Chapter 5 - Periodic Properties

Chapter 5 - Periodic Classification of Elements
Earlier attempts of the classification of elements: Dobereiner’s Triads, Newland’s

law of octaves.
Dobereiner’s Triads: This classification is based on the atomic mass. According to

this, when elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic masses, groups of
three elements, having similar properties are obtained. The atomic mass of
middle element of the triad being nearly equal to the average of the atomic
masses of the other two elements.
Defects of Triad Classification
 A large number of similar elements could not be grouped into triads e.g.,
iron, manganese, nickel, cobalt, zinc and copper are similar elements but
could not be placed in the triads.
 It was possible that quite dissimilar elements could be grouped into triads.
 Dobereiner could only classify 3 triads successfully (highlighted in the
table).
Newlands' Law of Octaves
Newland arranged many of the known elements in the increasing order of their
atomic masses. He started with the element having the lowest atomic mass
(hydrogen) and ended at thorium which was the 56th element.
According to this ‘when elements are placed in order of increasing atomic masses,
the physical and chemical properties of every 8th element are a repetition of the
properties of the first element.’
Limitations
 Law of octaves was applicable only upto calcium (only for lighter
elements).
 Newland adjusted two elements in the same slot (e.g. Co and Ni),
having different properties. For example; Co and Ni with Fluorine,
Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine.
 According to Newland, only 56 elements existed in nature and no
more elements would be discovered in future.
Mendeleev’s Periodic Table: Mendeleev’s periodic table is based on the physical

and chemical properties of elements and their atomic masses.
Mendeleev’s Periodic Law: According to this “The physical and chemical
properties of the elements are the periodic function of their atomic masses.”
Periodicity of Properties: The repetition of properties of elements after certain

regular intervals is known as Periodicity of Properties.
Merits of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table:
 Systematic Study of Elements

Mendeleev's Periodic table simplified the study of elements. As the arrangements
of elements showing similar properties were classified into groups, it was very
useful in studying and remembering the properties of a large number of elements
in a systematic way.
 Prediction of New Elements
Based on the positions in the periodic table, Mendeleev could predict the
properties of some undiscovered elements. He left three blanks for elements that
were not discovered at that time. He was able to predict the properties of these
unknown elements more or less accurately. He named them eka-boron, eka-
aluminium and eka-silicon. He named them so, as they were just below boron,
aluminium and silicon in the respective sub-groups. Eka-boron was later named as
scandium, eka-aluminium as gallium and eka-silicon as germanium. A
Comparative Study of the Properties of Elements Predicted and later Discovered.
 Correction of Atomic Masses
Mendeleev's periodic table helped in correcting the atomic masses of some of the
elements, based on their positions in the periodic table. For example, atomic
mass of beryllium was corrected from 13.5 to 9.0. Atomic masses of indium, gold
and platinum were also corrected.
 Noble gases could accommodate in the Mendeleev’s periodic table

without disturbing the periodic table after discovery.
Limitations of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table

(a) No fixed position for hydrogen: No correct position of the hydrogen atom was
in Mendeleev’s periodic table.It was placed in Group I although its properties
resembled both the Group I elements (the alkali metals) and the group VII
elements (the halogens).
Grouping of Some Elements
In some cases Mendeleev placed elements according to their similarities in

properties and not in increasing order of their atomic masses, while some
dissimilar elements were grouped together. Thus, the position of these elements
was not justified. For example, cobalt (at. mass 58.9) was placed before nickel (at.
mass 58.6); copper and mercury are similar in their properties but were placed
separately. Copper was placed in group I although it did not resemble the
elements of this group.
Anomalous Pair
In certain pairs of elements like, Ar (40) and K (39); Co (58.9) and Ni (58.6); Te
(127.6) and I (126.9) the arrangement was not justified. For example, argon was
placed before potassium whereas its atomic mass is more than potassium.
Isotopes
Isotopes are atoms of the same element having different atomic mass but same
atomic number. For e.g., there are three isotopes of hydrogen with atomic mass
1, 2, and 3. According to Mendeleev's periodic table these should be placed at
three separate places. However isotopes have not been given separate places in
the periodic table.
Lanthanides and Actinides
Fourteen elements that follow lanthanum called lanthanides and fourteen

elements following actinium called actinides were not given proper places in
Mendeleev's periodic table.
Long Form of the Periodic Table or Modern Periodic Table
In 1913, Henry Moseley showed that the atomic number of an element is a more
fundamental property than its atomic mass. Atomic number (Z) is equal to the
number of protons present in the nucleus of an atom of an element.
Modern Periodic Law
The modern periodic law states that "the physical and chemical properties of the
elements are periodic function of their atomic numbers". Thus, when the
elements were arranged in the order of their increasing atomic numbers, the
elements of similar properties recur at regular intervals.
Modern periodic table contains 18 vertical column known as group and seven
horizontal rows known as periods.
Limitations of Long Form of Periodic Table

In the long form of the Periodic Table :
1. The position of hydrogen still remains uncertain.
2. The inner-transition elements do not find a place in the main body of the table.
They are placed separately.
Predicting the Position of an Element in the Periodic Table

17th group elements: F < Cl < Br < I
Ionisation Energy
The minimum energy needed to remove the outermost electron from the neutral atom in the
gaseous state.
It increases across a period in general and decreases down the group.

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Chapter 5 - Periodic Classification of Elements

Earlier attempts of the classification of elements: Dobereiner’s Triads, Newland’s

Dobereiner’s Triads: This classification is based on the atomic mass. According to

Defects of Triad Classification

Mendeleev’s Periodic Table: Mendeleev’s periodic table is based on the physical

Periodicity of Properties: The repetition of properties of elements after certain

Merits of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table:

 Systematic Study of Elements

 Prediction of New Elements

 Correction of Atomic Masses

 Noble gases could accommodate in the Mendeleev’s periodic table

Limitations of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table

Grouping of Some Elements

In some cases Mendeleev placed elements according to their similarities in

Lanthanides and Actinides

Fourteen elements that follow lanthanum called lanthanides and fourteen

Modern Periodic Law

Limitations of Long Form of Periodic Table

Predicting the Position of an Element in the Periodic Table

It increases across a period in general and decreases down the group.

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