5

Probability 5.1

Chapter Probability

INTEXT EXERCISE: 1
1. They are independent events but not mutually
(i) Sunday and Monday, (ii) Monday and Tuesday,
exclusive. (iii) Tuesday and Wednesday, (iv) Wednesday and
Thursday, (v) Thursday and Friday, (iv) Friday and
2. A denote the event getting I;
Saturday and (vii) Saturday and Sunday.

B denote the event getting II;

Now for 53 Sundays, one of the two days must be

C denote the event getting III; and D denote the 2
event getting fail. Sundays, hence required probability = .
7

Obviously, these four events are mutually exclusive 5. If three identical dice are rolled then total number of
and exhaustive, therefore sample points = 6 × 6 × 6 = 216.

P(A) + P(B) + P(C) + P(D) = 1
Favourable events (same number appear on each

⇒ P(D) = 1 – 0.95 = 0.05. dice) are

(1, 1, 1) (2, 2, 2) ... (6, 6, 6). \ Required probability
(1 + 3 p ) (1 − p ) 1− 2 p  6 1
3. Since , and   are the = = .
3 4  2  216 36

probabilities of the three events, we must have 6. Total number of triangles which can be formed
1+ 3p 1− p 1− 2 p 6× 5× 4

0≤ ≤ 1, 0 ≤ ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ ≤1 = 6 C3

= = 20
3 4 2 1× 2 × 3

⇒ –1 ≤ 3p ≤ 2, – 3 ≤ p ≤ 1 and –1 ≤ 2p ≤ 1
Number of equilateral triangles = 2.
1 1 2 1
⇒ − 1 ≤ p ≤ 2 , − 3 ≤ p ≤ 1 and − ≤ p ≤ .

\ Required probability = = .
3 3 2 2 20 10
1+ 3 p 1− p 1− 2 p 7. The numbers should be divisible by 6. Thus the

Also as , and are the probabilities
3 4 2
of three mutually exclusive events, number of favourable ways is 16C3 (as there are 16
numbers in first 100 natural numbers, divisible by
1+ 3 p 1− p 1− 2 p

0≤ + + ≤1 16
C3
3 4 2 6). Required probability is 100
C3

⇒ 0 ≤ 4 + 12p + 3 – 3p + 6 – 12p ≤ 12
16 × 15 × 14 4
1 13
= = .

⇒ ≤ p≤ 100 × 99 × 98 1155
3 3
8. Total number of ways = 21C3 = 1330. If common

Thus the required values of p are such that
difference of the A.P. is to be 1, then the possible
1 1 1  2 1 13 
max − , − 3, − ,  ≤ p ≤ min  , 1, , 
groups are 1, 2, 3; 2, 3, 4; ... 19, 20, 21. If the common
 3 2 3 3 2 3  difference is 2, then possible groups are 1, 3, 5; 2, 4,
1 1 6; ... 17, 19, 21. Proceeding in the same way, if the

⇒ ≤ p≤ .
3 2 common difference is 10, then the possible group is
1, 10, 21. Thus if the common difference of the A.P.
4. A leap year contain 366 days i.e. 52 weeks and 2 is to be ≥ 11, obviously there is no favourable case.
days, clearly there are 52 Sundays in 52 weeks. Hence, total number of favourable cases = 19 +17 +
15 + …+ 3 + 1 = 100

For the remaining two days, we may have any of the
two days 100 10

Hence, required probability = = .
1330 133
5.2 Mathematics
9. Required probability is 1 – P (they go in concerned  4!
1 23
Therefore, favourable ways = 5 C4   .

envelopes) = 1 − = .  2!
4! 24
5.4! 2! 4! 1
8!
Hence, required probability = = .
10. Total ways of arrangements = .•w•x•y•z 2!8! 14
2!.4!

Now ‘S’ can have places at dot’s and in places of w,
x, y, z we have to put 2A’s, one I and one N.

INTEXT EXERCISE: 2
1. Let A be the event that the item chosen is rusted and 3 1 2
B be the event that the item chosen is a nail. 5. P(A ∪ B) = , P(A ∩ B) = , P(A) =
4 4 3
8 6 1

\ P(A) = , P(B) = and P(A ∩ B) = 3/16
⇒ P(A) =
16 16 3

Required probability
\ P(A ∩ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∪ B)

P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∪ B) 1 1 3 2

⇒ =+ P( B) − ⇒ P(B) =
4 3 4 3
8 6 3 11
= + − = 2 1 8−3 5
16 16 16 16
⇒ P(A ∩ B) = P(B) – P(A ∩ B) = −= = .
3 4 12 12
2. Let A be the event that the husband will be alive 20
years. B be the event that the wife will be alive 20 6. Let E be the event that B speaks truth and F be the
years. Clearly A and B are independent events. event that A speaks truth.
75 3 80 4

\ P(A ∩ B) = P(A) P(B).
Now P(E) = = and P(F) = =
100 4 100 5
3 2

Given P(A) = , P(B) =
\ P(A and B contradict each other)
5 3

The probability that at least one of them will be alive
= P[(B tells truth and A tells lie)
20 years is
or (B tells lie and A tells truth)]

P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B) = P [( E ∩ F ) ∪ ( E ∩ F )]
= P(A) + P(B) – P(A) · P(B) P( E ) . P( F ) + P( E ) . P( F )
=

3 2 3 2 9 + 10 − 6 13 3 1 1 4 7
= + =
− ⋅ = = × + × = .
5 3 5 3 15 15 4 5 4 5 20

3. Here P(A ∪ B) = 0.8, P(A) = 0.3 and A and B are 7. Let A, B and C be the events that the student is
independent events. successful in test I, II and III respectively, then P
(the student is successful)

Let P(B) = x. \ P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)

= P[(A ∩ B ∩ C′) ∪ (A ∩ B′ ∩ C) ∪ (A ∩ B ∩ C)]

⇒ P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A) · P(B)

= P(A ∩ B ∩ C′) + P(A ∩ B′ ∩ C) + P(A ∩ B ∩ C)
5

⇒ 0.8 = 0.3 + x – 0.3x ⇒ x= .
= P(A) . P(B) . P(C) + P(A) . P(B′) . P(C)
7
4. Let A, B, C are the events of choosing a black king,
+ P(A) . P(B) . P(B) . P(C)
a queen of heart and a jack respectively.
[Q A, B, C are independent]
2 1 4  1 1 1 1

\ P(A) = =
, P( B) = , P(C ) = pq 1 −  + p(1 − q)   + pq   = p (1 + q )

52 52 52  2 2 2 2

These are mutually exclusive events, 1 1

⇒= p (1 + q ) ⇒ p(1 + q) = 1.
2 1 4 7 2 2

\ P(A ∪ B ∪ C) = + + =
52 52 52 52

This equation has infinitely many values of p and q.
 Probability 5.3
8. The probability of husband is not selected = 1 6 6
1 6 = × = Hence, required probability =
1 − =; 5 7 35
7 7
6 4 10 2
1 4 + = = .
The probability that wife is not selected = 1 − = 35 35 35 7
5 5

The probability that only husband is selected; 9. From Venn diagram, we can see that
1 4 4

= × = ;
P(B ∩ C) = P( B) − P( A ∩ B ∩ C ) − P( A ∩ B ∩ C )
7 5 35

The probability that only wife is selected 3 1 1 1

  = − − =.
4 3 3 12
1 4 1 6 37
10. Required probability = ⋅ + ⋅ = .
2 7 2 8 56

INTEXT EXERCISE: 3
 B  P( A ∩ B) (1/10) 2 1 1
1. P=
  = = .
⇒ 1+ − [ P( E ) + P( F )] =
 A P( A) (1/4) 5 12 2

2. S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH, 7

⇒ P( E ) + P( F ) = ...(iii)
12
TTT} n(E) = 4, n(F) = 4 and n(E ∩ F) = 3
On solving (i) and (iii), we get P( E ) = 1 , 1 and

E P( E ∩ F ) 3/8 3 3 4

\ P  = = = 1 1
F P( F ) 4/8 4 P( F ) = , .
4 3
4 1  E  15 5 7. Let Ei denotes the event that Ai dies in a year.
3. P(E1) = = , P 2= =
52 13  E1  51 17

Then P(E1) = P and P(Ei′) = 1 – p for i = 1, 2, ... n
E  1 5 5
P (none of A1, A2, ... A3 dies in a year)
P(E1 ∩ E2) = P ( E1 ) ⋅ P  2  = ⋅ =
.
 E1  13 17 221
= P( E1′ ∩ E2′ ∩ .....En′ )

 A P( A ∩ B ) P( A ∪ B) 1 − P( A ∪ B) = P( E1′ ) P( E2′ ) ... P( En′ )= (1 − p ) n ,

4. P   = = =
B P( B ) P( B ) P( B )

because E1, E2, ... En are independent.
5. P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)

Let E denote the event that at least one of A1, A2, ...

⇒ P(A ∩ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B) An dies in a year.

{Q P(A ∩ B) = P(A ∪ B)}
Then P(E) = 1 – P(E1′ ∩ E2′ ∩ ... ∩ En′) = 1 – (1 – p)n

⇒ 2P(A ∩ B) = P(A) + P(B)
Let F denote the event that A1 is the first to die.
P( A ∩ B) Then P( F/E ) = 1 . Also, P(F) = P(E) · P(F/E)


⇒ 2 P( A). = P( A) + P( B)
P( A) n
B 1
⇒ 2 P( A) P =
 P( A) + P( B) . = [1 − (1 − p ) n ]
 A n
1 1 8. The probabilities of students not solving the problem
6. We are given P( E ∩ F ) = and P( E ∩ F ) =
12 2 1 2 1 3 1 4
are 1 − = , 1 − = and 1 − =
1 3 3 4 4 5 5
⇒ P(E) · P(F) = ...(i)
12

Therefore the probability that the problem is not
1
and P( E ) ⋅ P( F ) = ...(ii)
2 solved by any one of them = 2 × 3 × 4 = 2
3 4 5 5
1
⇒ {1 − P( E )}{(1 − P( F )} =
Hence, the probability that problem is solved
2
1 2 3
⇒ 1 + P( E ) P( F ) − P( E ) − P( F ) = = 1 − =.

2 5 5
5.4 Mathematics
9. Here P(A) = 0.4 and P(A) = 0.6 P ] Ag P ]Bg P ]C g + P ] Ag P ] B gP ]C g + P ] A gP ]Bg


Probability that A does not happen at all = (0.6)3. P ]C g + P ] Ag P ]Bg P ]C g


Thus required probability = 1 – (0.6) = 0.784.
3
4 3 1 4 1 2 1 3 2
=5#4#3+5#4#3+5#4#3

10. Required probability
4 3 2 50 5
= P] A + B + C g + P]A + B + Cg + P] A + B + Cg +

+ 5 # 4 # 3 = 60 = 6

P] A + B + C g

INTEXT EXERCISE: 4
1. Let E1, E2, E2 and A be the events defined as follows:
And P(A/A2) = Probability that first 11 draws contain
9 non defective and 2 defective articles and 12th

E1 = the bolts is manufactured by machine A; 17
C ×3C2 1
E2 = the bolts is manufactured by machine B; E3 = draw contains a defective article = 209 ×
the bolts is manufactured by machine C, and A = the C11 9
bolt is defective.
Hence, required probability
25 1 35 40 18
C10 × 2 C1 1 17
C9 × 3C2 1

Then P(E1=
)= =, P( E2 ) =, P ( E3 ) = 0.4 × × + 0.6 × ×
100 4 100 100 20 20
C11 9 C11 9

P(A/E1) = Probability that the bolt drawn is defective 99
given the condition that it is manufactured by = .
1900
machine A = 5/100.
4 2 3. Let E1 be the event that the ball is drawn from bag

Similarly P(A/E2) = and P(A/E3) =
100 100 A, E2 the event that it is drawn from bag B and E that

Using the law of total probability, we have the ball is red.

P(A) = P(E1) P(A/E1) + P(E2) P(A/E2) + P(E3) P(A/
We have to find P(E2/E).
E3)
Since both the bags are equally likely to be selected,
25 5 35 4 40 2 1

= × + × + × = 0.0345.
we have P(E1) = P(E2) = . Also P(E/E1) = 3/5 and
100 100 100 100 100 100 2
P(E2/E2) = 5/9.
2. The testing procedure may terminate at the twelfth
testing in two mutually exclusive ways.
Hence by Baye’s theorem, we have

(I) When lot contains 2 defective articles, P( E2 ) P( E/E2 )

P(E2/E) =
P( E1 ) P( E/E1 ) + P ( E2 ) P ( E/E2 )

(II) When lot contains 3 defective articles.
1 5

Consider the following events: ⋅
25
= 2 9 = .

A = Testing procedure ends at the twelfth testing. 1 3 1 5 52
⋅ + ⋅
2 5 2 9

A1 = Lot contains 2 defective articles.
4. Let E denote the event that a six occurs and A the

A2 = Lot contains 3 defective articles.

Required probability event that the man reports that it is a ‘6’, we have

= P(A) = P(A ∩ A1) ∪ P(A ∩ A2) 1 5 3 1

P(E) = = , P( E ′) = , P( A/E ) P( A / E ′)
and=
6 6 4 4

= P(A ∩ A1) + P(A ∩ A2)

By Baye’s theorem,

& P(A) = P(A1) P(A/A1) + P(A2) P(A/A2)
P( E ) ⋅ P( A/E )

Now, Probability that first 11 draws contain 10 non-
P(E/A) =
P( E ) ⋅ P( A/E ) + P( E ′) P( A/E ′)
defective and one defective and 12th draw contains
a defective article. 1 3
× 3
= 6 4 = .
18
C10 × 2C1 1 1 3 5 1 8

= × × + ×
20
C11 9 6 4 6 4
 Probability 5.5
5. Let A1 be the event that the black card is lost, A2 be 4 3 2

Then P(A) = 5 , P(B) = 4 and P(C) = 3
the event that the red card is lost and let E be the
` P(Cc/E)
event that first 13 cards examined are red. P (A) P (B) P (C c)

=
A P (A) P (B) P (C ) + P (A) P (B c) P (C) + P (A c) P (B) P (C)
c

Then the required probability = P  1  . We have P(A1)

6
E = 13
1 8. Let ‘w’ denote the event that the ball is white and ‘A’
= P(A2) = ; as black and red cards were initially equal
2 the event that they repot it to be white.
in number.
P ]wg = 5 , P ]w'g = 5
1 4
26 25
E C13  E  C13

Also P   = and P   = .
P ] A/wg = 2 # 3 # 4
 A1 
51
C13  A2 
51
C13 1 2 3


The required probability
P ] A/w'g = 2 # 3 # 4
1 1 1

A  P( E/A1 ) P( A1 )
= P 1=

By Baye’s Theorem,
 E  P( E/A1 ) P( A1 ) + P( E/A2 ) P( A2 )
P ] A/wg .P ]wg
P ]w/Ag =
P ] A/wg .P ]wg + P ] A/w'g.P ]w'g
1 26 C13

⋅
2 51 C13 2 1 #2 #3 #1

= = . 3
1 26
C 1 25
C 3 = 1 2 23 13 14 15 1 4 = 5

⋅ 51 13 + ⋅ 51 13
2 C13 2 C13 2#3#4#5+2#3#4#5
6. A : Event that first man speaks truth 9. Using Baye’s theorem

B : Event that second man speaks truth 5/9 25

Required probability = 5/9 + 3/5 = 52

R : Day is rainy
P (A + B) .P (R) 10. A: Black ball is drawn from box 1
P ]Rg = P (A + B) .P (R) + P (A' + B') .P (R')


B: Black ball is drawn from box 2
4 2 3
. . 24
C: Black ball is drawn from box 3
= 4 2 53 3 14 1 1 = 25

P ] A , B , C g = P ] Ag + P ]Bg + P ]C g

5.3.4 + 5.3.4
1 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 3

= 4 # 4 # 4 + 4 # 4 # 4 +4 # 4 # 4
7. Let A represents the event ' A hits the target ' , B
represents the event ' B hits the target ' , C represents 2 + 6 + 18 26 13

= 64 = 64 = 32
the event ' C hits the target’ and E be the event that
exactly two of A, B and C hit the target.
INTEXT EXERCISE: 5
1. E = {X is a prime number} 3. P(minimum face value is not less than 2 and

P(E) = P(2) + P(3) + P(5) + P(7) = 0.62, F = {x < 4} maximum face value is not greater than 5)

P(F) = P(1) + P(2) + P(3) = 0.50 and, P(E ∩ F) = 4 2
P(2) + P(3) = 0.35
= P(2 or 3 or 4 or 5) =
6 3

\ P(E ∪ F) = P(E) + P(F) – P(E ∩ F) = 0.62 +
0.50 – 0.35 = 0.77.
Hence required probability

4 0
2. The required probability 2 1 16
= 4 C4     = .

6 2 7 8 3
   3 81
8 1 1 8 1 1 8 1 37
= C6   .   + C7   .   + C8   =

2 2 2 2 2 256
5.6 Mathematics
4. We have 100
C50 p 50 (1 − =
p )50 100
C51 p 51 (1 − p ) 49 8. We have, P(| X − 4 | ≤ 2) = P(−2 ≤ X − 4 ≤ 2)

= P(2 ≤ X ≤ 6) = P( X =
2) + P ( X =
3)
1− p 100! 50!.50! 50

or = × =
+ P( X =
4) + P ( X =+
5) P ( X =
6)
p 51!.49! 100! 51
8 8 8

or 51 – 51p = 50p 1 1 1
= 8 C2   + 8C3   + 8C4  

2 2 2
51 1
8
1
8

⇒p =
101
. + 8 C5   + 8C6  

2 2
np = 4  1 1 1 238 119
5.  ⇒ q= = ,p = ,n 8
= 8 [28 + 56 + 70 + 56 + 28]= = .
npq = 2  2 2 2 28 128
2 6
1 1 1 28 9. The total number of cases = 6 × 6 × 6 = 216
p(X = 2) = 8 C2     = 28 ⋅ 8 =
.
2 2 2 256
The number of favourable ways
6. The man will be one step away from the starting point
= Coefficient of xk in (x + x2 + ... + x6)3
if (i) either he is one step ahead or (ii) one step behind
= Coefficient of xk – 3 in (1 – x6)3 (1 – x)–3
the starting point.

= Coefficient of xk – 3 in (1 – x)–3{0 ≤ k – 3 ≤ 5}

\ The required probability = P(i) + P(ii)

= Coefficient of xk – 3 in (1 – 3C1x + 4C2x2 + 5C3x3 + ...)
The man will be one step ahead at the end of eleven = k −1 C = (k − 1)(k − 2)
2
steps if he moves six step forward and five steps 2
backward.
Thus the probability of the required event is
(k − 1)(k − 2)

The probability of this event is 11C6(0.4)6(0.6)5.
432

The man will be one step behind at the end of eleven 10. n(S) = 6 × 6 × 6
steps if he moves six steps backward and five steps

n(E) = The number of solutions of x +y + z = 7,
forward.

where 1 ≤ x ≤ 5, 1 ≤ y ≤ 5, 1 ≤ z ≤ 5

The probability of this event is C6(0.6) (0.4) . 11 6 5
= Coefficient of x7 in (x + x2 + ... + x5)3

Hence the required probability = 11
C6(0.4)6(0.6)5 = Coefficient of in x4 in (1 + x + ... + x4)3
3
+ 11C6(0.6)6(0.4)5 = C6(0.4)5(0.6)5 (0.4 + 0.6)
11
 5

= 11C6(0.24)5. = Coefficient of x4 in  1 − x 
 1− x 
3 = Coefficient of x4 in (1 – 3x5 + 3x10 – x15)(1 – x)3
7. Probability to kill a bird p = ,p+q=1
4 = Coefficient of x4 in (1 – 3x5 + 3x10 – x15)
⇒ q = 1 − p =1 − 3 =1 and n = 5.
(2C0 + 3C1x + 4C2x2 + 5C3x3 + 6C4x4 + ...)
4 4

Probability that he may not kill the bird, 6! 6 × 5
= 6=
C4 = = 15
4!2! 2
0 5−0
 3  1 1
P(X = 0) = 5 C0   ⋅  
= . n( E ) 15 5
 4  4 1024 \ p(E)=
= = .
n( S ) 6 × 6 × 6 72
 Probability 5.7

EXERCISE - 1
Definitions 15. Let A and B be two given events. The odds against A
are 5 : 2, therefore P ] Ag = 7 .
2
1. They are basically independent.
2. P (A1 , A2) = 1 - [1 - P (A1)][1 - P (A2)]
The odds in favour of B are 6 : 5, therefore
P ]Bg = 11 .
6

= P (A1) + P (A2) - P (A1). P (A2)
3. They are mutually independent. The required probability = 1 - P ] A g P ] B g

= 1 - b1 - 72 lb1 - 11 l = 77 .
6 52
4. It is obvious.
4
5. Since A + Br and A + B are mutually exclusive 16. Required probability = 7 .
events such that A = (A + Br ) , (A + B) 4 1
17. Required probability = 52 = 13 .
` P (A) = P (A + Br ) + P (A + B)
18. Since there are one A, two I and one O, hence the

& P (A + Br ) = P (A) - P (A + B) = P (A) - P (A) P (B) 1+2+1 4
required probability = 11 = 11 .

( a A, B are independent)
19. To be both boys the probability = b 2 lb 2 l = 4 .
1 1 1

& P (A + Br ) = P (A) (1 - P (B)) = P (A) P (Br )
A
` and Br are also independent. 1
20. Probability of getting 1 in first throw = 6
6. B , C is independent to A, so S1 is true 5

Probability of not getting 1 in second throws = 6

B + C is also independent to A, so S2 is true.
Both are independent events, so the required
7. P (A , B) = P (A) + P (B) - P (A + B)
1 5 5
5 1 1 probability = 6 # 6 = 36 .
6 = 3 + 2 - P (A + B) & P (A + B) = 0 4

` Events A and B are mutually exclusive. 21. Probability of first card to be a king = 52
3
and probability of also second to be a king = 51
8. Required probability is 1-P (All letters in right
1 4 3 1
envelope) = 1 - n! Hence required probability = 52 # 51 = 221 .

22. Required probability = b 2 lb 6 l = 12 .

1 1 1
{As there are total number of n! ways in which
letters can take envelopes and just one way in which
23. Required probability = b 2 lb 2 l = 4 .
1 1 1
they have corresponding envelopes}.
3
9. Required probability = 5 . 24. Required probability = P ]Diamondg .P ^Kingh
3 5 13 4 1
10. Required probability = 1 - 8 = 8 . = 52 . 52 = 52 .

11. Probability of the card being a spade or an ace 25. The sum 2 can be found in one way i.e. (1, 1)
16 4
= 52 = 13 . Hence odds in favour is 4 : 9.
The sum 8 can be found in five ways i.e. (6, 2),

So the odds against his winning is 9 : 4. (5, 3), (4, 4), (3, 5), (2, 6). Similarly the sum twelve
4 4 can be found in one way i.e., (6, 6).
12. Required probability = 4 + 5 = 9 .
7
6 6
13. Required probability = 6 + 5 = 11 . Hence required probability = 36 .
26. Let P(A) and P(B) be the probability of the events
then P (A and B) = P ] Ag .P ]Bg = 2 # 3 = 3 .
14. Probabilities of winning the race by three horses are 1 2 1
1 1 1
3 , 4 and 5 . 27. Required probability is 1 - P (no ace)
1 1 1 47 48 47 663 - 564 99 33
Hence required probability = 3 + 4 + 5 = 60 .
= 1 - 52 . 51 = 13.51 = 13.51 = 221 .
5.8 Mathematics
28. Required probability is 1 - P (no ace of heart) 39. The total number of ways in which 2 integers can be
51 51 ]52 + 51g
chosen from the given 20 integers 20 C2 .
103
= 1 - 52 . 52 = 52.52 = 2704 .

The sum of the selected numbers is odd if exactly
29. Total rusted items = 3 + 5 = 8; unrusted nails = 3. one of them is even and one is odd.
3+8 11 ` Favourable number of outcomes = 10C1 # 10C1

` Required probability = 6 + 10 = 16 .
10
C1 # 10C1 10
30. Required probability = 1 - b 2 l = 16 .
1 4 15
` Required probability = = 19 .
20
C2
3
Use of permutations and combinatons C3 + 7C3 + 4C3
40. Required probability = 14
C3
31. Favourable ways are (2, 6), (3, 5), (4, 4), (5, 3) and 1 + 35 + 4 40 10
5 = 14.13.2 = 14.26 = 91 .
(6, 2). Hence required probability = 36 .
41. Total number of ways = 9 C4, 2 children are chosen
32. Exhaustive number of cases = 63 = 216.
in 4 C2 ways and other 2 persons are chosen in 5 C2

Obviously, the second number has to be greater than ways.
unity. If the second number is (i > 1), then the first 4
C2 # 5C2 10
can be chosen in i - 1 ways and the third in 6 -
Hence required probability = 9 = 21 .
C4
i ways and hence three numbers can be chosen in 42. Required probability is 1 - P (Both odd numbers
]i - 1g # 1 # ]6 - ig ways. But the second number 13
C 13.12 37
can be 2, 3, 4, 5. Thus the favourable number of are chosen) = 1 - 25 2 = 1 - 25.24 = 50 .
C2
cases 12
C2 12 # 11 22
5 43. Required probability = = = .
= / (i - 1) (6 - i) = 1 # 4 + 2 # 3 + 3 # 2 + 4 # 1 = 20

30
C2 30 # 29 145
i=2 7
C2 7.6 21
20 5 44. Required probability = = = .
Hence the required probability = 216 = 54 . C2 11.10 55
11

45. 7, 11 have always to be in that group of three,

33. The last digit of square will be 1 or 5 only when the
therefore 3rd ticket may be chosen in 18 ways.
integer is 1, 5 or 9.
3
Hence required probability is
` Required probability = 10 .
18 18.3.2 3
= =
34. If both integers are even then product is even. 20
C3 20.19.18 190

If both integers are odd then product is odd. 46. Mohan can gets one prize, 2 prizes or 3 prizes and

If one integer is odd and other is even, then product his chance of failure means he get no prize.
is even. Number of total ways = 12 C3 = 220

3
` Required probability = 4 . Favourable number of ways to be failure = 9 C3 = 84

35. Total number of digits in any number at the unit 84 34
Hence required probability = 1 - 220 = 55 .
place is 10.
3
C + 7C1 10

` n(S) = 10 47. Required probability = 110 = 10 .
C1

To get the last digit in product is 1, 3, 7, or 9, it is 4
C1 .11 4.11.2 44
necessary the last digit in each number must be 1, 3, 48. Required probability = 15 = 15.14 = 105 .
C2
7 or 9. 4
C # 6C1 3
n (A) = 4, ` P ] Ag = 10 = 5
4 2 49. Required probability = 218 = 68 .
C3
` Required probability = b 5 l = 625 .
2 4 16 7
C3 7C5 56 4
50. Required probability = + = = .
9
C5 9C5 126 9
51. n ]S g = 100
13
C 13.12 1
36. Required probability = 52 2 = 52.51 = 17
C2
C3 .26C3
26 n ]E g = 36

37. Required probability =
` P ]E g = 100 = 36%
52
C6 36

38. The required probability is given by
8
C4
39
C1 # 39C1 # 13C1 3 # 3 # 1 9 52. Required probability = .
= = . 28
52
C1 52C1 52C1 4 4 4 64
 Probability 5.9
53. In 50 tickets 14 are of prize and 36 are blank. 59. n = Total number of ways = 6 5

Number of ways both the tickets are blank = C2 36

A total of 12 in 5 throw can be obtained in following
two ways –

Thus the probability of not winning the prize
(i) One blank and four 3's = 5C1 = 5

36
C 18
= 50 2 = 35 .
C2 or (ii) Three 2's and two 3's = 5C2 = 10


Hence probability of winning the prize 15 5

Hence, the required probability = = 2592 .
18 17 65
= 1 - 35 = 35 .
60. Total number of ways = n!.
7
C 1
54. Probability that both balls are white = 15 2 = 5
C2 Favourable cases = 2 ]n - 1g!

8
C2 4 2 (n - 1)! 2

Probability that both balls are black = =
Hence required probability = = n
C2 15
15
n!

Probability that one ball is white and one is black 9
C 9#8 12
7
C # 8C1 8 61. Required probability = 15 2 = 15 # 14 = 35 .
= 115 = 15 . C2
C2
62. n ]S g = 900; A = 104 + 112 + 120 + ... + 992 &
55. Total number of ways

= 4C1 # 6C4 + 4C2 # 6C3 + 4C3 # 6C2 + 4C4 # 6C1 + 6C5 n ] Ag = 112

& P ] Ag = 900 = 225 .
60
= + 120 + 60 + 6 + 6 = 252 112 28


No. of ways in which at least one woman exist are
63. Five places for 5 volumes of Mathematics from 25

= 4C1 # 6C4 + 4C2 # 6C3 + 4C3 # 6C2 + 4C4 # 6C1 = 246 places of books can be select in 25C5 ways. In these
246 41 places, we are not to permute the 5 volumes since

Hence required probability = 252 = 42 . order of these 5 volumes is fixed i.e., v1, v2, v3, v4, v5 .
56. Total number of ways to form the numbers of three
Remaining 20 books can be arranged in 20! ways.
digit with 1, 2, 3 and 4 are 4P3 = 4! = 24 25!.20 ! 25!
` Favourable ways = 25C5 .20 ! = 5! 20 ! = 5!

If the numbers are divisible by three then their sum
Also total number of ways = 25!
of digits must be 3, 6 or 9 25! 1
` Probability = 5! 25! = 5! .

But sum 3 is impossible. Then for sum 6, digits are
1, 2, 3 64. Required probability
5

Number of ways = 3! C3 # 10C8 5C4 # 10C7 5C5 # 10C6 12

= 15 + 15 + 15 = 13
C11 C11 C11

Similarly for sum 9, digits are 2, 3, 4. Number of 15
C2 # 27C2 27
65. P1 = 42 = 82 and
ways = 3! C4
30

Thus number of favourable ways = 3! + 3! C4 # 54C4 17.29.45.53
P2 = 84 = 11.79.82.83
C8
3!+ 3! 12 1 (After simplification)

Hence required probability = 4! = 24 = 2 .
C1 # 4C1 # 4C1
4
Hence P1 > P2 .
57. Required probability = 52
C3 66. m rupee coins and n ten paise coins can be placed in
10! (m + n)!
58. Total number of ways = 2! a line in m ! n ! ways. If the extreme coins are ten
paise coins, then the remaining n - 2 ten paise coins

Favourable number of ways for ‘I’ come together is
and m one rupee coins can be arragned in a line in
9! (m + n - 2)!

Thus probability that ‘I’ come together m ! (n - 2)! ways. Hence the required probability
9!#2! 2 1 (m + n - 2)!

= 10! = 10 = 5 m ! (n - 2)! n (n - 1)
= (m + n)! = (m + n) (m + n - 1) .
1 4

Hence required probability = 1 - 5 = 5 .
m! n!
5.10 Mathematics
67. The total number of functions from A to itself is nn 78. Here P (X) = 0.3; P (Y) = 0.2
and the total number of bijections from A to itself is
Now P (X , Y) = P (X) + P (Y) - P (X + Y)
n!. {Since A is a finite set, therefore every injective
Since these are independent events, so
map from A to itself is bijective also}.
P (X + Y) = P (X). P (Y)
n ! (n - 1)!
Thus required probability = 0.3 + 0.2 - 0.06 = 0.44.
` The required probability = n = .
n nn - 1
1
5
C # 8C1 5C2 25 79. 0.7 = 0.4 + x - 0.4x & x = 2 .
68. Required probability = 113 + 13 = 39 .
C2 C2 80. Since P (A + Br ) + P (A + B) = P (A)
69. Total number of ways in which 3 balls can be drawn
& P (A + B ) = P (A) - P (A + B) = 0.25 - 0.15 = 0.1
are 9 C3 = 84. Since the drawn balls can’t be of red
81. Since events are mutually exclusive, therefore
colour, as these are 2 in numbers.

P (AB) = 0 i.e., P (A , B) = P (A) + P (B)
Therefore favourable number of ways = 3C3 + 4C3 .

3
5
& 0.7 = 0.4 + x & x = 10 .

Hence the required probability = 84 .
82. Required probability = A occurs and B does not
70. 6 boys and 6 girls can be arranged in a row in 12!
occur or B occurs and A does not occur
ways. If all the 6 girls are together, then the number

= P (A + Br ) + P (Ar + B)
of arrangement are 7! # 6!.
7!.6!
= P (A) - P (A + B) + P (B) - P (A + B)
Hence required probability = 12!

= P (A) + P (B) - 2P (A + B)
6#5#4#3#2 1
= 12 # 11 # 10 # 9 # 8 = 132 . 20 1 10 1
83. Let P (A) = 100 = 5 , P (B) = 100 = 10
Based on venn diagram
Since events are independent and we have to find
4 3 3
71. P (Al + Bl ) = 5 . 4 = 5 .
P (A , B) = P (A) + P (B) - P (A). P (B)
72. It is obvious. 1 1 1 1 3 1 14 14
= 5 + 10 - 5 # 10 = 10 - 50 = 50 = 50 # 100 = 28%.
73. P ] A g + P ] B g = 0.35 + 0.85 = 1.2. 2 5 6 1
84. P (A + B) = 8 + 8 - 8 = 8 .
74. Total number of outcomes = 36,

For sum = 7, favourable outcomes are 6 i.e., 85. P (neither Anor B) = P (Ar + Br )

(6, 1); (5, 2); (4, 3); (3, 4); (2, 5); (1, 6)
= P (Ar ). P (Br ) = 0.6 # 0.5 = 0.30

For sum = 12, favourable outcome is only 1 i.e., 86. P (A) = P (A + B) + P (A , B) - P (B)
(6, 6)
1 5 2 3 1
6 1 7 = 3 +6 -3 = 6 = 2.
` Probability = 36 + 36 = 36 .
87. Since we have
75. We have P (A + B) = P (A) + P (B) - P (AB) P (A , B) + P (A + B) = P (A) + P (B)
5 1 1 4 2 P (A)

& 6 = 2 + P (B) - 3 & P (B) = 6 = 3
= P (A) + 2
1 2 1

Thus, P (A). P (B) = 2 # 3 = 3 = P (AB) 7 3P (A) 7
& 8 = 2 & P (A) = 12 .

Hence events A and B are independent.
88. Since events are independent.
76. Since here P (A + B + C) = P (A) + P (B) + P (C) 3

So, P (A + Bl ) = P (A) # P (Bl ) = 25
2 1 1 13

= 3 + 4 + 6 = 12 , which is greater than 1. 3

& P (A) # {1 - P (B)} = 25 ....(i)

Hence the statement is wrong.
8

Similarly, P (B) # {1 - P (A)} = 25 ....(ii)
77. Since we have P (A + B) = P (A) + P (B) - P (AB)
On solving (i) and (ii), we get P ] Ag = 5 .
1

& 0.7 = 0.4 + P (B) - 0.2 & P (B) = 0.5
 Probability 5.11
89. P (A) = P (B) = 2P (C), P (A + B) (3/8) + (5/8) - (3/4) 2
99. P (A/B) = P (B) = (5/8) =5
1
P (A) + P (B) + P (C) = 1 & P (C) = 5 and
100. P ` B j = P (B)
A P (A + B)
2
P (A) = P (B) = 5
2 2 4
Since A and B are mutually exclusive.
Hence P (A , B) = P (A) + P (B) = 5 + 5 = 5 .
90. P (Al + Bl ) = 1 - P (A , B)
So, P (A + B) = 0 .

= - a 2 + 3 - 12 k = 1 - 4 = 4 Hence P ` B j = P (B) = 0.
1 1 7 1 3 A 0
1
1 2 1 101. Since A 3 B & A + B = B + A = A
91. P (A) = 5 , P (B) = 5 and P (A + B) = 20

Hence P ` A j = P (A) = P (A) = 1

Then P (Ar + Br ) = 1 - P (A , B) B P (B + A) P (A)

= - : 5 + 5 - 20 D = 20 i.e., 45%
1 2 1 9
1
102. P ` B j = P (B) =
A P (A + B) P (A). P (B)
P (B) = P (A)
92. 1 - P (Al + Bl ) = 0.6, P (A + B) = 0.3, then

P (Al , Bl ) = P (Al ) + P (Bl ) - P (Al + Bl ) 103. P (E + F) = P (E). P (F)

& 1 - P (A + B) = P (Al ) + P (Bl ) - 0.4 Now P (E + F c) = P (E) - P (E + F) = P (E) [1 -


& P (Al ) + P (Bl ) = 0.7 + 0.4 = 1.1

P (F)] = P (E).P (F c) and
93. Let A be the event that the husband will be alive 20
years. B be the event that the wife will be alive 20 P (E c + F c) = 1 - P (E , F) = 1 - [P (E) + P (F)

years. Clearly A and B are independent events

- P (E + F)

` P (A + B) = P (A) . P (B)
3 2 = 1 - P (E)] [1 - P (F)] = P (E c) P (F c)
[

Given P (A) = 5 , P (B) = 3

The probability that at least of them will be alive 20
Also P (E/F) = P (E) and
years is P (A , B) = P (A) + P (B) - P (A + B)
P (E c /F c) = P (E c)

3 2 3 2

= P (A) + P (B) - P (A) P (B) = 5 + 3 - 5 . 3
& P (E/F) + P (E c /F c) = 1.

9 + 10 - 6 13

= 15 = 15
104. P ` A j = P (A) = (1/4) = 5 .
B P (A + B) (1/10) 2

Aliter : Required probability is 1 - P ( A and B both
2 1 2 13 3
will die) = 1 - 5 # 3 = 1 - 15 = 15 . 105. Let P(A) = probability of a boy in two children = 4
Conditional probability, Total probability , Baye’s Because cases are BB, BG,GB,GG = 4
theorem
Favourable cases are BB, BG,GB = 3
94. Since we are given that 5 appears on first die so to
The probability that the second child is also boy is
get sum 11, six must be on the second and hence, the
1 1
required probability = 6 .
P (A + B) = 4
P (A + B) 1/4 1 P (A + B) 1/4 1
95. P (B/A) =
We have to find P (B/A) = P (A) = 3/4 = 3 .
P (A) = 1/2 = 2 .
P (A + B ) P (A , B ) 1 - P (A , B) 106. Let E be the event in which all three coins shows tail
96. P c m=
A
= = .
B P (Br ) P (Br ) P (Br ) and F be the event in which a coin shows tail.
97. Since 4 has appeared on the first, so we are required

` F = {HHT, HTH,THH, HTT,THT,TTH,TTT} and
4 or 5 or 6 on second dice.
3 1 E = !TTT + .

Hence required probability = 6 = 2 .
P (E + F) 1
23
Required probability = P (E/F) = P (E) = 7 .
1 - P (A , B) 1 - 60
98. P c r m =
B
r 37 3 37
A P (Ar )
= 1 = 60 # 2 = 40 .
1- 3
5.12 Mathematics

107. P ] A/Bg = P ] Ag as independent event = 2 .

1 40 25 15
112. P (A) = 100 , P (B) = 100 and P (A + B) = 100

So P ` A j = P (A) = 40/100 = 8 .
P [A + (A , B)] B P (A + B) 15/100 3
P {A/(A , B)} = P (A , B)
{Since A + (A , B) = A + [A + B - A + B] 113. Consider the following events :

= A+A+B-A+B = A A $ Ball drawn is black; E1 $ Bag I is chosen;
1 1
E2 $ Bag II is chosen and E3 $ Bag III is chosen.
& P a A , B k = P (A , B) = 1 12 1 = 62 = 6
A P (A) 5

Then P (E1) = (E2) = P (E3) = 3 , P a E k = 5 .
1 A 3
2 + 5 - 10 10
1

and similarly P a l k = Pa k = 0. P a E k = 5 , P a E k = 10
A + B A + B A 1 A 7

A , Bl A+B 2 3

108. A, B are independent as P (A) = P ` B j Required probability = P a A3 k

A E

P a B k = 1 - 4 = 4 as A, B are independent
Al 1 3 P (E ) P (A/E ) 7
3 3
= P (E ) P (A/E ) + P (E ) P (A/E ) + P (E ) P (A/E ) = 15
1 1 2 2 3 3

& A', B are independent. 114. We define the following events :

P a l k = P (B l ) = 1 - 2 = 2 .
Bl 1 1 A1 : He knows the answer.

A A2 : He does not know the answer.
P (B + (A , B c)) E : He gets the correct answer.
109. P [B/ (A , B c)] =
P (A , B c )

Then
P (A + B)
P (A1) = 10 , P (A2) = 1 - 10 = 10 , P a A k = 1,
= 9 9 1 E
P (A) + P (B c) - P (A + B c)
1
P (A) - P (A + B c)
Pa A k = 4
0.7 - 0.5 1 E 1
= = 0.8 = 4
P (A) + P (B c) - P (A + B c) 2

110. We define the following events :

` Required probability

= P a E2 k = P (A ) P (E/A ) + P (A ) P (E/A ) = 37 .
A P (A2) P (E/A2) 1

A1: Selecting a pair of consecutive letter from the
1 1 2 2
word LONDON.
115. S = {HHH, HHT, HTH,THH, HTT,THT,TTH,TTT

A2: Selecting a pair of consecutive letters from the

n(E) = 4, n(F) = 4 and n(E + F) = 3
word CLIFTON.
` P ` F j = P (F) = 4/8 = 4 .
E P (E + F) 3/8 3

E : Selecting a pair of letters ‘ON’.

Then P ] A1 + E g = 5 ; as there are 5 pairs of

2
116. P ` A j = 2 & P (A) = 2 & P (B + A) =
B 1 P (B + A) 1 1
8
consecutive letters out of which 2 are ON.
P ` B j = 4 & P (B) = 4 & P (B) = 2
A 1 P (A + B) 1 1

P ] A2 + E g = 6 ; as there are 6 pairs of consecutive
1

1
letters of which one is ON. P (A + B) = 8 = P (A) . P (B)
` Events A and B are independent.

` The required probability is
Now, P a B k = P (B) =
Al P (Al + B) P (Al ) P (B) 3
2 P (B) = 4 and
P a E k = P (A + E) + P (A + E) = 2 1 = 17 .
A1 P (A1 + E) 5 12

P a A' k = P (A') =
1 2 B' P (B' + A') P (B') P (A') 1
= 2
5+6 P (A')

117. P (E1) = 52 = 13 , P a E2 k = 51 = 17
111. Since P (A + B) = P (A) P (B) 4 1 E 15 5
1

P (E1 + E2) = P (E1) .P a E2 k = 13 . 17 = 221

It means A and B are independent events so Ac and E 1 5 5

Bc will also be independent. Hence 1

118. Let E denote the event that a six occurs and A the
P (A , B) c = P (A c + B c) = P (A c) P (B c)
event that the man reports that it is a ‘6’, we have
(Demorgan’s law)
1 5 3

As A is independent of B, hence
P (E) = 6 , P (E l ) = 6 , P (A/E) = 4 and

P (A/B) = P (A) {a P (A + B) = P (B) P (A/B)} 1

P (A/E l ) = 4
 Probability 5.13
P (E) .P (A/E)

From Baye’s theorem, P (E/A) =
P (E) .P (A/E) + P (E l ) .P (A/E l )
1#3
3
= 1 63 54 1 = 8 .

6#4+6#4

EXERCISE - 2
Definitions
Hence favourable cases to get the sum less than
1. Total no. of ways placing 3 letters in three envelops 11 are ]36 - 3g = 33. So required probability
33 11
= 3!, out of these ways only one way is correct. = 36 = 12 .
1 1 9. In a non-leap year, we have 365 days i.e., 52 weeks
Hence the required probability = 3! = 6 .
and one day. So, we may have any day of seven
2. Required probability is days. Therefore, 53 Sunday, required probability
1

P (getting 8) + P (9) + P (10) + P (11) + P (12) = 7.
5 4 3 2 1 15 5 5 1
= 36 + 36 + 36 + 36 + 36 = 36 = 12 10. Required probability = 25 = 5 .
3. Total number of ways = 36 11. Prime numbers are {2,3,5,7,11}.

Favourable numbers of cases are (1, 4), (2, 3), (3,2),
Hence required probability

(4, 1), (1, 5), (2, 4), (3, 3), (4, 2), (5, 1) = 9 1 + 2 + 4 + 6 + 2 15 5
= 36 = 36 = 12 .
9 1 12. Required probability
Hence the required probability = 36 = 4 .

= a1 - 3 k a1 - 4 k a1 - 5 k = 3 . 4 . 5 = 5 .
4. Number of tickets numbered such that it is divisible 1 1 1 2 3 4 2

10000
by 20 are 20 = 500.
9 10 11 12
500 1
Hence required probability 10000 = 20 . 13. Ways . . . .
5. Favourable cases for one are three i.e. 2, 4 and 6 and 4 3 2 1
10 5
for other are two i.e. 3, 6. Hence the required probability = 36 = 18 .

Hence required probability 14. Same number can appear in 6 ways.
6 1
= :a 36 k 2 - 36 D = 36
3#2 1 11 Hence required probability = 216 = 36 .


{As same way happens when dice changes numbers 15. Total probable ways = 8
among themselves} Favourable number of ways = 6HTH, THT @

6. The probability of students not solving the problem 2 1
1 2 1 3 1 4 Hence required probability = 8 = 4 .
are 1 - 3 = 3 , 1 - 4 = 4 and 1 - 5 = 5
16. Required probability is

Therefore the probability that the problem is not
1 - P (no girl) = 1 - a 2 k = 16 .
2 3 4 2 1 4 15
solved by any one of them = 3 # 4 # 5 = 5

Hence the probability that problem is solved a b
17. A determinant of order 2 is of the form 3=
c d
2 3
= 1- 5 = 5.
It is equal to ad - bc. The total number of ways of
7. Total ways are 8 and favourable ways are 4 choosing a, b, c and d is 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 = 16. Now
S = " HHH, HHT .......TTT , .
3! 0 if and only if either ad = 1, bc = 0 or ad = 0,
4 1 bc = 1. But ad = 1, bc = 0 iff a = d = 1 and one of
Hence probability = 8 = 2 .
8. Favourable cases to get the sum not less than 11 are b, c is zero. Therefore ad = 1, bc = 0 in three cases,
{(5, 6),(6, 6),(6, 5)} = 3 similarly ad = 0, bc = 1 in three cases. Therefore the
6 3
required probability = 16 = 8 .
5.14 Mathematics
18. The probability of husband is not selected H A
1 6
= 1- 7 = 7
G B

The probability that wife is not selected
F C
1 4
1
= -5 =5
E D

The probability that only husband selected
1 4 4 26. Required probability
= 7 # 5 = 35
37

The probability that only wife selected n d
1 6 6 C
= 38 2 =

2 .
37

= 5 # 7 = 35 C3 38
d n

6 4 10 2
Hence required probability = 35 + 35 = 35 = 7 3
19. Required probability 27. Four boys can be arranged in 4! ways and three girls
5 4 3 2 1 can be arranged in 3! ways.
= 20 # 19 # 18 # 17 = 969 .
1 2 3
` The favourable cases = 4! # 3!
20. Here p1 = 3 , p2 = 7 and p3 = 8

Hence the required probability
2 5 5
& q1 = 3 , q2 = 7 and q3 = 8 = 4!# 3! 6 1
7! = 7 # 6 # 5 = 35
Required probability = p1 q2 q3 + q1 p2 q3 + q1 q2 p3 .
Use of permutations and combinatons 28. Total number of ways = 15 C11
21. Required probability Favourable cases = 8 C6 # 7 C5

5
C 5#4#3 1 C6 #7 C5
8
= 16 3 = 16 # 15 # 14 = 56
Required probability = .
C3 15
C11
22. 3 cards are drawn out of 26 red cards (favourable) 4.5.6 24
29. Required probability = 15 = 91 .
26
C3 26 ! # 3! 49 ! 2 C3

= 52 = 52 ! = 17 .
C3 3! 23! 30. The total number of cases are 2100
23. Required probability

The number of favourable ways
2
C # 3C # 4C1 2#3#4 2
= 1 9 1 = 9#8#7 = 7 100
C1 + 100C3 +.......+ 100C99 = 2100 - 1 = 299
C3 a k
3#2 299 1

Hence required probability = = .
24. Total number of cases obtained by taking 2100 2
multiplication of only two numbers out of 100 = 31. Total ways = 10!
100
C2. Out of hundred (1, 2,...., 100) given numbers,
Two boys can sit side by side in 2 # 9! ways.
there are the numbers 3, 6, 9, 12,...., 99, which are
2 # 9! 1
33 in number such that when any one of these is
So probaibility = 10 ! = 5
multiplied with any one of remaining 67 numbers or
Thus the probability that they are not seated together
any two of these 33 are multiplied, then the resulting 1 4
is 1 - 5 = 5 .
products is divisible by 3. Then the number of
numbers which are the products of two of the given 32. Out of 9 socks, 2 can be drawn in 9 C2 ways.
number are divisible by 3 = 33C1 # 67C1 + 33C2 .
Hence the required probability Two socks drawn from the drawer will match if
33 either both are brown of both are blue. Therefore
C1 # 67C1 + 33C2 2739

= = 4950 = 0.55.
100
C2 favourable number of cases is 5 C2 + 4 C2 .
25. Here only 4 rectangles are formed. 5
C2 + 4C2 4

Hence the required probability = 9 = 9.

` Number of favourable cases = 4 C2
33. Total number of ways = 5!
and total number of cases = 8 C4


Favourable number of ways 2.4!
4 2

` Required probability = = . 2.4! 2
8
C4 35
Hence required probability = 5! = 5 .
 Probability 5.15
34. Required probability 42. A denote the event getting I;
= Either the balls are red or the balls are black B denote the event getting II;
8
C 7
C 28 + 21 49 7
= 15 2 + 15 2 = 105 = 105 = 15 . C denote the event getting III;
C2 C2
35. Total number of ways = 80C2
and D denote the event getting fail.
20

and favorable ways = C2
Obviously, these four event are mutually exclusive
20
C2 19 and exhaustive, therefore

` Required probability P = = .
80
C2 316
P (A) + P (B) + P (C) + P (D) = 1
36. Required probability

& P (D) = 1 - 0.95 = 0.05
C1 4 C1
5 7
C 8C 20 + 56 76

= 12 12 + 12 112 1 = 144 = 144 43. A: event that 'a' & 'b' are closed
C1 C1 C1 C1
37. As we know the total number of mappings is nm and
B: event that 'c' is closed
n!
number of injective mappings is ]
n - mg!n m
.
P ] A , Bg = P ] Ag + P ] Bg - P ] A + Bg

38. Let there be n persons and ]n - 2g persons not
selected are arranged in places stated above by stars = 2 + P - P3
P
and the selected 2 persons can be arranged at places 44. P (A + B) = P (A) + P (B) - P (AB)
stated by dots (dots are n - 1 in number) So the
1 1 1
favourable ways are n - 1 C2 and the total ways are = 4 + 4 -0 = 2.
n
C2, so 45. Let A be the event to be multiple of 4 and B be the
$#$#$#$#$#$#$ event to be multiple of 6
C2 (n - 1)!2!(n - 2)! n - 2
n-1
2 25 16 8

P= C2 = (n - 3)!2!n!
n = n = 1- n
So, P (A) = 100 , P (B) = 100 and P (A + B) = 100
39. Let A occupy any seat at the round table. Then there
Thus required probability is
are 14 seats available for B.

P (A , B) = P (A) + P (B) - P (A + B)

If there are to be four persons between A and B.
25 16 8 33
& P (A , B) = 100 + 100 - 100 = 100

Then B has only two ways to sit, as show in the fig.
46. Required probability is
2 1

Hence required probability = 14 = 7 .
P[(A will die and B alive) or (B will die and A alive)]
A

= P [(A + Bl ) , (B + Al )]
B1 + B2
Since events are independent, so

Required probability = P (A). P (Bl ) + P (B). P (Al )

= p.(1 - q) + q (1 - p) = p + q - 2pq.
40. Let n = total no. of ways = 10!
1
47. P (A + B) = P (A) .P (B) = 6

m = favourable no. of ways = 2 × 5! . 5!
1
Since the boys and girls can sit alternately in 5 ! . 5! P (Ar + Br ) = 3 = 1 - P (A , B)
ways if we begin with a boy and similarly they can 1 1 5
& 3 = 1 - [P (A) + P (B)] + 6 & P (A) + P (B) = 6 .
sit alternately in 5! . 5! ways if we begin with a girl
1 1
m Hence P(A) and P(B) are 2 and 3 .
Hence, required probability = n
48. P ] A , Bg G 1
2 # 5!.5! 2 # 5! 1
= 10! = 10 # 9 # 8 # 7 # 6 = 126 . - P ] A , Bg H - 1

Based on venn diagram P ] Ag + P ] Bg - P ] A , Bg H - 1 + P ] Ag + P ] Bg

1 i
41. P (non-occurrence of Ai) = 1 - i + 1 = i + 1 P ] A + Bg H P ] Ag + P ] Bg - 1

P ` (non-occurrence of any of events) 49. P [A + (B , C)] = P [(A + B) , (A + C)]

= a 2 k.a 3 k......... $ n + 1 . = n + 1 .
1 2 n 1
= P (A + B) + P (A + C) - P [(A + B) + (A + C)]


= P (A + B) + P (A + C) - P (A + B + C)
5.16 Mathematics
50. P (only one of them occurs) 6
C2 # 2 6 C1 # 2 C1 # 1

=8 + 8
= P (E1 Er 2 Er 3 + Er1 E2 Er 3 + Er1 Er 2 E3) C2 6 C2 6
! P (Er1 E2 E3 + E1 Er 2 E3 + E1 E2 Er 3) 1
= 4
` (a) is incorrect. 56. The sum 6 can occur in 5 ways (1, 5), (2, 4), (3, 3),
P (none of them occurs) (4, 2), (5, 1). The number 4 appears in 2 cases
= P (Er1 + Er 2 + Er 3) ! P (Er1 + Er 2 + Er 3)

& P = 2/5
` (b) is not correct.
P (atleast one of them occurs) 57. A = ] HT g, ]TH g
= P (E1 , E2 , E3) = P (E1 + E2 + E3) B = ] HT g, ]TH g, ]TT g

` (c) is correct.
A3B
& P ]B/Ag = 1
P (all the three occurs)

= P (E1 + E2 + E3) ! P (E1 + E2 + E3)
` (d) is not correct. 58. E: ladies will be taken as members

2 P ]E g = P ]E/Ag.P ] Ag + P ]E/Bg.P ]Bg + P ]E/C g.P ]C g

51. P (A' + B') = 1 - P (A , B) & P (A , B) = 3
1 2 4
Now P (A , B) = P (A) + P (B) - P (A + B) = 3 # 0.6 + 9 # 0.7 + 9 # 0.5

2 1 1 5.2 26
& 3 = x + x - 3 &x = 2 = 9 = 45

10 5 59. E: the event that he gets as shot

52. Here, P (R) = 100 = 0.1, P (F) = 100 = 0.05

A: choosing a correct club
3
P (F + R) = 100 = 0.03

B: choosing an incorrect club
` Required probability = P (R) + P (F) - 2P (F + R)
P ]E g = P ]E/Ag .P ] Ag + P ]E/Bg.P ]Bg


= 0.1 + 0.05 – 2(0.03) = 0.09.
1 1 1 4
= 3.4 + 4.5
4
7 3 2 = 15
60. E: the event that a new product will be introduced.

53. P ^ A , B h = 6 ; P ^ A + Bh = 4 ,
1 1 P ]E g = P ]E/Ag .P ] Ag + P ]E/Bg.P ]Bg

+ P ]E/C g.P ]C g

P ^ Ar h = 4 & P ^ Ah = 4 ,
1 3


= 0.5 # 0.7 + 0.3 # 0.6 + 0.2 # 0.5
P ^ A , B h = 1 - P ^ A , Bh = 1 - P ^ Ah - P ^ Bh

= 0.35 + 0.18 + 0.1
+ P ^ A + Bh


= 0.63
& 6 = 4 - P ^ Bh + 4 & P ^ Bh = 3 .
1 1 1 1

61. P ] Ag = 4 ; P ]B/Ag = 4
3 1
Since P ^ A + Bh = P ^ Ah P ^ Bh and P ^ Ah ! P ^ Bh

P ] A/Bg = 3 , P ] AC + BC g = ?
2
A
` and B are independent but not equally likely.

54. Ways of selection two subset of A = ]2 ng2 ` P ]B/Ag =

P ] B + Ag 1
P ] Ag
= 4 (given)

Ways of selection A , B and A + B are 2n
P ]B + Ag = 4 . 4 = 16
3 1 3

` Required probability

P ] A + Bg 2
favourable cases 2n 1 Now, P ] A/Bg =
P ] Bg

= = n 2 = n = 3 (given)
total cases (2 ) 2
Conditional probability, Total probability , Baye’s
` P ]Bg = 2 . 16 = 32
3 3 9
theorem

` ] A or Bg = 4 + 32 - 16 =
3 9 3 24 + 9 - 6 27
55. P (third ball is red) = P 32 = 32
= ] R R Rg + P ] R R Rg + P ] R R Rg ` ] AC + BC g = 1 - P ] A or Bg = 1 - 32 = 32
P 27 5
144444444444424444444444443 P
 Probability 5.17
62. E1: ball drawn from the first urn
E : Selecting a pair of letters ‘ON’.

Then P ] A1 + E g = 5 ; as there are 5 pairs of

:
E2 ball drawn from the second urn 2

:
E3 ball drawn from the third urn. consecutive letters out of which 2 are ON.

P ] A2 + E g = 6 ; as there are 6 pairs of consecutive

w: white ball drawn 1

P ]E1 /wg =
letters of which one is ON.
P ]w/E1g. ]E1g
` The required probability is
P ]w/E1g.P ]E1g + P ]w/E2g.P ]E2g + P ]w/E3g.P ]E3g

2
P a E k = P (A + E) + P (A + E) = 2 1 = 17 .
2 1 A P (A1 + E) 5 12
. 2 2 1

= 2 1 53 13 4 1 = 2 + 3 + 4 = 9
1 2
5+6
5.3 + 5.3 + 5.3
67. A: event that one red and one white ball is drawn
63. D: event that bolt is defective :
E1 urn one was chosen
P ] A/Dg =
:
E2 urn two was chosen
P ] D/Ag .P ] Ag
] g ] g P ] D/Bg.P ]Bg + P ]D/C g .P ]C g
:
E3 urn three was chosen
P D /A .P A +
25 # 5 P ]E2 /Ag =

P ] A/E2g.P ]E2g
= 25 100 100
5 35 4 40 2
100 # 100 + 100 # 100 + 100 # 100 P ] A/E1g.P ]E1g + P ] A/E2g.P ]E2g + P ] A/E3g.P ]E3g
125 25 2#3 1

= 125 + 140 + 80 = 69 .
6
C 3
Similarly calculate P ]B/Dg and P ]C/Dg
= 1 # 2 1 2 # 23 1 3 # 1 1
. + 6 . + 6 .
6
C2 3 C2 3 C2 3
64. R: missing card is red
6 6
= 2 + 6 + 3 = 11

B: missing card is black
68. The number of ways of selecting three numbers out

E: first 13 cards are red. of N = NC3.
P ]E/Bg .P ]Bg
P ]B/E g = ] g .P ]Bg + P ]E/Rg .P ]Rg

For each such selection of three numbers say a1, a2
P E/B
and a3, exactly one of the following inequalities will
C13 126
hold.
.
C13 251
2

= 26 =3
C13 1 25
C13 ] g
(i) a1 < a2 < a3 (ii) a1 < a3 < a2 (iii) a2 < a1 < a3
. + .P R
51
C13 2 51 C13

(iv) a2 < a3 < a1 (v) a3 < a1 < a2 (vi) a3 < a2 < a1
65. B: event that two balls drawn are black

Thus the number of ways of arranging three numbers
:
E1 one of the 'n' urns were chosen out of N numbers = NC3.3!. Out of these, there are
E2 ]n + 1gth urn was chosen
3 ways in which the first number is less than the
:
second. Let A = the event that the first number is less
P ]B/E2g.P ]E2g
P ]E2 /Bg = than the second number. B = the event that the third
P B/E1 .P ]E1g + P ]B/E2g.P ]E2g
] g

number is lies between the first and the second.
C2 1 C3 ^1 h 1
5

Now P ] A + Bg =
N
.
1 C2 n + 1
10
= and

16 = 6
C2 n 5
C 1
N
C3 ^3!h 6
. n + 1 + 10 2 . n + 1
C2 C2 C3 ^3 h 1
P ] Ag =
10 N

C3 ^3!h 2
N =
1 10
16 = 15n + 10 & n = 10
` Required probability
66. We define the following events : P ^ A + Bh 1/6 1
P ]B/Ag =
= 1/2 = 3 .

A1: Selecting a pair of consecutive letter from the P ^ Ah
word LONDON.
(Note that the sample space for the conditional

A2: Selecting a pair of consecutive letters from the probability reduces to (i), (ii) and (v) inequalities out
word CLIFTON. of which only (ii) is favourable).
5.18 Mathematics
10! p ]E1 , E2g = p ]E1g + p ]E2g - p ]E1 + E2g
69. p ]E1g = p ]E2g = 11 2 = 2 & ] Ag is not correct.
! 11 2 2 2 10 ] g
2! 2!
11 + 11 - 55 = 55 & C is in-correct.
p ]E1 + E2g 2/55 1
p ]E1 + E2g = 11! = 55 & ]Bg is correct. p b E1 l = = 2/11 = 5 & ] Dg
9! 2 E
p ]E2g

2
2!2!
is correct.

EXERCISE - 3

P ]E1 + E g
P ]E1 /E g =
Numerical Type
P ]Eg
1. p = C4 64 - C1 3 + C2 2 - C3 1 @/6
6 6 4 6 4 6 4 6 6

325 P ]E1g.P ]E1 /E g

P ]E1g.P ]E1 /E g + P ]E2gP ]E2 /E g
= 648 & 1944 p = 975 . =

2. no. of numbers = 5 ! = 120

P(E/E1) = Probability that the person reports six

E = Event that the number is divisible by 4. when it actually showed

So last two digits to see 12, 13, 14, 15

= Probability that he speak thruth= 3/4
21, 23, 24, 25
31, 32, 34, 35
P(E/E2) = Probability that the person reports six
41, 42, 43, 45
when it did not show six
51, 52, 53, 54

of the above 4 nos are divisible by 4 3 1

= Probability that he lies = 1 - 4 = 4

So n(E) = no. of numbers divisible by 4
also P ]E g = 6 and P ]E2g = 6 P ]E1 /E g

= 3!.4 = 24 1 5

n ]Eg 24 1
Probability = ] g = 120 = 5 = 0.2
1 3 1
n S .4 3
& integral part of ^ 2 + 1 h will be 82. = 1 3 5 1 = 1 8 5 =8
5 6

6 . 4 + 6 . 4 8 + 24
3. We can visulalize the experiment as arranging 'k + 1'
balls in a line and getting green at ]k + 1gth place. 5. P ] A1g = P ]W g + P ]BBW g + P ]BBBBW g
Let as further assumes that all balls are numbered 3 5 4 3 5 4 3 2 3

= 10 + 10 . 9 . 8 + 10 . 9 . 8 . 7 . 6

Total ways are 20
Ck + 1 . ]k + 1g !
3 1 1 332 83

Favourable ways are 14
C1 .19 Ck .k!
= 10 + 12 + 12 # 7 = 840 = 210

P ]Eg =
14 # 19 Ck k!
20
Ck + 1 . ]k + 1g ! & ] A2g = P ]BW g + P ]BBBW g + P ]BBBBBW g
P
14.19 Ck 14 7 5 3 5 4 3 3 5 4 3 2 1 3
= 20 = 20 = 10
= 10 . 9 + 10 . 9 . 8 . 7 + 10 . 9 . 8 . 7 . 6 . 5
19
]k + 1g
k + 1 . Ck . 1 1 1 86 43
& 10P ]E g = 7

= 6 + 28 + 420 = 420 = 210

4. Let P ]Bg = P ]Rg + P ]BRg + P ]BBRg + P ]BBBRg

+ P ]BBBBRg + P ]B5 Rg
E = the event that A reports it is six
2 5 2 5 4 2 5 4 3 2

= 10 + 10 . 9 + 10 . 9 . 8 + 10 . 9 . 8 + 7 +

E1 = six turns up when a dice is thrown
5 4 3 2 2 5 4 3 2 1 2

10 . 9 . 8 . 7 . 6 + 10 . 9 . 8 . 7 . 6 . 5

E2 = six does not turns up when a dice is thrown
1 1 1 1 1 1

= 5 + 9 + 18 + 42 + 26 + 630

Probability that six actually showed up if A reported
126 + 70 + 35 + 15 + 5 + 1 2 # 126 2
that of was a six = P(E1/E)
= 630 = 630 = 5
 Probability 5.19

9. P ]C g =
6. Total number of arrangements = 15! 1 1 1
= = ;
4
C1 + 4 C2 + 4 C3 + 4 C4 2 4 - 1 15

Extreme chairs are occupied by girls, thus there are

P (correct) = 1 - P (all wrong)
four gaps among 5 girls where boys can be seated
14 13 12 11 10 1
the number of boys in these four gaps be 2x + 1, 2y
= 1 - 15 # 14 # 13 # 12 # 11 = 3 .

+ 1, 2z + 1 and 2t + 1, then 2x + 1 + 2y + 1 + 2z + 1
10. P ] xg = 3 P ^ yh = 4 P ] z g = ? P ; P (2 bullets)
2 3
+ 2t + 1 = 10
11
= 24

x + y + z + t = 3 Where x, y, z, t are integers and 0 #
11 2 3] g 2 1 1 3
x # 3, 0 # y # 3, 0 # z # 3, 0 # t # 3
24 = 3 # 4 1 - P + 3 # 4 # P + 3 # 4 # P ;
1
P= 2

The number of ways of selecting positions for boys
= coefficient of x3 in (1 + x + x2 + x3)4 11. A = Letter drawn is vowel ; B1 = written by
Englishmen ; B2 = written by American
= coefficient of x3 in b 11 -- xx l = coefficient of x3 in
4 4

P ] A/B1gP ]B1g
P ]B1 /Ag =
P ] A/B1gP ]B1g + P ] A/B2gP ]B2g


(1 – x4)4(1 – x)– 4 = 6C3 = 20
3
0.4 # 6

Number of arrangements of boys and girls with =
0.4 # 3 + 0.6 # 2
given condition = 20 × 20! × 5! 6 5
9
20 # 10! # 5! 20 12. P(identify high grade tea correctly) = 10 ;
Required probability = 15! = 3003
8
1 P (identify low grade tea correctly) = 10
7. Prob. of selection of any box is = N + 1
3
P (Given high grade tea) = 10 ;
Let E be the event that the wall clock selected is
7
effective then P(E) = P(B1) P(E/B1) + P(B2) P(E/B2) P (Given low grade tea) = 10
+ ....... + P(BN + 1) P(E/BN + 1) P (Low grade tea / says high grade tea)
7 # 2
= N + 1 :1 + N + N + ........ N + 0D
1 N-1 N-2 1
10 10 14
= 7 2 3 # 9 = 41
1 + 2 + ..... + N 1 10 10 10 10
# +

= N (N + 1) = 2

P ]Bk g.P ]E/Bk g

13. P = P (1 Rs. transfered + Back transfered) + P (1 Rs.
P ]B1 /E g =
P ]Eg
not transfered)

1 ( N - K + 1)
9
C8 # 1 C1 # 18 C8 # 1 C1 9 C9 # 19 C19 10
10 + 10 =
2N - 2K + 2 C9 19
C9 C9 # 19 C19 19
= + 1 1/2 N
N =
Method 2 when 1 Rs coin is in second purse and did
N2 + N
not came back in first purse this prob. =
8. a1 + a2 + a3 + ... + a7 = 9k, k ! I.
9
C # i Ci # 18 C9 9

Also a1 + a2 + ... + a9 = 1 + 2 + 5 + ... + 9 = 45 108 =
C9 19
C9 19
a
& 8 + a9 = 45 - 9k 9 10

& Required probability = 1 - 19 = 19

& 3 # a8 + a9 # 17
k
& =4
a
& 8 + a9 = 9
& ^1, 8h^2, 7h, ^3, 6h, ^4, 5h

P ]E g = 36 = 9 .
4 1

5.20 Mathematics
14. “PARALLELOGRAM” or “PARALLELOPIPED” 19. A : Exactly one children ; B : Exactly two children ;
& A = RA is visible C : Exactly three children

B1 = its from PARALLELOGRAM 1 1 1

P(A) = 4 P(B) = 2 P(C) = 4 ;
& B2 = its from PARALLELOPIPED

E : Couple has exactly 4 grand children
P ] A/B1gP ]B1g
P ]B1 /Ag =
P ] A/B1gP ]B1g + P ] A/B2gP ]B2g P ]E g = P ] Ag .P b A l + P ]Bg .P b B l + P ]C g .P b C l

E E E
1 # 2
P ]E g = 4 .0 + 2 ;b 12 l + 14 . 14 .2E + 4 :3. 4 . 4 . 2 D = 128
1 1 2
1 1 1 1 27
2 12 13
= 1 2 1 1 = 19
2 # 12 + 2 # 13 6!
20. Total number of words formed = 3! # 2! = 60.
15. E1: Brakes are good The number of words containing the pattern
:
A1 Mechanic says that breaks are good 4!

BAN = 2! = 12
:
E2 Brakes are bad 60 - 12 4
P ] A/E1g.P ]E1g

So, the required probability = 60 = 5
P ]E1 /Ag =
P ] A/E1g.P ]E1g + P ] A/E2g.P ]E2g

21. A $ sum is 8 , B $ sum is 11
0.7 # 0.8 28

= 0.7 # 0.8 + 0.3 # 0.2 = 31 If A occurs naturally B is not allowed so ‘a total of
8 but not 11’ is equivalent to sum of ‘8’ is obtained
Odds in favour = 28:3 now n(S) = 6 × 6
7 1 n 1
16. 12 = n + 1 # 1 + n + 1 # 2
n(E) = {(2, 6), (6, 2), (4, 4), (3, 5), (5, 3)}
solve for n we get n = 5
& P = 5/36
17. M : Bolt is defective 22. XI $ 5/50

XII $ 8/50 P ] XI g = 5 , P ] XII g = 5

2 3
B1 Produced by A ; P ]B1g = 100 = 20
35 7
:
2 1 3 8 17
B2 : Produced by B ; P ]B2g = 100 = 20
25 5 P(Brilliant) = 5 # 10 + 5 # 50 = 125

23. P ] Ag = 1 - 0.3 = 0.7
B3 : Produced by C ; P ]B3g = 100 = 20
40 8

P ]Bg = 0.4

P ]B3g.P ] M/B3g
P b M3 l =
B
/ P]B1gP]M/B1g P ] A + B g = 0.5 & P ] Ag - P ] A + Bg = 0.5

& P ] A + Bg = 0.2

].3gb 8 l
P ^ B + ] A , B gh
20 24 24
Now, P b l=
= = 14 + 5 + 24 = 43 B
].2gb 7 l + ].1gb 5 l + ].3gb 8 l
P] A , B g

20 20 20 A,B
18. 1st game 2nd game 3rd game 4th game 5th game P ^]B + Ag , ]B + B gh
P Ag + P ] B g - P ] A + B g
]

=
W L W W W
W W W W L P ] B + Ag 0.2 1
P ] Ag + P ] B g - P ] A + B g 0.8 4

= = =
W W L W W
24. [16, 17, 30]
W W W L W

{16, 18, ..., 30} " 8 numbers
W W W W W
1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1
{17, 19, ..., 29} " 7 numbers

P= 3#3#3 #3 +3 #3 #3 #3 +3 #3
8 = ]a + b + cg is even

# 13 # 32 + 32 # 32 # 13 # 13 + 32 # 32 # 32 # 32

P ]E g = P (all 3 even or 2 odd and 1 even)

4 + 8 + 4 + 4 + 16 36 4

= 81 = 81 = 9 C3 + 7 C2 $ 8 C1
8
8$7$6 21 $ 8 $ 6

= = 15 $ 14 $ 13 + 15 $ 14 $ 13
15
C3
8 24 32

= 65 + 65 = 65
 Probability 5.21
25. E1 : even that the dot is removed from an odd face
= b 1 21
+3+5l 2 b2+4+6l 4
$6+ 21 $6

E2 : dot is removed from the even face
E1 E

E : die thrown has an odd number of dots on its top
face
P ]E g = P ^ E + E1h + P ^ E + E2h
E2
= P ^ E1h $ P ^ E/E1h + P ^ E2h $ P ^ E/E2h

9 1 12 2 3 8 11
= 21 $ 3 + 21 $ 3 = 21 + 21 = 21

EXERCISE - 4
Single Option Correct 3. Let W denote the event of drawing a white ball at
any draw and B that for a black ball.
1. Here P ] H g = P ]T g = 2 and P ] X g = 1, where X
1
a b
denotes head or tail.
Then P (W) = a + b , P (B) = a + b

If the sequence of m consecutive heads starts from P (A wins the game) = P ]W or BBW or BBBBW or...g
the first throw, we have
= P (W) + P (B) P (B) P (W) + P (B) P (B) P (B) P (B) .
(HH .....m times)(XX ......n times) .
P (W) +.....
1 1 1 1 a
` Chance of this event = 2 . 2 . 2 .....m times = m
2 P ( W) a + b a (a + b) (a + b)
a ]m + 1gth and subsequent throws may be head or
= = = 2 = a + 2b
1 - P (B) 2 b2 a + 2ab
1- 2
tail since we are considering at least m consecutive (a + b)
heads. If the sequence of m consecutive heads starts a+b b
from the second throw, the first must be a tail and we
Also P(B wins the game) = 1 - a + 2b = a + 2b
1 1 1
According to the given condition,
have, the chance of this event = 2 . m = m + 1 .
2 2
If the sequence of heads starts from ]r + 1gth throw

a+b b
then the first ]r - 1g throws may be head or tail but a + 2b = 3. a + 2b & a = 2b & a: b = 2: 1.

and a 2 k are the

rth throw must be a tail and we have, (1 + 3p) (1 - p) 1 - 2p
4. Since 3 , 4

(XX ........ (r - 1) times)T (HH ........m times) probabilities of the three events, we must have

(XX .......n - m - r times) 1 + 3p 1-p 1 - 2p
1 1 1
0# 3 # 1, 0 # 4 # 1 and 0 # 2 # 1

The chance of this event also 2 # m = m + 1
2 2 & - 1 # 3p # 2, - 3 # p # 1 and - 1 # 2p # 1

Since all the above events are mutually exclusive, so 1 2 1 1
the required probability & - 3 # p # 3 , - 3 # p # 1 and - 2 # p # 2
1 + 3p 1 - p 1 - 2p
= m + a m + 1 + m + 1 +....n times k
1 1 1
Also as and are the
2 2 2 3 , 4 2
1 n n+2 probabilities of three mutually exclusive events
= m + m + 1 = m + 1
2 2 2 1 + 3p 1 - p 1 - 2p

Note : Students should remember this question as a
0# 3 + 4 + 2 #1
formula.
& 0 # 4 + 12p + 3 - 3p + 6 - 12p # 12
2. Let p1 = 0.4, p2 = 0.3, p3 = 0.2 and p4 = 0.1 1 13

& 3 #p# 3

P (the gun hits the plane)= P(the plane is hit in once)
Thus the required value of p are such that
= 1 - P (the plane is hit in none of the shots)
Max. &- 3 , - 3, - 2 , 3 0 # p
1 1 1


= 1 - (1 - p1) (1 - p2) (1 - p3) (1 - p4) = 0.6976
# min. & 3 , 1, 2 , 3 0
2 1 13


1 1

& 3 #p# 2.
5.22 Mathematics
5. Required probability = probability that either the 2 1 1

Hence required probability = 4 # 3 = 6
number is 7 or the number is 8.

i.e., Required Probability = P7 + P8
Aliter : Number of ways in which two faulty

Now P7 = 2 . 11 + 2 . 36 = 2 a 11 + 6 k
1 1 1 6 1 1 1 machines may be detected (depending upon the test

done to indentify the faulty machines) = 4 C2 = 6
P8 = 2 . 11 + 2 . 36 = 2 a 11 + 36 k
1 1 1 5 1 1 5


Number of favourable cases = 1
` P = 2 a 11 + 36 k = 0.244.
1 2 11
[When faulty machines are identified in the first and
10 1 the second test]
6. The probability of hitting in one shot = 100 = 10
1
Hence required probability = 6 .
If he fires n shots, the probability of hitting at least
once = 1 - a1 - 10 k = 1 - a 10 k $ 2
1 n 9 n 1 9. The probability of throwing 9 with two dice
4 1
= 36 = 9
(from the question)

` The probability of not throwing 9 with two dice
` a 10 k # 2 , ` n " 2 log10 3 - 1 , =- log10 2
9 n 1
8
=9
` n = ' 1 - 12 log 3 = 1 - 2 # 0.4771 = 6.5
log10 2 0.3010

If A is to win he should throw 9 in 1st or 3rd or 5th
10
(nearly) attempt

` For 6 shots, the probabilty is about 47% while

If B is to win, he should throw, 9 in 2nd, 4th attempt
for 7 shots it is nearly 52%. 8 1#
B's chances = a 89 k. 19 + a 89 k . 19 + .... = 9 9 2 = 17
8
3

1 -a9 k
7. Since m and n are selected between 1 and 100, hence 8
sample space = 100 # 100.
10. Favorable number of cases = 20 C1 = 20
1 2 3 4

Also 7 = 7, 7 = 49, 7 = 343, 7 = 2401,
Sample space = 62 C1 = 62

5
7 = 16807 etc. Hence 1, 3, 7 and 9 will be the last 20 10
digits in the powers of 7. Hence for favourable cases ` Required probability = 62 = 31 .
n m$ 11. Here the least number of draws to obtain 2 aces are
. 2 and the maximum number is 50 thus n can take
1, 1 1, 2 1, 3.....1, 100 value from 2 to 50.

2, 1 2, 2 2, 3.....2, 100
Since we have to make n draws for getting two aces,

................................... in ]n - 1g draws, we get any one of the 4 aces and

100,1 100,2 100,3 100, 100 in the nth draw we get one ace. Hence the required
probability

For m = 1; n = 3, 7, 11.....97 4
C1 # 48Cn - 2 # 3

` Favourable cases = 25
= 52 52 - (n - 1)
Cn - 1

For m = 2; n = 4, 8, 12.....100 4 # (48)! (n - 1)!(52 - n + 1)!

= (n - 2)!(48 - n + 2)! # (52)!
` Favourable cases = 25
# 52 -3n + 1

Similarly for every m, favourable n are 25.
(n - 1) (52 - n) (51 - n)
` Total favourable cases = 100 # 25 = 50 # 49 # 17 # 13 (on simplification).
100 # 25 1 12. It is obvious.
Hence required probability = 100 # 100 = 4 .
8. This is a problem of without replacement.

onedef .from2def. 1def .fromremaining1def.

P = anyonefrom4 # anyonefromremaining3
 Probability 5.23
13. Let the events are 16. Matches played by India are four. Maximum points
in any match are 2.

R1 = A red ball is drawn from urn A and placed in B

` Maximum points in four matches can be 8 only.

B1 = A black ball is drawn from urn A and placed in
B
Therefore probability (P) = p (7) + p (8)
R2 = A red ball is drawn from urn B and placed in A p (7) = 4C1 (0.05) (0.5) 3 = 0.0250
B2 = A black ball is drawn from urn B and placed in p (8) = (0.5) 4 = 0.0625
A

& P = 0.0875
R = A red ball is drawn in the second attempt from A 3
17. Mean = np = 3, S.D. = npq = 2

Then the required probability npq 9 3
& q = np = 4 # 3 = 4

= P (R1 R2 R) + (R1 B2 R) + P (B1 R2 R) + P (B1 B2 R)
3 1

= P (R1) P (R2) P (R) + P (R1) P (B2) P (R) + P (B1) p & = 1- 4 = 4

Hence binomial distribution is (q + p) n = a 4 + 4 k .

P (R2) P (R) + P (B1) P (B2) P (R) 3 1 12

6 5 6 6 6 5 4 4 18. To get 3 white balls in first 6 draw and then a white
= 10 # 11 # 10 + 10 # 11 # 10 + 10 # 11 #
7 4 7 6 32 again in 7th draws.
10 + 10 # 11 # 10 = 55 .
P = 6C3 # a 2 k a 2 k a 2 k & P = 32
1 3 1 1 5

14. Let the first number be x and second is y.
19. Let a coin is tossed ‘n’ times

Let A denotes the event that the difference between
` n C7 . b 2 l = n C9 b 2 l & n = 16
the first and second number is at least m. Let Ex 1 n 1 n

denote the event that the first number chosen is x,
Required probability = 16 C3 b 2 l . b 2 l
we must have x - y $ m or y # x - m. Therefore 1 3 1 13

x > m and y < n - m.
16 # 15 # 14 # 1 35
6 =
Thus P ]Exg for 0 < x # m and P ]Exg = n for
1 216 212

m < x # n. 20. A: one team wins all its games.

(x - m )
B: one team loses all its games.

Also P (A/Ex) = (n - 1)
P ] Ag = 5 C1 b 2 l ; P ]Bg = 5 C1 b 2 l
1 4 1 4
n


Therefore, P (A) = / P (Ex) P (A/Ex)
P ] A + Bg = 5 C2 . 2 C1 . b 2 l = 32 # 4 = 32
x=1 1 7 20 5
n n
/ P (Ex) P (A/Ex) = / 1 x-m

= n. n-1
P ] A , Bg = 16 + 16 - 32 = 8 - 32 = 32
5 5 5 5 5 15
x = m+1 x = m+1

1

= n (n - 1) [1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + (n - m)]
` ] A + B g = 32
17
P
(n - m)(n - m + 1)
1 - P ] A , Bg 1 - x
= .
21. P ] A /B g =
2n (n - 1)
P] B g
= 2 #1
15. Let E be the event that a new product is introduced. x

Then P (A) = 0.5, P (B) = 0.3, P (C) = 0.2 & 2+x-1 $ 0
x

and P (E/A) = 0.7, P (E/B) = 0.6, P (E/C) = 0.5. 5 -1 -1 - 5
x
& $ 2 and x # 2
a A, B and C are mutually exclusive and exhaustive
As x is +ve
events.
5 -1

P (E) = P (A). P (E/A) + P (B). P (E/B) + P (C). P (E/C) x
` $ 2

= 0.5 # 0.7 + 0.3 # 0.6 + 0.2 # 0.5 22. P(solved) = 1 - P (not solved by all of them)

= 0.35 + 0.18 + 0.10 = 0.63. 1 2 3 3
1
= -2#3#4 = 4
5.24 Mathematics
23. n ]S g = 5 C3 = 10 n ] Ag = 3 C1 . 2 C2 = 3
The number of functions which do not contain

` P ]2W and 1M g = 3/10

x/y/z in its range is 24.

So, P(2W and 1M and the chairperson is a woman) ` the number of functions which contain exactly
two elements in the range is 3.24 = 48.
3 2 1
= 10 . 3 = 5 .

The number of functions which contain exactly one
24. Given set of numbers is {1, 2, ......, 9} in which 4 element in its range is 3.
are even and 5 are odd, so in the given product it
Thus, the number of onto functions from A to B is
is not possible to arrange to substract only even 81 – 48 + 3 = 36
number from odd number, there must be atleast one

[using principle of inclusion exclusion]
factor involving substraction of an odd number from

n(F) = 36.
another odd number. So at least one of the factor is
even. Hence product is always even.
Because all functions in F are many-one, their
inverse can’t exist.

` Required probability = 1
30. Let E1 denote the event that the letter came from
25. Here n ]S g = 4 # 4 # 4 = 64 and TATANAGAR and E2 the event that the letter came
n ] Ag = 211 or 312 or 413 or 431 or 422 or 321
from CALCUTTA. Let A denote the event that the
two consecutive alphabets visible on the envelope
` ]E g = 64 = 32 = 3 + 29
6 3 3
P are TA. We have P(E1) = 1/2, P(E2) = 1/2, P(A/E1) =
2/8, P(A/E2) = 1/7. Therefore, by Bayes’ theorem we

Odds in favour 3 : 29.
have
26. Let A represents the event ‘A hits the target’, B
P ]E2 /Ag = P (E ) P (A/E ) + P (E ) P (A/E ) = 11
P (E2) P (A/E2) 4
represents the event ‘B hits the target’, C represents
1 1 2 2
the event ‘C hits the target’ and E be the event that
exactly two of A, B and C hit the target. 31. Required probability = 1 – P (all the letters are put
in correct envelops). The number of the ways of
4 3 2

Then P(A) = 5 , P(B) = 4 and P(C) = 3 putting the letters in the envelops = 4P4 = 4!
` P ^C c /E h

The number of ways of putting letters in correct
envelops = 1
P (A) P (B) P (C c)
= 1 23
P (A) P (B) P (C ) + P (A) P (B c) P (C) + P (A c) P (B) P (C)
c
` Required probability = 1 - 24 = 24
6

= 13 Multiple Options Correct

27. P ]E1g = 2163 = 54

6
C 5 4 3
32. A $ 52 # 51 ! 0

P ]E2g = 216 = 36
4+2 1 4
C . 48 C48 # 3
B $ 521
C49 3 !0
E1 + E2 = E2 C, D are true since at least two aces must have been
` P ]E1 + E2g = P ]E2g = 1/36
drawn upto 50th trial.

P ]E1 + E2g 1/36 33. (a) P ] A g = 52 = 4 (Event missing card is not a

39 3
P ]E2 /E1g =
54 3
P ]E1g
= 5/54 = 180 = 10
spade)
28. Let X denote the largest number on the n tickets
(b) P ]S/Ag =
drawn. We have C2 12
= ( Only 12 spades left when
C251

P ] X # k g = b N l and P ] X # k - 1g = b N 1 l
k n k- n
missing card is spade)

Thus P ] X = k g = b N l - b k N 1 l
P (A + S) P (A) P (S/A)
(c) P ] A/S g =
k n - n
P (S) = P (S) =
29. Let us first count the number of elements in F. Total 3 13 C2
number of functions from A to B is 34 = 81. 4 . 51 C2 11
12 = 50 a & c are true
1 C2 3 13 C2
4 . 51 C2 + 4 . 51 C2
 Probability 5.25
38. A $ False since A1, A2,…An may be overlapping
34. P ^m, k h = n + 1 Cm b 2 l b 2 l Ck b 2 l b 2 l
1 m
1 n+1-m
n 1 k
1 n-k

B $ If A1, A2,…An are disjoint and exhaustive
n+1
Cm . Ck b 2 l
n 1 2n + 1 both then / P ] Aig = 1 if they are only exclusive
/ P] Aig # 1
=
/ / P^m, k h = Probability of A getting more C $ If only exhaustive then / P ] Aig $ 1.
O # k < m # n+1
heads than 'B' 1 + 4P 1-P 1 - 2P
39. 0 # 4 # 1, 0 # 4 # 1, 0 # 4 # 1

Let’s assume that initially A and B both throw n -1 3 -3 1
coins, then A throws his extra coin. Let P be the 4 # P # 4 , - 3 # P # 1, 2 # P # 2
probability of A throwing more head than B, when the events are mutually exclusive so,
A and B both throw n coins each. By symmetry, P is 1 + 4P 1 - P 1 - 2P
also the probability that B is a head so the probability 0# 4 + 4 + 4 #1
of the is 1 - 2P. Now A can throw more coin in two & - 3 # P # 1 Intersection of all four intervals of P
ways: ether he is ahead before the (n + 1)th toss, or -1 1
they are tied and A gets H on the (n + 1)th toss thus, we get 4 # P # 2
required probability = P + ^1 - 2p h 2 = 2
1 1 10!
40. P ]E1g = P ]E2g = 11 2! = 2
P ] A + Bg ! 11
35. (a) P ] A/Bg =
P ] Bg
and 2!2!
P ]E1 + E2g = Probability that two I’s are together
P ] A + Bg $ P ] Ag + P ] Bg - 1
9! 2
and two B’s are together = 11! = 55
(c) 1 - P ] A g P ] B g = 1 - ^1 - P ] Agh^1 - P ]Bgh
2!2!
= ] Ag + P ] Bg - P ] Ag P ] Bg
P P ]E1 , E2g = P ]E1g + P ]E2g - P ]E1 + E2g
PA
= + P ] Bg - P ] A + Bg
2 2 2
= 11 + 11 - 55 = 55
18
2
P ]E1 + E2g

(Because A & B are independent)
P ]E1 /E2g = 55
= ] A , Bg P ]E2g
= 2 = 1/5
P
11
36. Let A, B and C be the events that the student is 41. S denotes the set of points inside a square with
successful in tests I, II and III, respectively. Then corners (x, y), (x, y + 1), (x + 1,y) (x + 1, y + 1) x, y !
P(the student is successful) integer P denotes the set of points in S with distance
= P 6] A + B + C'g , ] A + B' + C g , ] A + B + C g@
less then 1/4 from any corner point. P consist of four
quarters circle each of radius 1/4.
= P ] A + B + C'g + P ] A + B' + C g + P ] A + B + C g

(x, y + 1) (x + 1, y + 1)
= P 6] Ag P ]Bg P ]C'g + P ] Ag P ]B'gP ]C g

+ P ] Ag P ]Bg P ]C g
1) 1)
S

[ a A, B and C are independent]
= pq ]1 - 1/2g + p ^1 - q h]1/2g + ^ pq h]1/2g

(x , y) (x + 1, y)
= 2 6 pq + p ^1 - q h + pq@ = 2 p ^1 + qh
1 1


A coin whose centre falls in S will cover a point of X
` 2 = 2 p ^1 + q h & ^1 + q h p = 1
1 1 if and only if its centre falls in P

area of P

This equation is satisfied for all pairs of values in
Required probability P = area of S
(A), (B) and (C). Also, it is satisfied for infinitely r ]1/4g2
r
& 1 # 1 = 16
many values of p and q. For instance, when p = n/(n
+ 1) and q =1/n, where n is any positive integer.

37. Given P ]E g .P ]F g = 12 P ] E g P ] F g = 2
1 1
So (a)
as well as (d) possible.
5.26 Mathematics
42. Explanation:
= P(E) P( F )
P(exactly one of the events occurs)
& E and F are independent, hence (B) is correct.
= ]M + N g , ] M , N g
P (C) again P ] E + F g

= ]M + N g + P] M + N g
P = ] E , F g1 - P ]E , F g
P
= ]M g - P]M + N g + P]N g - P]M + N g
P = 1 - P ]Eg - P ]F g + P ]E + F g

= ] M g + P ] N g - 2P ] M + N g
P
= 1 – P(E) –P(F) + P(E) P(F)

This is choice (A)

= (1 – P(E)) (1 – P(F))
(D) Since P ] M + N g , P ] M + N g
= ] E gP] F g

P
= ]M g - P]M + N g + P]N g - P]M + N g
P

& (C) is correct.

& choice (D) is also correct.
E
& and F are independent.

P ]E + F g
& (A), (D) are correct choices.
(D) is also true and follows from ]E/F g =
(C) Since P ] M + N g = P ] M , N g P]F g

= 1 - P]M , N g
45. E1 = {(a, b, c) : a, b, c are prime.

= 1 - P]M g - P]N g + P]M + N g

E2 = {(a, b, c) : a = b = c}

& Expression in choice (C)
E3 = {(a, b, c) : a + b = 8 & (b + c) = 8 & c + a = 8}

= 1 – P(M) + 1 – P(N) – 2 + 2 P(M) + 2P (N) – 2P
E2 = {(1, 1, 1), (2, 2, 2), (3, 3, 3), (4, 4, 4), (5, 5, 5),
(M + N) (6, 6, 6)}

= P(M) + P (N) – 2P (M + N)
` E2 + E3 = {(4, 4, 4)} but (4, 4, 4) ! E1

& (C) is also correct.
` E1 + E2 + E3 = φ
43. Explanation:
E1 + E2 ! φ

(A) is correct since P (A , B) # 1
` E1, E2, E3 are not pair wise mutually exclusive.

& P (A) + P(B) – P(A + B) # 1 P ]E2 + E3g 1/216 1
P ]E3 /E2g =
P ]E2g
= 1/36 = 6

(B) is correct since

P (A + B) = P(A) + P(B) – P (A , B) (*) 46. A = {1, 3, 5}, B = {2, 4, 6}, C = {4, 5, 6}, D = {1, 2}

# P(A) + P(B)
(A) A + B = z and A , B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

( a P(A + B) $ 0)
(B) A + C = {5}

(C) is true from (*)
(C) A , C , D = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

(D) is inconsistent with correct result (*)
(D) B , C , D = {1, 2, 4, 5, 6] ! {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

47. P ] Ag = 10 ,
& (D) is false. 9
44. (B) E and F are independent
P ]Bg = P ] A + Bg = 10 # 10 = 100
9 9 81


& P (E + F) = P(E). P(F)
9 1
] A + B g 10 # 10
Pb l =

Now P (E + F ) = P(E) – P(E + F) A P 9
P] B g
= 81 = 19
B 1 - 100

= P(E) – P(E) P(F)
P ] A , Bg = P ] Ag + P ]Bg - P ] A + Bg = 10
9

= P(E) (1 – P(F))
 Probability 5.27

48. 100 = 4 = 1 - ^1 - p h]1 - cg]1 - mg

75 3 C4 - 1
6+4-1 9
C3 42
...(i) 52. (a) = =
C4 - 1 13 C3 143
10 + 4 - 1

50 1 ] g ] g ^
100 = 2 = pc 1 - m + pm 1 - c + mc 1 - p
h P ] A + Bg 9
C3
P ] Bg
(d) = 13
C3
+ pmc ...(ii)
Comprehension Type
40 2 ] g ] g ^
100 = 5 = pc 1 - m + pm 1 - c + mc 1 - p
h Passage – 1 (Questions 53 – 55)

...(iii)
P (studies 10 hrs per day) = 0.1 = P(B1) ; P (studies
1 2 1

from (ii) and (iii) pmc = 2 - 5 = 10 7 hrs per day) = 0.2 = P(B2)

from (i) 4 = ^ p + m + c h - ^ pc + cm + mp h + pmc

3
P (studies 4 hrs per day) = 0.7 = P(B3) ; A : successful

53. P ] Ag = P ] A + B1g + P ] A + B2g + P ] A + B3g
2

from (iii) 5 = pc + mc + pm - 3pcm
1 80 2 60 7 40 48 12
& pc + cm + mp = 7/10
= 10 # 100 + 10 # 100 + 10 # 100 = 100 = 25
3 1 7 27 7 40
So p + m + c = 4 - 10 + 10 = 20 P ]B3g.P ] A/B3g
54. P ]B3 /Ag =
# 7
= 10 12100 = 12
a
49. Pn = a + b 6n
/ P]B1g.P] A/B1g
25
P ]B3g.P ] A /B3g
50. α and β be the no. of heads & tails thrown by A 55. P ]B3 /A g =
respectively / P]B1g.P] A /B1g
7 # 60

α + β =n+1
= 1 10 100 420 21
= 520 = 26
20 2 40 7 60
γ & δ be the no. of heads & tails thrown by B 10 # 100 + 10 # 100 + 10 # 100
respectively
Passage – 2 (Questions 56 – 57)

γ + δ =n

P (α > γ ) = p 56. A : Person draw 2 white and 2 Red ; B : Person draw
P ^α # γ h = 1 – p
3 White and 1 Red

α # γ & n+1-β # n-δ

1+δ # β
C : Person draw 4 White ; E : 4 ball are drawn in

δ<β which atleast 2 are white
P ^α # γ h = p ^δ < βh

P ]E g = P ] Ag .P b A l + P ]Bg .P b B l + P ]C g .P b C l;
E E E


1 – p = P (A will throw more tails than B) = p
P ]E g = 3 ; 102 2 + 103 1 + 10 4 E

p = 1/2 1 4 C .6 C 4
C .6 C 4
C

C4 C4 C4
51. (i) P ]Eig = 1 - P ]RRRg = 1 - : 3 . 4 . 5 D = 0.9
1 2 3
P b E l = 115 P b E l = 115 P b E l = 115
A 90 B 24 C 1

(ii) P ]E2g = 3P ]BRRg = 3. 3 . 4 . 5 = 0.2

2 1 2

E1 = A ball is drawn again and found to be white
(iii) P ]E3g = P ]RRR/RRR , BBBg

P ]E1g = 115 # 6 + 115 # 6 + 115 # 0 = 115
90 2 24 1 1 34
P ]RRRg

= ]
P RRRg + P ]BBBg
but 90 # 2
P ]BBBg = 3 . 4 . 5 = 20

2 3 4 8 57. P ]E2g = 115
34
6 = 15
17
115
& P ]E3g = 0.1 + 0.4 = 0.2
0.1

(iv) P ]E4g = 1 - P ]BBBg = 1 - 5 = 0.6

2

5.28 Mathematics
Passage – 3 (Questions 58 – 59) Matching Column Type
58. Identical letters are 1,1,2,2,3,3. 63. n(S) = 10 × 10 = 100
8! D = p2 = 4q for imaginary root D < 0 & p2 < 4q

Total words = 2!2!2! = 5040
for p = 1, q = 1, 2, ….10

Number of words in which all identical letters are
p = 2, q = 2, ….10
together = 5!
p = 3, q = 3, ….10

Number of words in which only exactly two pair
p = 4, q = 5, ….10
of identical digits appear together = b 2! - 5! l # 3
6!
p = 5, q = 7, ….10
= 720 for p = 6, q = 10 & total sets possible are

Number of words in which only one pair of identical 10 + 9 + 8 + 6 +4 + 1 = 38
digits appear together (1, 1) together & P(imaginary roots) = .38

= b 2!2! - !240 + 240 + 120 +l # 3 = 1980

7! & P(real roots) = .62


For equal roots D = 0 & p2 = 4q only possible sets
Now number of words in which no two identical 3
are (2, 1) (4, 4) (6, 9) hence probability = 100 = .03
digits appear together = 5040 – (1980 + 720 + 120)

Negative roots & D $ 0 & – p < 0, q > 0 hence
= 2220

probability = .62
2220 37
64. (a) P ]Eig = ki ]i + 1g & k / i ]i + 1g = 1
Probability = 5040 = 84 n

59. Number of words in which only exactly i=1

two pair of identical digits appear together 3

&k= ]
n n + 1g]n + 2g
= b 2! - 5! l # 3 = 720
6!
(d) P ]Eng = n ]n + 1g]n + 2g # n ]n + 1g = n + 2
3 3
8!
Total words = 2!2!2! = 5040 ;
(b) P ]E g = / P ]Eig.P b E l = / ki ]i + 1g . n
n n
E i
720 1
Probability = 5040 = 7 . i
]3n + 1g]n + 2g 3n + 1
i=1 i=1

4n ]n + 2g
Passage – 4 (Questions 60 – 62) = = 4n

60. P ]Eig = ki ; / P]Eig = 1 & k = n]n2+ 1g 1

P ]E1g.P ]E/E1g K.2. n
(c) P ]E1 /E g =
P ]E g
= ]
3n + 1g]n + 2g
lim P ]wg = lim /
n
4n ]n + 2g
2i 2
n $ 3i = 1 n ]n + 1g
2
n$3
24
2n ]n + 1g]2n + 1g 2 n ]n + 1g]n + 2g]3n + 1g
=
n ]n + 1g2 6

= lim =3
n$3
10!
cb n + 1 l
n
P ]En + W g P ] E1g = P ]E2g = 11
2! = 2
61. P b Wn l =
E 2 65. ! 11
P ]W g
= = n+1
cd
/i n
2!2!
]n + 1g P ]E1 + E2g = Probability that two I’s are together
]W + E g 9! 2
62. P b E l = P ] g
W and two B’s are together = 11! = 55
P E
2!2!
b 2 + 4 + ... b 2n times ll P ]E1 , E2g = P ]E1g + P ]E2g - P ]E1 + E2g
1 n+1 n+1 n+2
= ]
n + 1g

= n 2 2 2 18
n + n + .... b 2 times l
1 1 n 2
= 11 + 11 - 55 = 55
2
P ]E1 + E2g
P ]E1 /E2g = = 55
P ]E2g
2 = 1/5
11
 Probability 5.29
66. (a) n(s) = 10 , n(A) = 10
= 15 14 ^5 C5 + 6 C5 + ... + 14 C5h
13 7
1 1
C5
107 1
` Probability = 13 = 6
10 10 1 15 C6 1
n & =6 = 15 14 = 6
C5
(b) Clearly P ] A/E11g = 14 5 = 13
11
C 3
(b) Coefficient of xr in (1 – x)–n , n ! N is n + r –1Cr
C5

Now, coefficient of xn in (1 + x)2(1 – x)– 2
(c) From Baye’s Theorem
1 3

or coefficient of xn in (1 + 2x + x2) (1 – x)– 2 P ]E11gP ] A/E11g 15 . 13
P ]E11 /Ag =
6
P ] Ag
= 1 = 65

or coefficient of xn in (1 – x)– 2 + 2 (Coefficient of xn – 1 16
in (1 – x)– 2) + coeff. of xn – 2 in (1 – x)– 2

(d) Let B denotes the probability of 3 black and 2

= n + 1Cn+ 2.nCn –1+ n – 1Cn – 2 = (n + 1) + 2n + n – 1 = 4n
white balls, then P(B/Ei) = 0 if i = 0, 1, 2 or 13, 14

Hence, 4n = 32 i
C3 14 - i C2

P(B/Ei) = for i = 3, 4, ...... 12
n
& =8
14
C5

/ P]EigP]B/Eig
14

(c) For the graph f(x) can be integer 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 as
` P(B) =
i=0
f(x) is continuous from IVT.
= 15 . 14 63 C3 .11 C2 + 4 C3 .10 C2 + .... + 12 C3 . 2 C2@
1 1
y C5
6 5005 1

= =
15.14 C5 6
68. (a) 625p 2 - 175p + 12 < 0 gives p ! b 25 , 25 l
3 4

x b4 l .1 = p
n-1
O 5 5
(d) 5f ] xg + 3f b 1x l = x + 2
` 25 < b 5 l . 5 < 25

3 4 n-1 1 4

5f b x l + 3f ] xg = x + 2
1 1
i.e. 5 < b 5 l < 5 ; value of n is 3
3 4 n-1 4

f ] xg + f b x l = 8 b x + x + 4 l
1 1 1 (b) 15 tan ]B/2g tan ]C/2g =

= 15 a s k
(s - a) (s - c) (s - a) (s - b) (s - a)
2f ] xg = x + 2 - 8 x - 8x - 2
3 3 3
15
s (s - b) s (s - c)
f ] xg = 16 x - 16x + 4
5 3 1
from the given condition

y = xf ] xg = 16 x 2 + 4 x - 16
5 1 3
a = 6, b = 5, c = 4 (by projection formula)

15

2s = 15 & s = 2
dy 5 1 7
= 2. 16 + 4 = 8 < 1
dx
` 15 b s s a l = 3
x=1 -

67. Let Ei denotes the event that the bag contains i black
and (14 – i) white balls (i = 0, 1, 2,....14) and A x+y

(c) 1 - xy = 5
denotes the event that five balls drawn are all black
then
x + y = 5 - 5xy
5-x
1
y = 1 + 5x
P(Ei) = 15 (i = 0, 1, .... 14)

x = 0 & y = 5; x = 5 & y = 0

P(A/Ei) = 0 for i = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
(d) 37 n + 2 + 16 n + 1 + 30 n

]35 + 2gn + 2 + ]14 + 2gn + 1 + ]28 + 2gn
i
C5

P(A/Ei) = for i $ 5
14
C5
= 7m + 2 n + 2 + 2 n + 1 + 2 n

(a) P ] Ag = / P]EigP] A/Eig
14

i=0 = 7 m + 2 n .7 = 7 ]m + 2 ng remainder is 0.

5.30 Mathematics

Numerical Type 1-p 2-p

& p 3 -3# p 1 = 2

1. Let P ^ B1h = p1, P ^ B2h = p2, P ^ B3h = p3
3 1

p
& 1 - p1 p3 - 6p3 + 3p1 p3 = 2p1 p3

Given equations are
p
& 1 = 6p3

(a - 2b) p = ab p
& p1 = 6

(a - 2b) 3

& #p = 1 P (B )
ab The required value P (B1) = 6 .

3
p 2p

& - a =1 .....(i)
b 2. We have, 1 - (probability of all shots result in
1

and failure) > 4

& - b 10 l > 4

(b - 3c) p = 2bc 9 n 1
1
(b - 3c)
& 4 > b 10 l & n $ 3
3 9 n

& #p = 2
bc
p 3p Single Options Correct

& c- =2 .....(ii)
3. Required probability = b 3 # 4 l = 8
b 2 3 3 1

Also given that 4. Required probability
(
p1 1 - p2) (1 - p3) = a .....(iii)
= when no machine has fault + when only one
(
p2 1 - p1) (1 - p3) = b .....(iv) machine has fault + when only two machines have
(
p3 1 - p1) (1 - p2) = c .....(v) fault.
3 5 5 1 3 4 1 2 3 3

and (1 - p1) (1 - p2) (1 - p3) = p .....(vi) = 5 C0 d
n + C1 d nd n + 5 C2 d n d n

divide (vi) & (iii) 4 4 4 4 4

1-p 243 405 270 918

p
= + + =
& p 1 = a
.....(vii) 1024 1024 1024 1024
1

divide (vi) & (iv) 918 459 27 # 17

= = =
1-p p 1024 512 64 # 8
& p 2 =
.....(viii)
b 3 3 3 3 17 17
=d n #k =d n #
2

divide (vi) & (v) `k=
4 4 8 8
1-p p
& p 3 = c
.....(ix) 2
3 5. P(exactly one) =
5

from (vii) & (viii) put the values in equation (i) 2

& P (A) + P (B) - 2P (A k B) =
1-p 1-p 5
& p 2 -2# p 1 = 1 1
2 1
P (A , B) =
1-p 2 - 2p 2
& p 2 = p 1 +1
1
2 1
& P (A) + P (B) - P (A k B) =
1-p 2 - 2p1 + p1 2
& p 2 =
p1 1 2 5-4 1
2
` P (A + B) = - = =
2 5 10 10
1-p 2-p
& p 2 = p 1
.....(x)
2 1

from (viii) & (ix) put the values in equation (ii)
1-p 1-p
& p 3 -3# p 2 = 2

3 2

from (x)
 Probability 5.31

12. P ]E1g = 6 , P ]E2g = 6 , P ]E3g = 2

6. P(X = 1) 1 1 1
= P(ace and non ace) + P(non ace and ace)
Also P ]E1 + E2g = 36 , P ]E2 + E3g = 12 ,
1 1
4 48 48 8 24
= 52 # 52 + 52 # 52 = 169
P ]E1 + E3g = 12 and
1
P(X = 2) = P(ace and ace)

4 4 1
= 52 # 52 = 169 . P ]E1 + E2 + E3g = 0 ! P ]E1g.P ]E2g.P ]E3g
25
Hence, E1, E2, E3 are not independent
Now, P(X = 1) + P(X = 2) = 169
7. Let E1 be the event of drawing a red ball and adding 13. There seems to be ambiguity in the question. It
a green ball, E2 be the event of drawing a green ball should be mentioned that boxs are different and one
and adding a red ball and E be the event of drawing particular box has 3 balls : then number of ways
a red ball in second draw.
` ]Eg = P ]E1g # P b E l + P ]E2g # P b E l
E E 12
C3 × 29 55  2 
11
P
= =  
1 2
312 3 3
5 # 4 2 # 6 20 + 12 32
= 7 7 + 7 7 = 49 = 49 Aliter:

8.
3
C1 12C3 (9C0 + 9C1 + 9C2 + 9C4 + 9C5 + 9C6 + 9C7 + 9C8
12 × 3 12

+ 9C9) + = 3C1 12C3 (29 – 9C3) +
3 3 6 3 3 2 6

correct answer should have been
3 12
When a pair of dice is rolled, then probability of C112C3 (29 − 2 ⋅ 9C3 ) +
3 2 6
11
sum of numbers obtained is 7 or 8 is 36 . And the 312
probability that a card numbered 7 or 8 came from a
2 1 1 1
pack of cards numbered 1, 2, ... 9 is 9 . 14. Given P ( A ∪ =
B) , P( A ∩ =
B) , P(=
A)
6 4 4
1 11 1 2 19
∴ Required probability = 2 # 36 + 2 # 9 = 72 1

\ 1 – P(A ∪ B) =
9. R R + B R 6
4 6 6 4 1
= 10 . 12 + 10 . 12
⇒ 1 – P(A) – P(B) + P(A ∪ B) =
6
48 2 3 1 1
= 12 0 = 5
⇒ 1− − P( B) + = (\ P(A) = 1 – P( A ))
4 4 6
10. Consider two sequences : 0, 4, 8 and 2, 6, 10
1 1 3 −1 1

Take both numbers from either of these sequences.
⇒ P(B) = –
= =
2 6 6 3
3
C2 + 3 C2 6

Hence, probability = 11 = 55 .
\ A and B are not equally likely.
C2
3 1 1
11. P ] Ag + P ]Bg - 2P ] A + Bg = 4
1
Further P(A) · P(B) = × = = P( A ∩ B)
4 3 4
P ]Bg + P ]C g - 2P ]B + C g = 4
1

\ A and B are independent events

P ] Ag + P ]C g - 2P ] A + C g = 4
1 1 2
15. p = , q= ;
3 3
& / P ] Ag - / P ] A + Bg = 8
3
4 5
1 2 1 3 1 11
P & ] A , B , C g = / P ] Ag - / P ] A + Bg = 5 C4   ⋅ + 5C5   =
⋅ 5
+ 5=
3 3 3 3 3 35

+ P] A + B + C g 16. Let Event (Given : {1, 2, 3,.........8})
3 1 7 A : Maximum of three numbers is 6.

= 8 + 16 = 16 .
B : Minimum of three numbers is 3
2
 B  P( B ∩ A) C1 2 1
= P =
 = 5
= =
 A P( A) C2 10 5
5.32 Mathematics
 C  P(C ∩ D) P(C ) 1 1  A 1 B 2
17.=
P  = ; ≥1 23. Given that, P(A) = , P   = and P   =
D P( D) P( D) P( D) 4 B 2  A 3
P(C ) C
≥ P(C) ; P(C) ≤ P   we know, P  A  = P( A ∩ B) ...(i)

P( D) D B P( B)
31 5 1 1  1  B  P( B ∩ A)
18. 1 − P5 ≥ ; P ≤ ; P ≤ ; P ∈ 0, 
and P   = ...(ii)
32 32 2  2  A P( A)
3
C1 4C1 2C1 3 . 4 . 2 2 B  2  1 
19. = = = . P   ⋅ P( A)    
9
C3 9.8.7 7  A=
 =3  4  1

\ P(B) = .
3 . 2 .1  A 1 3
P   
B 2

Hence correct option is (1).
24. Q A = {4, 5, 6} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4}
20. Statement-1 Total ways = 20C4
number of AP’s of common difference 1 is = 17
\ A ∩ B = {4}
number of AP’s of common difference 2 is = 14
Q P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
number of AP’s of common difference 3 is = 11 3 4 1

⇒ P(A ∪ B) = + − =1.
number of AP’s of common difference 4 is = 8 6 6 6
number of AP’s of common difference 5 is = 5 25. Probability of getting score 9 in a single throw
number of AP’s of common difference 6 is = 2
4 1
_______
= = .
36 9

total = 57
Probability of getting score 9 exactly in double
57 1 2
probability = 20 =
1 8 8
C4 85 throw = 3 C2 ×   × = .
 9  9 243

Statement-2 common difference can be ± 6, so Statement 26. Given that,
-2 is false.
1 1 1
n
⇒ P(A ∩ B) = , P( A) = and P ( A ∪ B) =
1 3 4 4
21. By binomial distribution,  +  6
4 4 1

⇒ 1 – P(A ∪ B) =

\ probability of at least one success = 1 – no. of 6
n n 1
3 3 9
⇒ 1 – P(A) – P(B) + P(A ∪ B) =
success = 1 − nCn   =
1−   ≥ 6
4  4  10 1 1
n
⇒ P( A) − P( B) + = ⇒ P(B)
3 1 4 6 1
⇒   ≤
1 1 1
= + − ⇒ P(B) =
 4  10 4 4 6 3

Taking log10 on both sides 3

and P(A) =
−1 4
n(log10 3 – log10 4) ≤ – 1 or n ≥
1 3 1
log10 3 − log10 4
Now, P(A ∩ B) = = × = P(A) P(B).
1 4 4 3
⇒ n $ log 4 - log 3

10 10
Hence, the events A and B are independent events but
not equally likely.
22. Favourable case ; 08 27. All the three persons has three options to apply a house.

Total cases : 00, 01, 02, ...., 09, 10, 20, 30, 40
\ Total number of cases = 33
1
Now, favourable cases = 3 (An either all has applied

Required probability =
14 for house 1 or 2 or 3)
3 1

\ Required probability = = .
33 9
 Probability 5.33
28. P(contradiction) = P ] A + B g + P ] A + Bg
= P ] Ag .P ] B g + P ] A g P ]Bg

30. np = 4
npq = 2} ⇒ q=
1
2
1
,p= ,n=8
2

3 1 1 4 7 1 1
2
1
6
28
= 4.5 + 4.5 = 20 8
P(X = 2) = C2     = 28 ⋅ 8 =

2 2 2 256
29. E = {x is a prime number}

P(E) = P(2) + P(3) + P(5) + P(7) = 0.62 31. Out of 5 horses only one is the winning horse. The
probability that Mr. A selected the losing horse

F = (x < 4), P(F) = P(1) + P(2) + P(3) = 0.50 4 3
= ×

\ P (E ∪ F) = P(E) + P(F) – P(E ∩ F) 5 4

= 0.62 + 0.50 – 0.35 = 0.77 \ The probability that Mr. A selected the winning
4 3 2
horse = 1 − × =
5 4 5

Single Option Correct

1. We will follow the tree diagram,

E1 = {1,2,3}

S1 = {1, 2} S1 = {2, 3} S1 = {1, 3}

E2 = {3} E2 = {1} E2 = {2}
F2 = {1, 2, 3, 4} F2 = {1, 2, 3, 4} F2 = {1, 3, 4}

S2 = {1, 2}{1, 3} {1, 4} {2, 3}{2, 4} {3, 4} {1, 2} {1, 3} {1, 4} {2, 3} {2, 4} {3, 4} {1, 3} {1, 4} {3, 4}






G2 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} {2, 3, 4, 5} {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} {2, 3, 4, 5} {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} {2, 3, 4, 5}
{2, 3} {2, 3}
{1, 2} {1, 3}
{1, 2} {1, 3}

E3 = {1, 2, 3}
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1

P (E1 = E3) = < # + #0+ # + # + # + # 0F = < F
3 2 10 2 2 10 2 6 3 10 3 3 4

1 1 1
< # F
3 2 10 1

Required probability = =
1 1 5
#
3 4
5.34 Mathematics

2. P ] H g = 3 for C1
2 6. P(problem solved by at least one) = 1 – P(problem is
not solved by by all)
P ] H g = 3 for C1
1

= 1 − P( A) P( B ) P(C ) P( D)

for C1
 1  1  3  7  21 235
Number of Heads ( a ) 0 1 2 = 1 −      = 1 −
=
 2  4  4  8  256 256
1 4 4
Probability 9 9 9 7. Favourable : D4 shows a number and
for C2

only 1 of D1D2D3 shows same number
Number of Heads ( b ) 0 1 2
4 4 1
or only 2 of D1D2D3 shows same number
Probability 9 9 9
For real and equal roots
or all 3 of D1D2D3 shows same number
2
a = 4b
Required Probability
, ^a bh = ^0, 0h, ^2, 1h 6
C (3C × 5 × 5 + 3C2 × 5 + 3C3 )
1 4 4 4 20 = 1 1

So, probability = 9 # 9 + 9 # 9 = 81 216 × 6
6 × (75 + 15 + 1) 6 × 91 91

= = =
3. Total number of solutions = 10 + 3 - 1 C3 - 1 = 66 216 × 6 216 × 6 216

Favourable number of solutions
8. ωr1 + ωr2 + ωr3 = 0 ; r1, r2, r3 are to be selected from
11 9 7 5 3 1
= C1 + C1 + C1 + C1 + C1 + C1 = 36
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. As we know that 1 + w + w2 = 0
P ^req h = 66 = 11
36 6


\ from r1, r2, r3, one has remainder 1, other has
4. E1: Computer is produced by plant T1
remainder 2 and third has remainder 0 when divided
E : Computer is produced by plant T2
2 by 3.
A : Computer is defective
Now, P ] A/E1g = 10P ] A/E2g


\ we have to select r1, r2, r3 from (1, 4) or (2, 5) or
P ] A + E1g 5 (3, 6) which can be done in 2C1 × 2C1 × 2C1 ways
Let P ]E2 + A g = 100
x
P ] A + E2g 2
& =
value of r1, r2, r3 can be interchanged in 3! ways.
& ]E2 + Ag = 100
80 - x
P ( 2 C1 ×2 C1 ×2 C1 ) × 3! 2
\ required probability = =
P ]E1 + Ag = 100
x - 73 6×6×6 9

9. n(A) = 4. Let n(B) = x > 0
P ]E2 + A g 78
& = 78 & P ]E2 /A g =
P] A g
x = 93

Q A and B are independent events
5. 3 Boys and 2 Girls .........

⇒ P(A) . P(B) = P(A ∩ B)
(1) B (2) B (3) B (4) 4 x y
⋅ = = where y = n(A ∩ B) ≤ min (4, x)
10 10 10

Girl can’t occupy 4th position. Either girls can 5y
occupy 2 of 1, 2, 3 position or they can both be a
⇒x =
2
position (1) or (2). y x
0 0

Hence total number of ways in which girls can be
⇒ 1 not an integer So x = 5 or 10
seated is 3C2 × 2! × 3! + 2C1 × 2! × 3! = 36 + 24 = 60. 2 5
4 10

Number of ways in which 3 B and 2 A can be seated
60 1
= 5 ! Hence required prob. = = .
5! 2
 Probability 5.35
10. ax + by = 0 a, b, c, d ∈ {0, 1} 13. If A : Indian Men sit with their wife ;
cx + dy = 0
B : American men sit with their wife

system has unique solution if and only if ad – bc ≠ 0 5
 A  P( A ∩ B) n ( A ∩ B ) 4!( 2!) 2

For which a = d = 1 and bc = 0 ⇒ 3 combination P =
= = = 4
B P( B) n ( B) 5!(2!) 5

Similarly if bc = 1, ad = 0    ⇒ 3 combination

Total choice for a, b, c, d is 24 1
14. Probability of getting ‘1’ in any particular trial =
6 3 6

Hence probability of unique solution is = .
16 8
\ The probability of getting ‘1’ in even no. of trials
Statement-2 is also true since (0, 0) is a solution
= probability of getting ‘1’ in ΙΙnd trial + probability

Thus ‘(b)’ is correct
of getting ‘1’ in ΙVth trial +. .........

Aliter: ad – bc ≠ 0
5 1 5 5 5 1

If (i) ad = 1, bc = 0
= × + × × × + ... ∞
6 6 6 6 6 6

(ii) ad = 0, bc = 1
1 1 1 5 1
×

P(ad = 1) = ⋅ = ; P(bc = 0) = 1 – P(bc = 1) 6 6 = 5
2 2 4
= 2
 5 11
1 1 3 1−  

= 1− ⋅ =  6
2 2 4
3

\ P(ad = 1 and bc = 0) = ; Multiple Options Correct
16
3 15. Let P (E + F) = x, P (F + G) = y and P (E + G) = z

P(ad = 0 and bc = 1) = 1
16
Clearly x, y, z $
3 10

\ required probability =
8 E F
 c  c c c
11. P  E ∩ F  = P( E ∩ F ∩ G ) 7
27
x z x 12 32
 G  P(G ) 120 120 120 x y
12
P(G ) − P( E ∩ G ) − P(G ∩ F ) + P( E ∩ G ∩ F ) 120

= z 12
P(G ) 120 y 12
120

[Q P(E ∩ F ∩ G) = 0] 42
P ]Gg61 - P ]E g - P ] F g@
y z
120
P ]Gg

= G


= [Q P(G) ≠ 0] = 1 – P(E) – P(F) = P(Ec) – P(F).
27 15
12. Statement-1 If P(Hi ∩ E) = 0 for some i, then
a x+z # & x, z #
120 120
32 20
P b Ei l = P b H l = 0
H E x+y # & x, y #

i 120 120
H 42 30
If P(Hi ∩ E) ≠ 0 for ^ i = 1, 2, ..., n then P  i 

and y + z # & y, z #
 E 120 120
 H  P( H i ∩ E ) P( H i ) 12 3 1

=P i  × Now P (E + F + G c) = x -
# =
 E P( H i ) P( E ) 120 120 40
P ]E/Hig # P ]Hig
12 80 1
> P b H l, ,
E P (E c + F + G) = y - # =
P ]Eg
= 120 120 15
i

& P ]Hig > P ]E g

Hence statement-1 may not always be true.

Statement-2 Clearly, H1 ∪ H2 ∪ ... ∪ Hn = S

(sample space) ⇒ P(H1) + P(H2) + ... + P(Hn) = 1
5.36 Mathematics
13 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3

P (E , F , G) # P (E) + P (F) + P (G) = ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅
24 5
= 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4=

1 8
and P (E c + F c + G c) = 1 - P (E , F , G)
4
11 5

$ $ P( x ∩ x1 )
24 12
(d) P(x/x1) =
16. P ]B1g = 10 , P ]B2g = 10 , P ]B3g = 10
3 3 4 P( x1 )
1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3
(a) P ]Gg = P ]B1g # P b BG l + P ]B2g # P b BG l + P ]B3g # P b BG l ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅
7
= 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4=

1 2 3

3 5 3 5 4 3 1 16

= 10 # 10 + 10 # 8 + 10 # 8 2
60 + 75 + 60 195 39 1 P( X ∩ Y ) 1 1

= 400 = 400 = 80 19. P(X/Y) = ⇒ = ⇒ P(Y) =
2 P(Y ) 2 3
(b) P b B l = 8
G 3

3
1 P( X ∩ Y ) 1

⇒ P(Y/X) = ⇒ =
P ]B3g # P b B l
G 4 3 3 P( X ) 3
(c) P b G l =
B 10 # 8 = 4
P ]Gg
3
3
= 39 13 1
80
⇒ P(X) =
2
P] X + Y g 1
17. P b Y l =
X 2
P ]Y g P(X ∪ Y) = P(X) + P(Y) – P(X ∩ Y) =
= 2
3
P] X + Y g 2
Pb X l =
Y
(a) is correct P(X ∩ Y) = P(X) · P(Y)
P] X g
=5

⇒ X and Y are independent (b) is correct
& ] X + Y g = 15
2
P

= P(XC ∩ Y) = P(Y) – P(X ∩ Y)
P ]Y g = 15
4
1 1 1
= − = (d) is not correct

3 6 6
also P ] X , Y g = 15
7
20. P(E ∩ F) = P(E) . P(F)...(1)

Pb Y l = 1 - Pb Y l = 1 - 2 = 2
X' X 1 1 11
P( E ∩ F ) + P( E ∩ F ) =...(2)
25
1 1 1 2
18. P(x1) = ; P(x2) = ; P(x3) = P( E ∩ F ) = ...(3)
2 4 4 25
11

P(x) = P(E1 E2 E3) + P( E1 E2 E3) + P(E1 E2 E3) +
by (2), P(F) + P(E) – 2P(E ∩ F) = ...(4)
25
P(E1 E2 E3 ) 2

by (3) 1 – [P(E) + P(F) – P(E ∩ F)] =
25
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 1
⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅
= P(x) = 23
2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 4
[P(E) + P(F) – P(E ∩ F)] = ...(5)
1 1 1 25
 x1c  P( x1c ∩ x) 2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 4 1 12

⇒ (A) P=   = =
by (4) and (5) P(E) P(F) = ...(6)
 x  P( x) 1 8 25
4
7
P(exactly two ∩ x)
and P(E) + P(F) = ...(7)

(b) P(exactly two/x) = 5
P( x)
4 3

By (6) and (7) P(E) = , P(F) =
1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 5 5
⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅
5
= 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 = 3 4
1 8
or P(E) = , P(F) =
5 5
4
P( x ∩ x2 )

(c) P(x/x2) =
P( x2 )
 Probability 5.37
Comprehension Type
by option n1 = 3, n2 = 3, n3 = 5, n4 = 15
Passage – 1 (Questions 20 – 21) 5
20 n 1 4 1
21. Probability =
P(II/R) = = 4 =× =
3 5 1 1 4 2 +1 3
+ +
4! b1 - 1! + 2! - 3! + 4! l
1 1 1 1 6 20 2 4
9 3
5! = 120 = 40
n1 n1 –1 n2 n1 1
26. Given ⋅ + ⋅ =
22. Total cases = 5! n1 + n2 n1 + n2 –1 n1 + n2 n1 + n2 –1 3
favorable ways = 14

3(n12 – n1 + n1n2) = (n1 + n2)(n1 + n2 – 1)
1 352 4
4$2
3n1(n1 + n2 – 1) = n1 + n2(n1 + n2 – 1)
14253
5 → 2 2n1 = n2

2 4 1 ... ... → 2 Passage – 4 (Questions 27 – 28)

25314→1 27. x1 + x2 + x3 is odd if all three are odd or 2 are even
4 → 3 and one is odd
31 52 4
4$2
2 3 4 2 2 3 1 3 3 1 2 4
= × × + × × + × × + × ×

31 425 3 5 7 3 5 7 3 5 7 3 5 7

3 5 ... ... ... } → 2 24 + 12 + 9 + 8 53

= =
= 14 105 105
14
Probability = 120 28. 2x2 = x1 + x3.
Passage – 2 (Questions 23 – 24)
If x1 and x3 both are odd 2 × 4 = 8 ways
23. P ] X > Y g = P ]T1 wins bothg + P (T1 wins either of
x1 and x3 both are even 1 × 3 = 3 ways
the matches and other is draw)
Total = 11 ways
1 1 1 1 1 1 5
= 2 # 2 + 2 # 2 # 6 = 4 + 6 = 12
Total (x1 x2 x3) triplets are

24. P(X = Y) = P(T1 and T2 win alternately) + P(Both 11

3×5×7 ⇒ P=
matches are draws) 105
Subjective Type
1 1 1 1 1 1 13
2 = # 2 # 3 + 6 # 6 = 3 + 36 = 36 9!
29. n(E2) = arrangement of 7 1’s and 2 0’s = 7!2! = 36
Passage – 3 (Questions 25 – 26)(one or more than one)
n(E1 ∩ E2) = both zero should be in a row or a
column
25. Box − I < Black
Red → n
→n
1

2
R V
SSS1 1 1WWW
Red → n3 = SS1 1 1WW (number of ways of arranging of (1, 0, 0)
S W
Box − II <
S1 0 0W
Black → n4 T X
= 3 and arrangement of row = 3
1 n1 1 n3

P(R) = ⋅ + ⋅
2 n1 + n2 2 n3 + n4
total = 9
1 n3 n3
in same way for (1, 0, 0) for columns number of
⋅ ways will be = 9
2 n3 + n4 n3 + n4

R(II/R) = =
1 n1 1 n3 n1 n3
total ways = 18
⋅ + ⋅ +
P ]E1 + E2g 18 1
2 n1 + n2 2 n3 + n4 n1 + n2 n3 + n4
P b E1 l =
E
P ]E2g
= 36 = 2 = 0.50
2
5.38 Mathematics
Comprehension with Numerical Type 34. Let P(r) = probability of r successes

= n Cr b 4 l b 4 l
30. For p1, we need to remove the cases when all three 3 r 1 n-r

numbers are less than or equal to 80.

1 – (P(0) + P(1) + P(2)) $ 0.95
80 3 61
So, p1 = 1 - d n =
& 1 - n C0 b 4 l - n C1 b 4 lb 4 l
1 n 3 1 n-1
100 125
625 625 61 305
- n C2 b 4 l b 4 l $ 0.95
So, p1 = = 76.25 3 2 1 n-2
# =

4 4 125 4
31. For p2, we need to remove the cases when all three 9n ]n - 1g
numbers are greater than 40. & 1 - f 1 + 3n +
2 p $ 0.95
4n
60 3 98
So, p2 = 1 - d
n =
4n
& 9n 2 - 3n + 2 # 0.05 # 4 n # 2 # 10
100 125
125 125 98
for n = 5 212 # 102.4 (Not true)

So, p2 = # = 24.50
4 4 125
for n = 6 308 # 409.6 true
Numerical Type

` least value of n = 6
32. E = a number which is multiple of 3 or multiple of
7. 35. Let |A| = x, |B| = y, |A ∩ B| = P,
P x y

n (E) = (3, 6, 9, ......., 1998) + (7, 14, 21, ......., 1995) - then 6 = 6 · 6 & 6P = xy

(21, 42, 63, .......1995) If P = 1 ⇒ (i) x = 6, y = 1 ⇒ 6C6 ∙ 6C1 = 6

n (E) = 666 + 285 - 95
or ⇒(ii) x = 3, y = 2 ⇒ 6C3 ∙ 3C1 ∙ 3C1 = 180

n (E) = 856
If P = 2 ⇒ (i) x = 6, y = 2 ⇒ 6C6 ∙ 6C2 = 15

n (E) = 2000
or (ii) x = 4, y = 3 ⇒ 6C4 ∙ 4C2 ∙ 2C1 = 180
856
If P = 3 ⇒ x = 6, y = 3 ⇒ 6C6 ∙ 6C3 = 20

P (E) =
2000
If P = 4 ⇒ x = 6, y = 4 ⇒ 6C6 ∙ 6C4 = 15
856

P (E) # 500 = = 214
If P = 5 ⇒ x = 6, y = 5 ⇒ 6C6 ∙ 6C5 = 6
4

Hence total number of ordered pairs (A, B) = 422.
33. Prime : 2, 3, 5, 7, 11
36. Let coin is tossed n times

1 2 4 6 2
P(atleast two heads) = 1 - b 2 l - n C1 . b 2 l $ 0.96
1 n 1 n
15

P(Prime) = 36
7 n +1 1

Perfect square = 4,9 P (perfect square) = 36 ⇒ 4 ≥ n +1
⇒ ≤
100 2n 2n 25

3,4

required probability 2n

⇒ ≥ 25 ⇒ least value of n is 8.
n +1
4 14 4 b 14 l 4 2

36 + 36 # 36 + 36 36 + ... 37. Let x, y, z be probability of E1, E2, E3 respectively

=
7 14 7 b 14 l2 7
36 + 36 # 36 + 36 36 + ...
⇒ x(1 – y)(1 – z) = a
4
⇒ y(1 – x)(1 – z) = b

P= 7
4
⇒ z(1 – x)(1 – y) = g

` 14P = 14. 7 = 8

⇒ (1 – x)(1 – y) (1 – z) = P

Putting in the given relation we get x = 2y and y = 3z
x

⇒ x = 6z ⇒ =6
z