg tetmp gdcstmc. Mutdreaufmsj serenrmf njsm `ecamfm`j geamamfmc mgjnmt jsge`jm
serenrmf kmc sebmrm fmcasuca terjmkj perunmimc mfjrmc kmrmi serenrmf senmamj mgjnmt
kmrj perunmimc tegmcmc kmrmi. \ecu`pugmc BD> mgmc `ecyenmnmgmc
vmsdkjfmtmsj serenrmf kmc pecjcagmtmc gmkmr BD> kmfm` kmrmi mgmc `e`pecamruij
mfjrmc kmrmi ge dtmg (pecjcagmtmc BD> mgmc `ecjcagmtgmc genutuimc mfjrmc
kmrmi ge dtmg kmc ke`jgjmc senmfjgcym). Gmkmr D> ymca reckmi pmkm mrterj
(tegmcmc pmrsjmf D> pmkm mrterj gurmca kmrj 5< ``Ia) mtmu
pecjcagmtmcgdcsectrmsj jdc ijkrdaec juam
`ecyenmngmc pecjcagmtmc mfjrmc kmrmi ge dtmg.
Nmcymg hmgtdr ymca kmpmt `e`pecamruij mfjrmc kmrmi ge dtmg, ter`msug? tegmcmc
kmrmi sjste`jg, bmrkjmb dutput kmc vjsbdsjtms kmrmi. \mkm gemkmmc ymca
cdr`mf,
pecjcagmtmc genutuimc dgsjaec ge dtmg kmpmt kjpecuij kecamc perunmimc
pmkm bmrkjmb dutput, tdcus vmsd`dtdr uctug `e`pertmimcgmc kjstrjnusj mfjrmc
kmrmi ge gepmfm. Bmrkjmb dutput mgmc nergurmca sepertjam senefu` terjmkj
pecurucmc mfjrmc

kmrmi serenrmf. \erunmimc vjsgdsjtms kmrmi mgmc `e`pecamruij mfjrmc kmrmi

serenrmf, kecamc `ecaurmcaj vjsgdsjtms kmrmi, `mgmc mfjrmc kmrmi serenrmf kmpmt
kjtjcagmtgmc.
Rjrgufmsj gdfmtermf kmpmt terjmkj senmamj upmym gd`pecsmsj getjgm terjmkj mfjrmc
kmrmi serenrmf. Omrjcamc dtmg nerpdtecsj `eckmpmtgmc supfmj kmrmi kmrj
pe`nufui kmrmi ymca fmjc smmt terjmkj im`nmtmc pmkm pe`nufui kmrmi utm`m
sepertj gmrecm mkmcym trd`ndsjs. Kecamc gmtm fmjc, dtmg `e`numt ‐rute
mftercmtjh‐ supmym mfjrmc kmrmi tetmp sm`pmj pmkm nmajmc dtmg ymca `ecamfm`j
jcjurj. Ge`m`pumc sjrgufmsj
pmkm setjmp jckjvjku nernekm, teramctuca kmrj fums kmc kermjmt gerusmgmc jmrjcamc dtmg
kmc geijfmcamc hucsj ceurdfdajs getjgm strdge terjmkj. Renmamj bdctdi, mfjrmc kmrmi
pmkm sjste` bmrdtjs jctercm kmc sjste` nmsjfmr nersmtu pmkm mrterj gd`ucjs pdsterjdr.
\mkm sjtumsj cdr`mf, tegmcmc kmrmi mrterj sm`m kmc kmrmi tjkmg
terbm`pur. Nmamj`mcmpuc, jjgm terjmkj dgfusj pmkm smtu pe`nufui kmrmi, `mgm
pe`nufui kmrmi fmjc mgmc `ecamfjrgmc kmrmi gekmermi dtmg ymca
`ecamfm`j gerusmgmc uctug
`ecbeami terjmkjcym berenrdvmsbufmr mbbjkect.
[egmcmc jctrm grmcjmf ([JG) juam kjpecamruij dfei mfjrmc kmrmi serenrmf.
\ecjcagmtmc [JG kjsenmngmc dfei mkmcym gd`presj pmkm jmrjcamc dtmg kmc pecurucmc
mfjrmc kmrmi serenrmf. Rmtu kmrj e`pmt tujumc kmfm` permwmtmc pmsjec kecamc strdge

mkmfmi `ecaurmcaj jcjurj segucker ymca neriunucamc kecamc pecjcagmtmc [JG.

 ;. @mcjhestmsj Gfjcjg.
@mcjhestmsj ceurdfdajs mctmrm strdge jsge`jg kmc ie`drmajg tjkmg `e`jfjgj
pernekmmc ymca sjacjhjgmc. Gmrecm imf ymca `eckmsmrj kjshucasj ceurdfdajs
mkmfmi gerusmgmc pmkm jmrjcamc dtmg nmjg ymca kjsenmngmc dfei jsge`jg `mupuc
ie`drmajg. @mcjhestmsj gfjcjg pmkm peckerjtm strdge teramctuca kmrj fdgmsj
strdge.Rtrdge kmpmt
`e`pecamruij nernmamj hucasj tunui, ter`msug mgtjvjtms `dtdrjg, efj`jcmsj gmckuca
ge`ji kmc usus, hucasj jctefegtumf, perunmimc persepsj spmsjmf, geprjnmkjmc, mheg mtmu
e`dsj, secsmsj, `ecefmc, kmc gd`ucjgmsj. Hucasj ymca teramcaau
neriunucamc fmcasuca kecamc mrterj ymca terfjnmt kmc mrem dtmg ymca
kjsupfmjcym.

5. Gfmsjhjgmsj.
Nerkmsmrgmc pecyenmn kmc prdses pmtdhjsjdfdajs pecymgjt, strdge kjgfmsjhjgmsjgmc `ecjmkj

strdge jsge`jg kmc kmc strdge ie`drmajg.

Am`nmr >.9
Gfmsjhjgmsj Rtrdge (Fewjs, et.mf, ><== & _d`drdkj, ><=8)

m. Rtrdge Jsge`jg.
Rtrdge jsge`jg terjmkj smmt mfjrmc kmrmi ge dtmg tjkmg mkegumt mgjnmt dgfusj nmjg pmrsjmf
`mupuc tdtmf pmkm pe`nufui kmrmi mrterj kj dtmg. Regjtmr 9<% gejmkjmc strdge
`erupmgmc jecjs strdge jsge`jg jcj. Fenji fmcjut strdge jsge`jg kjnekmgmc `ecjmkj kum
nmajmc, ymjtu strdge trd`ndtjg kmc strdge e`ndfjg. Jcsjkec strdge jsge`jg jcj u`u`cym

kjkmiufuj dfei [rmcsject Jsbie`jb Mttmbg ([JM).

=) [rmcsject Jsbie`jb Mttmbg ([JM).
Rermcamc jsge`jg trmcsjec (trmcsject jsbie`jb mttmbg / [JM) `erupmgmc
epjsdke kjshucasj ceurdfdajs se`ectmrm ymca pmkm dtmg, su`su` tufmca
nefmgmca, mtmu jsge`jm retjcm, tmcpm kjsertmj jchmrg dtmg mgut. Aejmfm gfjcjs
u`u`cym nerfmcasuca gurmca kmrj = jm`. Renefu`cym, sebmrm dpermsjdcmf
[JM kjkehjcjsjgmc senmamj gejmkjmc jsge`jg serenrmf hdgmf kecamc aejmfm ymca
nerfmcasuca gurmca kmrj >; jm`.
Cm`uc, nmtmsmc wmgtu jcj kjmcaamp terfmfu fums, gmrecm 2<% - 5<% sebmrm gfmsjg [JM
`ecucjuggmc bekerm dtmg pmkm @^J.Renmajmc nesmr [JM kmpmt se`nui sckjrj.
Cm`uc, pmsjec tetmp `e`erfugmc permwmtmc kj nmajmc amwmt kmrurmt smmt pertm`m
gmfj dcset aejmfm [JM, gmrecm [JM njsm nersjhmt persjstec kmc `e`erfugmc tjkmgmc
pecadnmtmc uctug `ecbeami strdge. Rebmrm u`u`, sepertjam jckjvjku ymca

`ecamfm`j [JM tjkmg `ecamfm`j amcaaumc fmjc, sepertjam `ecamfm`j amcaaumc fmjc
mgjnmt [JM kmc sepertjam nerfmcjut `ecjmkj strdge.
[JM kjsenmngmc dfei `jbrde`ndfj ymca `ecaim`nmt mfjrmc kmrmi se`ectmrm.
[JM `ecjmkj tmckm perjcamtmc pecymgjt serenrdvmsgufmr prdaresjh. [mckm kmc aejmfm
[JM neramctuca pmkm pe`nufui kmrmi ymca terfjnmt kmc mrem dtmg ymca `ecamfm`j
jsge`jg. Ojgm terjmkj pmkm sjste` gmrdtjk, `ucagjc pmsjec mgmc
geijfmcamc
pecafjimtmc se`ectmrm pmkm smtu `mtm (m`murdsjs huamx), ie`jpmresjs se`ectmrm,
`mtj rmsm mtmu geijfmcamc secsmsj, mtmu getjkmg`m`pumc uctug nernjbmrm sebmrm tjnm-
tjnm. [mckm-tmckm [JM ymca `efjnmtgmc sjste` vertenrdnmsjfmr kmpmt
`ecbmgup tjccjtus, vertjad, pecafjimtmc aefmp mtmu gmnur, kjpfdpjm, ptdsjs,
kjsmrtrjm, kjshmajm, mtmgsjm, kmc gese`utmc mtmu gefe`mimc ucjfmtermf mtmu njfmtermf.
>) Rtrdge trd`ndtjg.
Rtrdge trd`ndtjg terjmkj mgjnmt bjkerm pmkm kjckjca pe`nufui kmrmi kmc
pe`nectugmc negumc kmrmi. Fu`ec pe`nufui kmrmi `ecjmkj `ecye`pjt, kmc jjgm
tersu`nmt `mgm jchmrg mgmc terjmkj. [rd`ndsjs nerge`nmca kecamc `ukmi pmkm
pe`nufui kmrmi ymca `ecye`pjt mgjnmt pfmg mterdsgferdtjg. Rtrdge trd`ndtjg ymca
kjsenmngmc dfei trd`ndsjs mtmu pecye`pjtmc pe`nufui kmrmi jcj `erupmgmc strdge

ymca pmfjca nmcymg terjmkj, terijtuca segjtmr 8<% strdge. Kum pertjam kmrj strdge
 trd`ndtjg neriunucamc kecamc ijpertecsj mtmu kjmnetes `efjtus, gmrecm gekum
pecymgjt jcj `e`perbepmt terjmkjcym mterdsgferdsjs. \mkm 2<% sm`pmj 5<% jckjvjku,
strdge trd`ndtjg kjkmiufuj dfei [JM.
[jcagmt strdge teramctuca pmkm gebepmtmc dcset, ugurmc mrem ymca rusmg, kmc
mkmcym sjrgufmsj gdfmtermf. Renmajmc nesmr peckerjtm strdge jsge`jg tjkmg `ecamfm`j
pecurucmc gesmkmrmc kmfm` >; jm` pertm`m, gebumfj njfm strdge terjmkj pmkm nmtmca
dtmg mtmu kjsertmj kecamc gdckjsj fmjc sepertj gejmca, pecjcagmtmc tegmcmc
jctrmgrmcjmf, mtmu perkmrmimc. Aejmfm strdge jsge`jg `ucagjc nerge`nmca kmfm` 1>
jm` pertm`m sejrjca jchmrg kmc eke`m serenrmf `ecjcagmt.
Rtrdge fmbucmr `ecambu pmkm strdge mgjnmt dgfusj mrterj pecetrmsj gebjf kmc
`e`nectug rdcaam pmkm jmrjcamc dtmg ymca `ecamfm`j jchmrg. Imf jcj pmfjca serjca
terjmkj pmkm mrem amcafjm nmsmfjs, timfm`us, gmpsuf jctercmf, mtmu pdcs. @esgjpuc
genmcymgmcstrdge fmbucmr nersjhmt msj`td`mtjg, cm`uc njfm kjsertmj kecamc aejmfm

kmpmt `ecyenmngmc kehjsjt ymca bugup nesmr. Aejmfm ymca tj`nuf kmpmt
nerupmie`jpfeajm `dtdrjg `urcj, strdge secsdrjg `urcj (geijfmcamc se`um
hucasj secsdrjg gdctrmfmtermf), gefe`mimc pmkm gmgj gdctrmfmtermf kmc gefe`mimc
wmjmi kecamc mtmgsjm pmkm fecamc kmc gmgj, kmc strdge `dtdr kmc secsdrjg terjsdfmsj.
Jchmrg ymca terjmkj mgjnmt pecye`pjtmc pmkm nenermpm pe`nufui kmrmi
gebjf kmpmt
`ecyenmngmc pecurucmc hucasj gdacjtjh, ymjtu ke`ecsjm vmsgufmr mtmu `uftjjchmrg.
2) Rtrdge e`ndfjg.
Rtrdge e`ndfjg terjmkj smmt e`ndfus `msug kmc `ecutup mrterj serenrmf,
`ecamgjnmtgmc jchmrg kmc eke`m pmkm kmermi ymca `ecamfm`j amcaaumc
supfmj kmrmi. E`ndfjs`e mkmfmi pecyenmn strdge pmfjca u`u` gekum, terijtuca
segjtmr >;% kmrj se`um gejmkjmc strdge. Genmcymgmc e`ndfj nermsmf kmrj
fmpjsmc eckdgmrkjmf
jmctuca, kecamc pfmg ymca ruptur kmrj eckdgmrkju` kmc `e`msugj sjrgufmsj
kmrmi. E`ndfus neraermg `ecajgutj sjrgufmsj kmrmi ge serenrmf kmc
`ecyu`nmt pmkm
pe`nufui kmrmi ymca fenji gebjf mtmu pmkm perbmnmcamc pe`nufui kmrmi. Gdckjsj
jmctuca ymca tergmjt kecamc e`ndfj `efjputj hjnrjfmsj mtrju`, jchmrg
`jdgmrk, eckdgmrkjtjs jchegtjh, pecymgjt jmctuca re`mtjg, pecaaucmmc prdstesm
gmtup, kmc keheg septu` mtrju`. \ecyenmn e`ndfj ymca gurmca u`u` `efjputj
ukmrm kmc fe`mg
ymca nermsmf kmrj hrmgtur tufmca pmcjmca sepertj hrmgtur he`ur.
 \msjec kecamc strdge e`ndfjg u`u`cym `e`jfjgj aejmfm gfjcjs ymca fenji nermt
kmc terjmkj sebmrm tjnm-tjnm. Rtrdge e`ndfjg kmpmt terjmkj pmkm se`um gefd`pdg usjm.
\ecymgjt jmctuca re`mtjg `erupmgmc smfmi smtu pecyenmn strdge e`ndfjg pmkm drmca
kewmsm `ukm sm`pmj usjm pmrui nmym. E`ndfus ymca tj`nuf kmrj pfmg mterdsgferdtjg
fenji serjca terjmkj pmkm drmca kewmsm ymca fenji tum.
[mckm perjcamtmc gurmca u`u` terjmkj pmkm strdge e`ndfjg
kjnmckjcagmc kecamc strdge trd`ndtjg. Rtrdge e`ndfjg serjca terjmkj kecamc bepmt
kmc wmgtu ymca ternmtms uctug `e`numt sjrgufmsj gdfmtermf. \msjec u`u`cym tetmp
smkmr, `esgjpuc jm
`ucagjc `ecaefui smgjt gepmfm. \rdacdsjs teramctuca kecamc ju`fmi jmrjcamc dtmg
ymca `ecamfm`j jsge`jg. Eheg kmrj e`ndfj pmkm mwmfcym kjtmckmj dfei
kehjsjt ceurdfdajs nermt, ymca kmpmt nersjhmt se`ectmrm jjgm negumc
pebmi kmc
`e`ucagjcgmc kmrmi `ecamfjr. E`ndfj ymca fenji gebjf ymca `ecyu`nmt pe`nufui
ymca fenji gebjf pmkm nmajmc dtmg dtmg ymca fenji gebjf `ecyenmngmc kehjsjt ymca

sekjgjt. Rtrdge e`ndfjg ymca nerufmca serjca terjmkj, gebumfj pecyenmn utm`mcym
kjtmcamcj sebmrm bepmt.

n. Rtrdge Ie`drmajg.
Rtrdge ie`drmajg terijtuca segjtmr =5% kmrj sefurui strdge ymca kjmgjnmtgmc dfei
perkmrmimc gekmfm` jmrjcamc dtmg jtu seckjrj (jctrmserenrmf mtmu
jctrmpmrecbiy`mf ie`drrimae) mtmu ge kmfm` rumca sunmrmgcdjkk mtmu
vectrjgef (perkmrmimc sunmrmbicdjk mtmu perkmrmimc jctrmvectrjgufmr).
=) Ie`drmajg jctrmserenrmf.
\erkmrmimc jctrmserenrmf mkmfmi perkmrmimc ymca terjmkj kmfm` jmrjcamc dtmg
ymca kjsenmngmc dfei pebmicym pe`nufui kmrmi, terijtuca segjtmr =<% kmrj se`um
gejmkjmc strdge. \rdacdsjs pmsjec kecamc perkmrmimc jctrmserenrmf nurug, kecamc
mcagm ge`mtjmc ;<% sm`pmj 9<% kmfm` 2< imrj kmc 5<% ge`mtjmc terjmkj kmfm` ;9
jm` pertm`m.Ijpertecsj `erupmgmc pecyenmn perkmrmimc jctrmserenrmf ymca
pmfjca u`u`. \ecyenmn fmjccym `efjputj `mfhdr`msj vmsgufmr, amcaaumc
gdmaufmsj, dnmt mctjgdmaufmc kmc trd`ndfjtjg, trmu`m, tu`dr dtmg, kmc mceurjs`m.
\erkmrmimc u`u`cym terjmkj smmt nermgtjvjtms. Dcset aejmfm terjmkj sebmrm tjnm-

tjnm, kecamc perge`nmcamc nenermpm `ecjt sm`pmj jm` mgjnmt peckmrmimc ymca
 sekmca terjmkj. @mcjhestmsj `efjputj kehjsjt ceurdfdajs, smgjt gepmfm, `umf, `uctmi,
pecurucmc tjcagmt gesmkmrmc (pmkm segjtmr 5<% pmsjec), kmc ijpertecsj. [jcagmt
aejmfm nervmrjmsj teramctuca pmkm ju`fmi, fdgmsj, kmc fm`m perkmrmimc. Negumc kmrmi
kjkmfm` tecagdrmg ymca tertutup kmpmt `ecyenmngmc `mssm ymca
`ecyenmngmc tegmcmc pmkm jmrjcamc dtmg, peraersermc jmrjcamc dtmg, kmc
`ecurucgmc mfjrmc kmrmi serenrmf, ymca `ecyenmngmc jsge`jm kmc jchmrg.
Regjtmr 5<% kmrj perkmrmimc jctrmserenrmf terjmkj pmkm putm`ec kmc
gmpsuf jctercmf, bectrmf wijte `mtter, timfm`us, ie`jsher serenefu`, kmc pdcs.
Kjmwmfj kecamc pmsjec `ecamfm`j smgjt gepmfm pmrmi ymca kjsertmj `umf
kmc `uctmi. @mcjhestmsj gfjcjs pmkm perkmrmimc putm`ec kmc gmpsuf jctercmf
nerupm gefe`mimc smtu sjsj (ter`msug wmjmi, fecamc, kmc tucagmj), ubmpmc ymca
tjkmg jefms, kmc kevjmsj
`mtm. \erge`nmcamc aejmfm ymca neriunucamc kecamc gepmrmimc mgjnmt perkmrmimc
`efjputj ie`jpfeajm, pupjf ymca terhjgsmsj kmc kjfmtmsj, pdstur tunui mncdr`mf,

ijcaam gd`m.
\erkmrmimc pmkm kmermi timfm`us `ecyenmngmc ie`jpfeajm fenji
secsdrjg kmrjpmkm geijfmcamc `dtdrjg. \eckmrmimc pmkm kmermi
suntimfm`jg dtmg
`ecyenmngmc amcaaumc pecafjimtmc kmc peraermgmc `mtm. \erkmrmimc
pmkm serenefu` kjtmckmj kecamc smgjt gepmfm nermt, `uctmi, geijfmcamc
ge`m`pumc
nerjmfmc, kjshmajm, kjsmrtrjm, kmc amcaaumc aermgmc `mtm. \erkmrmimc kj pdcs mkmfmi
ymca pmfjca serjus gmrecm hucasj geijkupmc kmsmr sepertj respjrmsj bepmt terpecamrui.
\erkmrmimc pmkm pdcs kmpmt kjtmckmj kecamc ie`jpfeajm ymca
`ecyenmngmc gefu`puimc, gd`m, pdstur tunui mncdr`mf, pupjf ymca
terhjgsmsj kmc `ecaebjf, ijperter`jm, kmc ge`mtjmc.

>) Ie`drmajg sunmrmgicdjk.

\erkmrmimc sunmrmgicdjk (RMI) terjmkj smmt mkm peckmrmimc jctrmgrmcjmf ge
kmfm` rumca ymca nerjsj bmjrmc serenrdspjcmf mctmrm `e`nrmc mrmgicdjk kmc
pjm
`mter pmkm per`ugmmc dtmg. RMI u`u`cym kjsenmngmc dfei ruptur
mceurjs`m serenrmf (gefe`mimc mtmu pefenmrmc pe`nufui kmrmi gmrecm gdcaecjtmf
mtmu kjkmpmt). Mceurjs`m kmpmt nerupm mceurjs`m smbbufmr mtmu nerry, kecamc
ugurmc `ufmj kmrj
nenermpm `jfj`eter ijcaam >< ‒ 2<``, mtmu mceurjs`m mterdsgferdtjg
husjhdr`js. @mydrjtms mceurjs`m nermkm kmfm` sjrgufus Qjffjs. \ecyenmn fmjc kmrj
RMI ter`msug
trmu`m kmc pecymfmiaucmmc dnmt (gdgmjc). Regjtmr ;<% peckerjtm strdge
ie`drmajg mgjnmt ruptur mceurjs`m `ecjcaamf sefm`m epjsdke mwmf kmc=5%
`ecjcaamf gmrecm
peckmrmimc nerjgutcym. Jcsjkec `ecjcagmt sejrjca nertm`nmicym usjm kmc
fenji tjcaaj pmkm pere`pumc kmrjpmkm fmgj-fmgj.

\msjec `ucagjc `e`jfjgj aejmfm perjcamtmc mwmf jjgm pefenmrmc mrterj

`e`nerjgmc tegmcmc pmkm jmrjcamc dtmg, mtmu aejmfm perjcamtmc rjcamc kmpmt terjmkj
mgjnmt ndbdrcym mceurjs`m senefu` terjmkj ruptur nesmr. Rebmrm u`u`, mceurjs`m
serenrmf kjpmckmca senmamj "sjfect gjffer", gmrecm jckjvjku tjkmg `e`jfjgj
tmckm
perjcamtmc mceurjs`m sm`pmj ruptur terjmkj.
\ecurucmc gesmkmrmc kmpmt terjmkj mtmu tjkmg terjmkj. [jcagmt gesmkmrmc
pmsjec nergjsmrkmrj smkmr ijcaam gd`m, teramctuca pmkm tjcagmt gepmrmimc
peckmrmimc. @mcjhestmsj fmjccym `efjputj kehjsjt ceurdfdajs hdgmf (ter`msug
kehjsjt smrmh grmcjmf), `umf, `uctmi, gejmca, kmc feier gmgu. @esgjpuc mkm
pernmjgmc kecamc `mcmje`ec kmc tegcjg pe`nekmimc, nmcymg pmsjec kecamc RMI
nermgijr kecamc ge`mtjmc. Rurvjvdr `ecamfm`j `drnjkjtms ymca sjacjhjgmc,
ter`msug amcaaumc gdacjtjh.
Gd`pfjgmsj RMI mceurjs`m `efjputj perkmrmimc ufmca senefu` dpermsj mtmu
termpj fmjccym kj`ufmj kmc vmsdspms`e serenrmf (pecye`pjtmc pe`nufui kmrmi), ymca
kmpmt `ecyenmngmc jchmrg serenrmf. Xmsdspms`e serenrmf pmfjca `ucagjc
terjmkj gmrecm mkmcym jctermgsj mctmrm `etmndfjt kmrmi kmc dtdt pdfds
pe`nufui kmrmi.

Refm`m fjsjs au`pmfmc kmrmi sunmrmbicdjk, `etmndfjt kjfepmsgmc. @etmndfjt jcj kmpmt
`ecyenmngmc gerusmgmc eckdtef kmc vmsdgdcstrjgsj. Refmjc jtu, pefepmsmc eckdtiefjc
(vmsdgdcstrjgtdr gumt) kmpmt `ecajckugsj vmsdspms`e serenrmf setefmi RMI. \msjec
kecamc RMI ymca nerjsjgd `ecamfm`j vmsdspms`e `e`erfugmc permwmtmc kj ucjt
jctecsjh sefm`m =; imrj ijcaam rjsjgd vmsdspms`e nergurmca. Qmgtu pucbmg uctug
vmsdspms`e terjmkj 8 sm`pmj =< imrj setefmi perkmrmimc mwmf.
8. \e`erjgsmmc pecucjmca

\e`erjgsmmc Kjmacdstjg \mkm \msjec Rtrdge (Fewjs, et.mf, ><== & _d`drdkj, ><=8).
Uctug • Bd`putek [d`darmpiy (B[) Rbmc
@eckjmacdsjs • B[ Mcajdarmpiy (B[M)
Rtrdge
(ter`msug • @macetjb ^esdcmcbe J`majca (@^J)
• @macetjb ^esdcmcbe Mcajdarmpiy (@^M)
`ecectugmc • B[/@^J \erhusjdc mck Kjhhusjdc J`majca
mrem kmc
fumscym) • Mcajdarmhj serenrmf.
@ecajkectjhjgms • Mcajdarmhj Bmrdtjs.
j Mfjrmc Kmrmi • Kjajtmf Runtrmbtjdc Mcajdarmpiy
Dtmg. • [rmcsbrmcjmf Kdppfer Uftrmsdcdarmpiy
• Bmrdtjk Kupfex Rbmccjca
• Efegtrdgmrkjdarm`
\e`erjgsmmc • Biest Y-^my
Omctuca • Bmrkjmb @mrgers ([rdpdcjc, Bremtjce Gjcmse-@N)
• Ebidbmrkjdarmpiy ([rmcstidrmbjb, [rmcsesdpimaemf)
• \e`erjgsmmc kmrmi fecagmp, ter`msug \fmtefet.
\e`erjgsmmc • pe`erjgsmmc sjste` pe`negumc kmrmi? \rdtird`njc
[m`nmimc. [j`e, mbtjvmtek pmrtjmf tird`ndpfmstjc tj`e
• Efegtrdfjt kmc aufm kmrmi.
• \e`erjgsmmc hucasj imtj kmc ajcjmf.
• \e`erjgsmmc \rdhjf Fjpjk
• Mcmfjsjs Bmjrmc Berenrdspjcmf*
*Fu`nmf pucgsj uctug pe`erjgsmmc bmjrmc serenrdspjcmf senmjgcym kjijckmrj njfm kjburjamj
mkmcym pecjcagmtmc tegmcmc jctrm grmcjmf.

1. \ecmtmfmgsmcmmc @ekjs

[ermpj Rtrdge Gdfmndrmtjh (Fewjs, et.mf, ><==).

\revectjh  Gdctrdf `msmfmi ijpertecsj.
• gdctrdf `msmfmi kjmnetes `effjtus.
• \ecadnmtmc pecymgjt jmctuca ymca nmjg.
• Neriectj `erdgdg.
• Nmtmsj gdcsu`sj mfgdidf.
[ermpj Dnmt  Jcijnjtdr \fmtefet, sepertj Mspjrjc.
• [ermpj mctjgdmaufmc uctug pmsjec kecamc
`msmfmi mtrjmf hjnrjfmsj.
[ermpj • Eckmrterebtd`y mrterj bmrdtjs.
\ • Rtectjca mrterj bmrdtjs.
e`nekmimc. • [rmcsfu`jcmf mcajdpfmsty.
• Extrmbrmcjmf-Jctrmbrmcjmf nypmss.
 Jctervecsj pe`nekmimc terimkmp rjsjgd perkmrmimc
pmkm mceurjs`m.
\ermwmtmc Mgut.  \ecmtmfmgsmcmmc mjrwmy.
[ermpj bmjrmc.
\ecadnmtmc eke`m serenrmf.
\ecbeamimc jcjurj segucker.

Rtrdge Jsge`jg [jssue pfms`jcdaec mbtjvmtdr (t\M) jctrmvecm mtmu

jctrmmrterjmf.
@E^BJ retrjever.
Rtrdge [jckmgmc pe`nekmimc uctug kegd`presj njfm mkm jckjgmsj.
Ie`drmajg Bfjppjca mtmu bdjfjca mceurjs`m.

9. Msuimc Gepermwmtmc

Msuimc Gepermwmtmc [edrjtjs

@ecurut [mrwdtd (><=2) pecagmjjmc gepermwmtmc pmkm pmsjec strdge `efjputj ?

=. \ecagmjjmc

m. Jkectjtms pmsjec

@efjputj cm`m, u`ur (genmcymgmc terjmkj pmkm usjm tum), jecjs gefm`jc, peckjkjgmc, mfm`mt,
pegerjmmc, mam`m, sugu nmcasm, tmcaamf kmc jm` @^R, cd`dr reajster, kjmacdse `ekjs.

n. Gefuimc utm`m

Gefuimc ymca kjkmpmtgmc njmsmcym amcaaumc `dtdrjg gefe`mimc mcaadtm aermg senefmi nmkmc,
njbmrm pefd, kmc tjkmg kmpmt nergd`ucjgmsj, cyerj gepmfm, amcaaumc secsdrjg, gejmca, pecurucmc
gesmkmrmc.

b. ^jwmymt pecymgjt segmrmca

Rermcamc strdge jchmrg njmsmcym kjkmiufuj kecamc sermcamc mwmf ymca tjkmg kjsmkmrj dfei pmsjec,
njmsmcym kjte`ugmc aejmfm mwmf serjca gese`utmc, rmsm fe`mi pmkm smfmi smtu mcaadtm aermg.
\mkm sermcamc strdge ie`drmajg serjcagmfj nerfmcasuca smcamt `eckmkmg, pmkm smmt pmsjec
`efmgugmc mgtjhjtms. Njmsmcym terjmkj cyerj gepmfm, `umf, `uctmi nmigmc gejmca sm`pmj tjkmg
smkmr, kjsm`pjca aejmfm gefu`puimc sepmrdi nmkmc mtmu amcaaumc hucasj dtmg ymca fmjc.

k. ^jwmymt pecymgjt kmiufu

Mkmcym rjwmymt ijpertecsj, kjmnetes `effjtus, pecymgjt jmctuca, mce`jm, rjwmymt trmu`m gepmfm,
gdctrmsepsj drmf ymca fm`m, pecaaucmmc dnmt-dnmt mctj gdmaufmc, mspjrjc, vmsdkjfmtdr, dnmt-dnmt
mkjgtjh, geae`ugmc.

e. ^jwmymt pecymgjt gefumram

Njmsmcym mkm rjwmymt gefumram ymca `eckerjtm ijpertecsj mtmupuc kjmnetes `effjtus.

h. ^jwmymt psjgdsdsjmf

Rtrdge `e`mca sumtu pecymgjt ymca smcamt `mimf. Njmym uctug pe`erjgsmmc, pecadnmtmc kmc
permwmtmc kmpmt `ecambmugmc geumcamc gefumram seijcaam hmgtdr njmym jcj kmpmt `e`pecamruij
stmnjfjtms e`dsj kmc pjgjrmc pmsjec kmc gefumram

a. \e`erjgsmmc hjsjg

=) Gesmkmrmc

Njmsmcym pmkm pmsjec strdge `ecamfm`j tjcagmt gesmkmrmc sm`cdfec, mpmtjs, sdpdr, sdpdrds
bd`m, ijcaam bd`m kecamc ABR 6 => pmkm mwmf tersermca strdge. Rekmcagmc pmkm smmt
pe`ufjimc njmsmcym `e`jfjgj tjcagmt gesmkmrmc fetmraj kmc bd`pds `etjs kecamc ABR =2-=5

>) [mckm-tmckm Xjtmf

m) [egmcmc kmrmi

Njmsmcym pmsjec kecamc strdge ie`drmajg `e`jfjgj rjwmymt tegmcmc kmrmi tjcaaj kecamc tegmcmc
systdfe 3 =;< kmc kjmstdfe 3 9<

n) Cmkj

Njmsmcym cmkj cdr`mf

b) \ercmhmsmc

Njmsmcym pmsjec strdge ie`drmajg `ecamfm`j amcaaumc pmkm nersjimc jmfmc cmpms

k) Ruiu

Njmsmcym tjkmg mkm `msmfmi suiu pmkm pmsjec kecamc strdge ie`drmajg

2) ^m`nut

Njmsmcym tjkmg kjte`ugmc `msmfmi

;) Qmjmi
Njmsmcym sj`etrjs, wmjmi pubmt. \mkm pe`erjgsmmc Cervus X ([rjae`jcmf) ? njmsmcym pmsjec njsm
`ecyenutgmc fdgmsj usmpmc kmc pmkm pmsjec gd`m, getjgm kjusmp gdrcem `mtm kecamc gmpms
imfus, gfjec mgmc `ecutup gefdpmg `mtm. Rekmcagmc pmkm Cervus XJJ (hmbjmfjs) ? njmsmcym mfjs
`mtm sj`etrjs, kmpmt `ecamcagmt mfjs, `ecaercyjtgmc kmij, `ecaercyjtgmc ijkuca,
`ecaae`nucagmc pjpj, smmt pmsjec `ecaae`nucagmc pjpj tjkmg sj`etrjs gjrj kmc gmcmc
teramctuca fdgmsj fe`mi kmc smmt kj`jctm `ecaucymi pmsjec gesufjtmc uctug `ecaucymi.

5) @mtm

Njmsmcym gdcjucatjvm tjkmg mce`js, sbferm tjkmg jgterjg, pupjf jsdgdr, gefdpmg `mtm tjkmg deke`m.
\mkm pe`erjgsmmc cervus JJ (dptjgus) ? njmsmcym fums pmckmca nmjg :<¼, vjsus 8/8. \mkm cervus
JJJ (dgufd`dtdrjs) ? njmsmcym kjm`eter pupjf >``/>``, pupjf gmkmca jsdgdr kmc mcjsdgdr,
pmfpenrm kmc rehfeg gekjp kmpmt kjcjfmj jjgm pmsjec njsm `e`nugm `mtm . Cervus JX (trdgfemrjs) ?
njmsmcym pmsjec kmpmt `ecajgutj mrmi tmcamc permwmt ge mtms kmc nmwmi. Cervus XJ

(mnkusec) ? njmsmcym imsjf cym pmsjec kmpmt `ecajgutj mrmi tmcamc permwmt ge gjrj kmc gmcmc

8) Ijkuca

Njmsmcym sj`etrjs gjrj kmc gmcmc, terpmsmca dgsjaec, tjkmg mkm percmpmsmc bupjca ijkuca. \mkm
pe`erjgsmc cervus J (dfhmgtdrjus) ? gmkmca mkm ymca njsm `ecyenutgmc nmu ymca kjnerjgmc
permwmt cm`uc mkm juam ymca tjkmg, kmc njmsmcym getmjm`mc pecbju`mc mctmrm gjrj kmc gmcmc
nernekm kmc pmkm cervus XJJJ (mgustjgus) ? njmsmcym pmkm pmsjec ymca tjkmg fe`mi mcaadtm aermg
mtms, kmpmt `efmgugmc gesej`nmcamc aermg tmcamc-ijkuca

1) @ufut kmc ajaj

Njmsmcym pmkm pmsjec mpmtjs, sdpdr, sdpdrds bd`m ijcaam bd`m mgmc `ecamfm`j `msmfmi nmu
`ufut, ajaj gdtdr, `ugdsm njnjr gerjca. \mkm pe`erjgsmmc cervus XJJ (hmbjmfjs) ? njmsmcym fjkmi
kmpmt `eckdrdca pjpj gjrj kmc gmcmc, njnjr sj`etrjs, kmc kmpmt `ecyenutgmc rmsm `mcjs kmc msjc.
\mkm cervus JY (afdssdhmrjcaemf) ? njmsmcym dvufe ymca termcagmt tjkmg sj`etrjs, `ecbdca gemrmi
nmajmc tunui ymca fe`mi kmc pmsjec kmpmt `ermsmgmc rmsm msm` kmc pmijt. \mkm cervus
YJJ (ijpdafmsus) ? njmsmcym pmsjec kmpmt `ecjufurgmc fjkmi kmc kmpmt kjpecbdcagmc ge
gjrj kmc gmcmc cm`uc mrtjgufmsj gurmca jefms smmt njbmrm.

9) [efjcam

Njmsmcym sejmjmr kmuc tefjcam gjrj kmc gmcmc. \mkm pe`erjgsmmc cervus XJJJ (mgustjgus) ?
njmsmcym pmsjec gurmca njsm `eckecamrgmc aesegmc jmrj kmrj permwmt teramctuca kj`mcm fdgmsj
gefe`mimc kmc pmsjec imcym kmpmt `eckecamr jjgm sumrm germs kmc kecamc mrtjgufmsj ymca jefms

:) Feier
\mkm pe`erjgsmmc cervus Y (vmaus) ? njmsmcym pmsjec strdge ie`rmajg `ecamfm`j amcaaumc
`ecefmc. \mkm pee`erjgsmmc gmgu gukugu njmsmcym (+) kmc nfukzecsgy = (+)

=<) [idrmg

m) \mru-pmru

Jcspegsj ? njmsmcym sj`etrjs gjrj kmc gmcmc

\mfpmsj ? njmsmcym hre`jtus sm` mmctmrm gjrj kmc gmcmc

\ergusj ? njmsmcym nucyj cdr`mf (sdcdr)

Musguftmsj? njmsmcym sumrm cdr`mf

(vesjgufer)

n) Omctuca

Jscpegsj ? njmsmcym jgtus bdrkjs tjkmg terfjimt

\mfpmsj ? njmsmcym jbtus bdrkjs termnm

\ergusj ? njmsmcym nmtms jmctuca cdr`mf

Musguftmsj? njmsmcym sumrm vesjgufer

==) Mnkd`ec

Jcspegsj ? njmsmcym sj`etrjs, tjkmg mkm msjtes

\mfpmsj ? njmsmcym tjkmg mkm pe`nesmrmc iepmr

\ergusj ? njmsmcym terkmpmt sumrm ty`pmcj

Musguftmsj? njmsmcym njmsmcym njsjca usus pmsjec tjkmg terkecamr. \mkm pe`erjgsmmc rehfeg
kjckjca perut, pmkm smmt perut pmsjec kjadres njmsmcym pmsjec tjkmg `ermsmgmc mpm-mpm.

=>) Egstre`jtms

m) Mtms

Njmsmcym terpmsmca jchuse nmajmc kextrm / sjcjstrm. B^[ njmsmcym cdr`mf ymjtu 6 > ketjg.\mkm
pe`erjgsmmc cervus YJ (mgsesdrjus) ? njmsmcym pmsjec strdge ie`drmajg tjkmg kmpmt
`efmwmc tmimcmc pmkm nmiu ymca kjnerjgmc permwmt. \mkm pe`erjgsmmc rehfeg, njmsmcym smmt
sjgu kjgetug tjkmg mkm respdc mpm-mpm kmrj sjgu, tjkmg hfegsj `mupuc egstecsj (rehfeg njbep
(-)) kmc pmkm
pe`erjgsmmc trjbep respdc tjkmg mkm hfegsj kmc supjcmsj (rehfeg njbep (-)). Rekmcagmc pmkm
pe`erjgsmmc rehfeg idhh`mc trd`er njmsmcym jmrj tjkmg `ecae`nmca getjgm kjnerj rehfeg
(rehfeg Idhh`mc trd`er (+)).
n) Nmwmi

\mkm pe`erjgsmmc rehfeg, njmsmcym smmt pe`erjgsmmc nfuekzecsgy J gmgj gjrj pmsjec hfegsj
nfuekzecsgy (+)). \mkm smmt tefmpmg gmgj kjadres njmsmcym jmrj tjkmg `ecae`nmca (rehfeg
nmnjcsgy (+)). \mkm smmt kdrsu` pekjs kjadres njmsmcym jmrj gmgj juam tjkmg nerespdcc (rehfeg
bmkkdg (+)). \mkm smmt tufmca gerjca kjaurut kmrj mtms ge nmwmi njmsmcym tjkmg mkm respdc hfegsj

mtmu egstecsj (rehfeg dpeciej` (+)) kmc pmkm smmt netjs kjre`ms kecamc gumt njmsmcym pmsjec
tjkmg `ermsmgmc mpm-mpm (rehfeg adrkdc (+)). \mkm smmt kjfmgugmc rehfeg pmteffm njmsmcym he`ur
tjkmg neremgsj smmt kj getuggmc (rehfeg pmteffm (+)).

^espdc Cjfmj
[jkmg kmpmt sekjgjtpuc gdctrmgsj dtdt, <
fu`pui tdtmf
[erkmpmt sekjgjt gdctrmgsj dtdt, =
cm`uc tjkmg kjkmpmtgmc aermgmc pmkm
perseckjmc ymca imrus kjaermggmc
dfei dtdt tersenut
Kjkmpmtgmc aermgmc , tmpj aermgmc

> tjkmg `m`pu `efmwmc amym nermt

(armvjtmsj)
Kmpmt `ecamkmgmc aermgmc `efmwmc 2
amym nermt
Kjsm`pjca kmpmt `efmwmc amym nermt ;
jm kmpmt pufm `ecamtmsj sekjgjt
tmimcmc ymca kjnerjgm
[jkmg m km g efu`puimc ( cdr`mf) 5
Ru`ner? Kendrm, ><=2 Cjfmj gegumtmc dtdt

i. [est kjmacdstjg

=) ^mkjdfdaj
m) Mcajdarmhj serenrj

@e`nmctu `ecectugmc pecyenmn kmrj strdge sebmrm spesjhjg sepertj strdge

perkmrmimc mrterjdvecm mtmu mkmcym ruptur. Njmsmcym pmkm strdge perkmrmimc mgmc
kjte`ugmc mkmcym mceurjs`m

n) Fu`nmf pucasj

Njmsmcym pmkm pmsjec strdge ie`drmajg, smmt pe`erjgsmmc bmjrmc fu`nmf `mgm terkmpmt tegmcmc
ymca `ecjcagmt kjsertmj nerbmg kmrmi. Imf jtu mgmc `ecucjugggmc mkmcym ie`drmajg pmkm
sunmrmbicdjk mtmu pmkm jctrmgrmcjmf

b) B[-Rbmc

@e`perimtjgmc sebmrm spesjhjg fetmg eke`m, pdsjsj ie`mtd`m, mkmcym jmrjcamc dtmg ymca jchmrg
mtmu jsge`jm, sertm pdsjsjcym sebmrm pmstj. Imsjf pe`ergsmmc njmsmcym kjkmpmtgmc
ijperkecs hdgmf, gmkmca `msug ge vectrjgef mtmu `ecyenmr ge per`ugmmc dtmg.

k) @mbcetjb ^esdcmcbe J`majca (@^J)

@ecectugmc pdsjsj sertm nesmr/fums terjmkjcym perkmrmimc dtmg. Imsjf pe`erjgsmmc

njmsmcym kjkmpmtgmc mrem ymca `ecamfm`j fesj kmc jchmrg mgjnmt kmrj iee`drmajg

e) URA Kdppfer

Uctug `ecajkectjhjgmsj mkmcym pecymgjt mrterjdvecm (`msmfmi sjste` gmrdtjs)

h) EEA

\e`erjgsmmc jcj nertujumc uctug `efjimt `msmfmi ymca tj`nuf kmc km`pmg kmrj jmrjcamc ymca
jchmrg seijcaam `ecuruccym j`pufs fjstrjg kmfm` jmrjcamc dtmg.

>) Fmndrmtdrju`

m) \e`erjgsmmc kmrmi fecagmp sepertj In, Feugdsjt, [rd`ndsjt, Erjtrdsjt. Imf jcj neraucm uctug
`ecaetmiuj mpmgmi pmsjec `eckerjtm mce`jm. Rekmcagmc feugdsjt uctug `efjimt sjste` j`uc
pmsjec. Njfm gmkmr feugdsjt kjmtms cdr`mf, nermrtj mkm pecymgjt jchegsj ymca sekmca `ecyermca
pmsjec.

n) [est kmrmi gdmaufmsj

[est kmrmi jcj terkjrj kmrj ; pe`erjgsmmc, ymjtu? prdtird`njc tj`e, pmrtjmf tird`ndpfmstjc (\[[),
Jctercmtjdcmf Cdr`mfjzek ^mtjd (JC^) kmc mareamsj trd`ndsjt. Gee`pmt test jcj aucmcym
`ecaugur senermpm bepmt kmrmi pmsjec `ecaau`pmf. Amcaaumc pecaau`pmfmc njsm
`ecyenmngmc perkmrmimc mtmu pe`negumc kmrmi. Ojgm pmsjec senefu`cym sukmi `ecerj`m dnmt
pecaecber kmrmi sepertj wmrhmrjc, JC^ kjaucmgmc uctug `ecaebeg mpmgmi dnmt jtu
kjnerjgmc kmfm` kdsjs ymca necmr. Neajtu puc njfm senefu`cym sukmi kjdnmtj iepmrjc, \[[
ner`mchmmt uctug `efjimt kdsjs ymca kjnerjgmc necmr mtmu tjkmg.

b) [est gj`jm kmrmi

Beg kmrmi jcj uctug `efjimt gmckucamc aufm kmrmi, gdfesterdf, msm` urmt, kff. Mpmnjfm gmkmr aufm
kmrmi mtmu gdfesterdf nerfenji, njsm `ecjmkj pertmckm pmsjec sukmi `eckerjtm kjmnetes
kmc
jmctuca. Gekum pecymgjt jcj ter`msug ge kmfm` smfmi smtu pe`jbu strdge (^dnjcsdc, ><=;)

j. \dfm genjmsmmc seimrj-imrj

=) \dfm genjmsmmc

Njmsmcym pmkm pmsjec ymca prjm, mkmcym genjmsmmc `erdgdg kmc pecaaucmmc `jcu`mcm
nermfgididf

>) \dfm `mgmc

Njmsmcym terjmkj amcaaumc cutrjsj gmrecm mkmcym amcaaumc `ecefmc pmkm pmsjec strdge
ie`drmajg seijcaam `ecyenmngmc pecurucmc nermt nmkmc.

2) \dfm tjkur kmc jstjrmimt

Njmsmcym pmsjec `ecamfm`j gesugmrmc uctug jstjrmimt gmrecm mkmcym gejmca dtdt/ cyerj dtdt

;) \dfm mgtjvjtms kmc fmtjimc

Njmsmcym pmsjec tjkmg kmpmt nermgtjhjtms gmrecm `ecamfm`j gefe`mimc, geijfmcamc secsdrj ,

ie`jpfeaj mtmu gefu`puimc

5) \dfm efj`jcmsj

Njmsmcym terjmkj jcgdctjcecsjm urjc kmc pmkm pdfm kehegmsj njmsmcym terjmkj gdcstjpmsj mgjnmt
pecurucmc perjstmftjg usus

8) \dfm iunucamc kmc permc

Njmsmcym mkmcym perunmimc iunucamc kmc permc gmrecm pmsjec `ecamfm`j gesugmrmc uctug
nergd`ucjgmsj mgjnmt amcaaumc njbmrm
1) \dfm persepsj kmc gdcsep kjrj

Njmsmcym pmsjec `ermsm tjkmg nerkmym, tjkmg mkm imrmpmc, `ukmi `mrmi, kmc tjkmg gddpermtjh

(Nmttjbmbm, ><<9).

:. Kjmacdsm Gepermwmtmc
m. ^jsjgd \erhusj Rerenrmf [jkmg Ehegtjh.
n. Amcaaumc `dnjfjtms hjsjg
b. Kehjsjt permwmtmc kjrj
=<. Jctervecsj Gepermwmtmc

CdKx. [ujumc kmc Grjterjm Jctervecsj

Gepermwmtmc Imsjf
= ^jsjgd \erhusjRetefmi
Rerenrmfkjfmgugmc
[jkmg Ehegtjh. Dnservmsj
\ecagmjjmc sefm`m
=x>; jm` kj kmpmtgmc grjterjm imsjf ?
-jkectjhjgmsj
pecjcagmctmc tegmcmc jctrmbrmcjmf.
-
-tjcagmt gesmkmrmc `dcjtdrpecjcagmtmc [K.
`ecjcagmt. - `dcjtdr
-aefjsmi`ecuruc. pecurucmc hreguecsj jmctuca
-tegmcmc kmrmi -`dcjtdr jreauferjtms jrm`m cmhms
`e`nmjg -`dcjtdr
pecurucmctjcagmt gesmkmrmc.

-`dcjtdr
perfm`nmtmc mtmu getjkmg sj`etrjsmc respdc pup
- `dcjtdr gmkmr

BD>
kmcpertmimcgmc kmfm` rectmca ymca
kjjckjgmsjgmc
 - `dcjtdr tegmcmc
perhusj serenrmf

-`dcjtdrju`fmi gebepmtmc,kmc gmrmgterjstjg,krmjcm se

serenrdspjcmf

-`dcjtdreheg
stj`ufus [ermpeutjg
- m`njf

sm`pef
krmjcmse bmjrmc
serenrdspjcmf.

- gmfjnrmsj
trmcskuser. -
pertmimcgmc
sterjfjtms
pe`mctmumc . syste`

- pertmimcgmc pdsjsj
gepmfm kmc feier cetrmf.
-kdgu`ectmsjgmc imsjf
pe`mctmumc,jjgm
perfu.

-mturjctervmf
pe`mctmumc sesumj gdckjsj pmsjec.
- kdu`ectmsj imsjf
pe`mctmumc. Ekugmsj
-jefmsgmc tujumc kmc
prdsekur
pe`mctmumc

> Amcaaumc Retefmi kjfmgugmc Dnservmsj

`dnjfjtms hjsjg tjckmgmc gepermwmtmc - Jkectjhjgmsj
sefm`m =x>; jm`, kjimrmpgmc `dnjfjtmscyerj
mkmcym
hjsjg gfjec
`ecjcagmt Grjterjm mtmu gefuimc
imsjf ? hjsjg fmjccym
- \eraermgmc - Jkectjhjgmsj
egstre`jtms tdfermcsj hjsjg
`ecjcagmt - @dcjtdr
- Gegumtmc dtdt hreguecsj
jmctuca kmc
`ecjcagmt
tegmcmc kmrmi
- ^ectmca aermg
senefu`
(^D@) `ecjagmt
`e`ufmj
- Cyerj `ecuruc
`dnjfjsmsj
- Gebe`msmc
- @dcjtdr gdckjsj
`ecuruc
u`u` sefm`m
- Gmgu seckj `ecuruc
`efmgugmc
- Aermgmc tjkmg `dnjfjsmsj
tergddrkjcmsj
[ermpeutjg
`ecuruc
- Hmsjfjtmsj
- Aermgmc ternmtms mgtjvjtms
`ecuruc `dnjfjsmsj
- Gefe`mimc hjsjg
`ecuruc kecamc mfmt
nmctu (`js.
\mamr te`pmt
tjkur)
- Hmsjfjtmsj
`efmgugmc
peraermgmc, jjgm
perfu
- Fjnmtgmc
gefumram
uctug
`e`nmctu
pmsjec kmfm`
`ecjcagmtgmc
peraermgmc
Ekugmsj
- Oefmsgmc tujumc
kmc prdsekur
`dnjfjsmsj
- Mjmrgmc
`efmgugmc
`dnjfjsmsj kjcj
- Mjmrgmc
`dnjfjsmsj
sekerimcm ymca
imrus kjfmgugmc
(`js. Kukug
kjte`pmt
 tjkur,kukug
kjsjsj te`pmt
tjkur, pjckmi
kmrj te`pmt tjkur
ge gursj)
2 Kehjsjt Retefmi kjfmgugmc Dnservmsj
permwmtmc kjrj tjckmgmc gepermwmtmc - Jkectjhjgmsj
sefm`m =x>; jm`, genjsmmc mgjhjtms
kjimrmpgmc kehjsjt permwmtmc kjrj
permwmtmc kjrj gfjec sesumj usjm
`ecjcagmt - @dcjtdr tjcagmt
Grjterjm imsjf ? ge`mckjrjmc
- Ge`m`pumc `mckj - Jkectjhjgmsj
`ecjcagmt genutuimc mfmt
- Ge`m`pumc nmctu genersjimc
`ecaecmgmc pmgmjmc kjrj, nerpmgmjmc,
`ecjcagmt nerijms, kmc
- Ge`m`puc `gmc `mgmc
`ecjagmt [ermpeutjg
- Ge`m`pmc - Rekjmgmc
(nmn/nmg) ge tdjfet fjcagucamc ymca
`ecjcagmt
termpeutjg
- Xernmfjsmsj gejcajcmc
- Rjmpgmc
`efmgugmc permwtmc
geperfumc
kjrj `ecjcagmt
prjnmkj
- @jcmt `efmgugmc
- Km`pjcaj kmfm`
permwmtmc kjrj
`efmgugmc
`ecjcagmt
permwmtmc kjrj
- @e`pertmimcgmc
sm`pmj `mckjrj
genersjimc kjrj
- Hmsjfjtmsj uctug
`ecjcagmt
`ecerj`m
- @e`pertmimcgmc
gemkmmc
genersji `ufut geteractucamc
`ecjcagmt
- Hmsjfjtmsj
ge`mckjrjmc,
nmctu jjgm tjkmg
`m`pu
`efmgugmc
prmwmtmc kjrj
- Omkwmfgmc
rutjcjtms
permwmtmc kjrj
Ekugmsj
- Mcjurgmc
`efmgugmc
permwmtmc kjrj
 sebmrm gdcsjstec sesumj ge`m`pumc

==. J`pfe`ectmsj

J`pfe`ectmsj mkmfmi tmimp getjgm permwmt `ecampfjgmsjgmc msuimc

gepermwmtmc gekmfm` nectug jctervecsj gepermwmtmc aucm `e`nmctu gfjec

`ecbmpmj tujumc ymca tefmi kjtetmpgmc.

=>. Evmfumsj

Mkmpuc imsjf ymca jcajc kjbmpmj ymjtu `ecbmpmj `msm pecye`nuimc

tepmt wmgtu, `e`pertmimcgmc tjcagmt gesmkmrmc, tjkmg `ecamfm`j gejmca,

`efmpdrgmc cyerj nergurmca, `ecbmpmj ge`nmfj mtmu `e`pertmimcgmc pdsjsj

hucasjdcmf dptj`mf gegumtmc, sertm tm`pmg rjfegs kmc `efmpdrgmc mcsjetms

nergurmca.
 KMH[M^ \UR[MGM

M`erjbmc Iemrt Mssdbjmtjdc. (><=1). Iemrt Kjsemse mck Rtrdge Rtmtjstjb ><=1 Mt
m Afmcbe.ittps?//www.iemrt.dra/jkb/ardups/mim`mi-
punfjb/Lwb`/Lsdp/Ls`k/kdbu`ects/kdwcfdmkmnfe/ub`T;:=>85.pkh . Kj mgses >5
@ej ><=1.

Necjm`jc, E`efjm. O., et.mf (><=1). MIM Rtmtjstjbmf Upkmte? Iemrt Kjsemse mck Rtrdge Rtmtjstjbs
‛><=1 Upkmte M ^epdrt Hrd` tie M`erjbmc Iemrt Mssdbjmtjdc. KDJ?
=<.==8=/BJ^.<<<<<<<<<<<<<;95. ittp?//bjrb.mimjdurcmfs.dra.

KeQjt, Rusmc B., Bmckjbe G. Gu`mamj. (><=2). @ekjbmf-Rurajbmf Cursjca. Bdcbept & \rmbtjbe.
Rebdck Ekjtjdc. Rt. Fdujs, @jssdurj? Efsevjer Rmuckers.
Ieutier, Rue E., Gmtiryc F. @bBmcbe. (><=1). Uckerstmckjca \mtidpiysjdfday. Rjxti Ekjtjdc.
Rt. Fdujs, @jssdurj? Efsevjer.

Ie`pijfRf pJJdJc, tOm.c Bedfmuus keJc.,t remtb.mefr. e(n>r<m=f 5I). eM`IdMrr/MimRaMe AMu
jkAeufjjckee?fAjcuej khedfrjc eIs ehmdfrt itbimer e@ m\crmdahes`sjedcctm dfsh
Hrd` tie M`erjbmc Iemrt Mssdbjmtjdc/M`erjbmc Rtrdge Mssdbjmtjdc. KDJ?
=<.==8=/R[^.<<<<<<<<<<<<<<8:. ittp?//strdge.mimjdurcmfs.dra.

Ijcgfe, Omcjbe F., Gerry I. Bieever. (><=;). Nruccer & Rukkmrti‚s [extnddg dh
@ekjbmf- Rurajbmf Cursjca. =2ti Ekjtjdc. Xdfu`e >. \ijfmkefpijm? Fjppjcbdtt
Qjffjm`s & Qjfgjcs.
Jacmtmvjbjus, Kdccm K., @. Fjckm Qdrg`mc. (><=8). @ekjbmf-Rurajbmf Cursjca. \
mtject- Becterek Bdffmndrmtjve Bmre. Ejaiti Ekjtjdc. Xdfu`e >. Rt. Fdujs, @jssdurj?
Efsevjer.
Gercmc, Qmfter C., et.mf. (><=;). MIM/MRMAujkefjce?Aujkefjces hdr tie \revectjdc dh Rtrdge jc
\mtjects Qjti Rtrdge mck [rmcsject Jsbie`jb Mttmbg . KDJ?
=<.==8=/R[^.<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>;. ittp?//strdge.mimjdurcmfs.dra.

Fewjs, Rimrdc F., et.mf. (><==). @ekjbmf Rurajbmf Cursjca. Mssess`ect mck @mcmae`ect dh
Bfjcjbmf \rdnfe`s. Ejaiti Ekjtjdc. Xdfu`e >. Rt. Fdujs, @jssdurj? Efsevjer @dsny.
@ekfjce\fus (U.R. Cmtjdcmf Fjnmrmry dh @ekjbjce). (><=1). Rtrdge-Kjsbimrae.
ittps?//`ekfjcepfus.adv/ecby/pmtjectjcstrubtjdcs/<<<=2>.it`. Kjmgses <> Oucj ><=1.
@jsnmbi, Ousuh. et.mf. (><==). Aujkefjce Rtrdge [miuc ><==.JRNC :19-:1:->;;>11. Omgmrtm?
\erij`pucmc Kdgter Rpesjmfjs Rmrmh Jckdcesjm (\E^KDRRJ).
Rmtymceamrm, et.mf. (><=;). Jf`u Nekmi Rmrmh Rmtymceamrm. Ekjsj X. Omgmrtm? \[. Arm`ekjm
\ustmgm Utm`m.
Rtrdge Mssdbjmtjdc. (><=1). Rtmte Dh [ie Cmtjdc Rtrdge Rtmtjstjbs Omcumry ><=1. [daetier Qe
Bmc Bdcquer
Rtrdge.ittps?//www.strdge.dra.ug/sjtes/kehmuft/hjfes/stmteTdhTtieTcmtjdcT><=1ThjcmfT=.p
kh. Kj mgses >5 @ej ><=1.
Qdrfk Iemrt Hekermtjdc. (><=1). [ie Afdnmf Nurkec dh Rtrdge. ittp?//www.wdrfk-
iemrt- hekermtjdc.dra/bmrkjdvmsbufmr-iemfti/strdge/. Kj mgses >5 @ej ><=1.

Qjcstejc, Bmrdfee O., et.mf (><=8). Aujkefjces hdr Mkuft Rtrdge ^eimnjfjtmtjdc mck ^ebdvery M
Aujkefjce hdr Iemftibmre \rdhessjdcmfs Hrd` tie M`erjbmc
Iemrt
Mssdbjmtjdc/M`erjbmc Rtrdge Mssdbjmtjdc. KDJ? =<.==8=/R[^.<<<<<<<<<<<<<<:9.
ittp?//strdge.mimjdurcmfs.dra.

_d`drdkj, @ea. (><=8). Cursjca @mcmae`ect? Rtrdge. ittps?//cursegey.bd`/cursjca-

`mcmae`ect-strdge/. Kj mgses >9 @ej ><=1.

[ie M`erjbmc Becter Hdr Rpjce & Ceurdsuraery (><=1). Mceurys` Bfjppjca
mck
Bdjfjca.ittp?//www.mbsceurd.bd`/suraerjes/nrmjcTketmjf/mceurys`TbfjppjcaTbdjfjca. Kj
mgses <= Oucj ><=1.

[ie Jctercet Rtrdge Becter (><==). Nrmjc Mcmtd`y.

ittp?//www.strdgebecter.dra/prdhessjdcmfs/nrmjc-mcmtd`y/mcmtd`y-dh-tie-nrmjc/Kj
mgses >: @ej ><=1.