Finals Eu Mech

Module 1: Introduction to Plumbing,
Water Supply Systems,

Piping Materials, Fittings, Valves,
and Plumbing Fixtures
University of Batangas – Civil Engineering Faculty

Plumbing
PLUMBING
• Plumbing is the art and technique of installing pipes, fixtures, and other
apparatuses in buildings for bringing in the supply of liquids, substances
and/or ingredients and removing them; and such water, liquid and other
carried-wastes hazardous to health, sanitation, life and property pipes and
fixtures after installation i.e., the ‘plumbing system’. (Section 217.6 The
Revised National Plumbing Code of the Philippines 1999)
Plumbing
• Plumbing System includes all potable water supply and distribution pipes,
all plumbing fixtures and traps; all sanitary and storm drainage systems;
vent pipes, roof drains, leaders and downspouts; and all building drains
and sewers, including their respective joints and connections; devices,
receptacles, and appurtenances within the property; water lines in the
premises; potable, tap, hot and chilled water piping; potable water treating
or using equipment; fuel gas piping; water heaters and vents for
same.(Section 217.12 NPC 1999)
Plumbing
Major Components of Plumbing System

• The water supply and water distribution system. Carries water from the
water source, street main or a pump to the building and to various points in
the building at which water is used.
• The plumbing fixtures. The receptacles that receive the supplied water
and allow the occupants of the building to use the water.
• The drainage system. The piping network within the building which
conveys from the plumbing fixtures all wastes and fecal matter (sanitary
drainage) as well as rainwater (storm drainage) to a point of disposal or a
treatment facility.
Basic Principles of Plumbing
• All premises intended for human use or habitation shall be provided with a
supply of pure and wholesome water, neither connected to unsafe water
supply nor subject to backflow or back- siphonage
• Plumbing fixtures, devices and appurtenances shall be supplied with water

in sufficient volume and pressure adequate to function satisfactorily and
without undue noise.
• Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use the minimum quantity of

water consistent with proper performance and cleaning
• Devices for heating and storing water shall be so designed and installed as
to prevent dangers from explosion through overheating
• Every building abutting on a street, alley or easement with a public sewer
shall connect its plumbing fixtures to the sewer system
• Each family dwelling unit shall have at least one water closet, one kitchen
type sink, a lavatory and a bathtub or shower to meet the basic
requirements of sanitation and personal hygiene.
• Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth non-absorbent material, free
from concealed fouling surfaces and shall be located in ventilated
enclosures.
• The drainage system shall be designed, constructed and maintained to
safeguard against fouling, deposit of solids, clogging and with adequate
cleanouts so arranged that the pipes may be readily cleaned
• All piping shall be of durable NAMPAP-approved materials, free from

defective workmanship, designed and constructed by Registered Master
Plumbers to ensure satisfactory service
• Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system shall be equipped
with a water-sealed trap.
• The drainage pipes piping system shall be designed to provide adequate
circulation of air free from siphonage, aspiration or forcing of trap seals
under ordinary use.
• Vent terminals shall extend to the outer air and installed to prevent
clogging and the return of foul air to the building.
• Plumbing systems shall be subjected to such tests to effectively disclose all
leaks and defects in the workmanship.
• Substance which will clog the pipes, produce explosive mixtures, destroy
the pipes or their joints or interfere unduly with the sewage-disposal
process shall not be allowed to enter the building drainage system.
• Proper protection shall be provided to prevent contamination of food,
water, sterile goods and similar materials by backflow of sewage. When
necessary, the fixture, device or appliance shall be connected indirectly
with the building drainage system.
• No water closet shall be located in a room or compartment which is not
properly lighted and ventilated.
• If there is no sewer system in the area, suitable provision shall be made for
the disposal of building sewage by some accepted method of sewage
treatment and disposal, such as a septic tank.
• Where a plumbing drainage system may be subject to backflow of sewage,
suitable provision shall be made to prevent its overflow in the building.
• Plumbing systems shall be maintained in serviceable condition by
Registered Master Plumbers
• All plumbing fixtures shall be installed properly spaced, to be accessible for

their intended use
• Plumbing shall be installed with due regard to the preservation of the
strength of structural members and the prevention of damage to walls and
other surfaces through fixture usage
• Sewage or other waste from plumbing systems, which may be deleterious
to surface or sub-surface waters shall not be discharged into the ground or
into any waterway, unless first rendered innocuous through subjection to
some acceptable form of treatment.
Water Sources
• Water Sources - A supply of good water is more important to human

survival than food. Potable is clean water that is suitable for human
drinking. It must be available for drinking, cooking, and cleaning. Non-
potable water may be used for flushing water closets (toilets), irrigating
grass and gardens, washing cars, and for any use other than drinking,
cooking, or cleaning. An abundant supply of potable water that is easily
distributed is vital to a prosperous economy.
Water Sources
• Surface Water - Surface water readily provides much of the water needed
by cities, counties, large industry, and others. However, this source is
dependent on recurring rain. During a long period of drought, the flow of
water may be significantly reduced. Reservoirs hold surface water during
periods of high runoff and release water during periods of low runoff.
Surface water is typically treated to provide the potable water required.
Where non-potable water may be used, no treatment of the water is
necessary.
Water Sources
• Groundwater - Groundwater seeps through

the soil and is trapped on impervious stratum,
a layer of soil or rock that water cannot pass
through. The water collects in pores of
permeable stratum; a layer of porous earth
that water can pass through such as sands,
gravels, limestone, or basalt. Saturated
permeable stratum capable of providing a
usable supply of water is known as an aquifer.
Water Sources
Water Sources
Water Sources
• Water Purification - Water purification is any method that will remove one or more
materials that make the water unsuitable for a given use.
– Aeration- Water is sprayed into the air to release any trapped gases and absorb additional
oxygen for better taste.
– Coagulation- Flocculation- This is the process by which small sediment particles which do not
settle well combine together to form larger particles which can be removed by sedimentation.
– Sedimentation- This is the process by which suspended solids are removed from the water by
gravity settling and deposition. This process usually follows coagulation-flocculation. The
objective of this process is to remove most of the suspended solids, reducing the loads on the
filters.
– Filtration- This is the passage of fluid through a porous medium suspended matter which did not
settle by gravity. In water purification, matter to be removed includes suspended silt, clay,
colloids, and microorganisms including algae, bacteria, and viruses. A filter bed consists of a
granular non-porous material held one place by the force of gravity or by the direction of flow.
– Disinfection/ Chlorination- This is the most important process used in the production of water of
a safe and sanitary quality. Chlorination is the method of introducing a controlled amount of
chlorine to the water in order to attain a desired degree of disinfection
Water Sources
Water Supply Systems
• Water Supply Systems - In large metropolitan areas, most of the drinking

water originates from a surface source such as a lake, stream, river, or
reservoir. In rural areas, people are more likely to drink groundwater that
was pumped from a well.
– Community Water Supply Systems - are public or private entities that install and
provide a central supply of water to a neighborhood, city or special district. They are
government owned, as in most cities, or privately owned, such as in a rural housing
development where the builder or real estate developer develops the water system
– Private Systems - Large industrial and commercial projects may draw all of their
supply from one source (e.g., a stream) or they may draw part of their supply from one
source (such as a stream) and supplement the supply with another source (e.g., a
well). Such systems often include treatment plants, water storage towers, and
sometimes reservoirs to store the water.
Water Supply Systems
• Water Supply Systems - In large metropolitan areas, most of the drinking

water originates from a surface source such as a lake, stream, river, or
reservoir. In rural areas, people are more likely to drink groundwater that
was pumped from a well.
– Well systems - A modern well system consists of a well, a motor-driven pump, and a
storage tank. In most systems, the pump draws water from the well where it is stored
in a storage tank. A switch activated by water pressure controls the pump.
– Water Towers and Elevated Storage tanks - Water towers used in community systems
and elevated water storage tanks used in private systems carry a reserve capacity of
water
Fittings
• Fittings - A variety of fittings must be used to connect pipe lengths and

make all the pipe turns, branch lines, couplings that join the straight runs,
and stops at the end of the runs. Fittings for steel and wrought-iron pipe
are made of malleable iron and cast iron. The fittings for plastic, copper,
and brass pipe are made of the same materials as the pipe being
connected.
Fittings
• Elbows - usually at 45° and 90°, are angular fittings used to change the
direction of a supply pipe. On a sanitary drainage system, a sanitary bend
makes a more gradual turn to prevent blockage.
Fittings
• Tees - Tees are used in a supply system when a line must branch off at a
straight run. A reducing tee allows different pipe sizes to be joined together
in a supply system. Sanitary T and sanitary Y are tee-like fittings used in
sanitary drainage systems that make a more gradual turn to prevent
blockage. A sanitary Y can accept two or three branches before combining
flow into one pipe.
Fittings
• Couplings - Couplings are used to join straight runs of pipe. A union joins
straight runs of pipe but also allows the pipes to be more easily
disconnected when future piping revisions are expected or equipment
needs to be replaced.
Fittings
• Reducer - straight fitting used to decrease the diameter in a pipe in a water

supply system. An increaser is a straight fitting used to increase the
diameter in a pipe in a sanitary drainage system
Fittings
• Adapters - Adapters are used in a supply system where threaded pipe is

being connected to copper or thermoplastic. Adapters have one threaded
end to accommodate threaded pipe.
Valves
• Valves - used to control flow of the water throughout the system. Proper
location of valves simplifies repairs to the system, fixtures, or equipment
being serviced. Valves also regulate flow to deliver the appropriate quantity
of water and reduce water consumption. In building plumbing systems,
there are usually valves at risers (vertical pipe serving the building),
branches (horizontal pipe serving the fixtures), and pipes to individual
fixtures or equipment. The inner workings of most valves are generally
accessible for repairs.
Valves
• Gate Valve - manual valve that has a wedge-shaped leaf that, when
closed, seals tightly against two metal seats that are set at slight angles.
This type of valve is usually used where the flow of the water is left either
completely opened or closed for most of the time
Valves
• Globe Valve - manual, compression-type valve, commonly used where

there is occasional or periodic use, such as lavatories (faucets) and hose
connections (called hose bibbs). This type of valve regulates the flow of
water. Design of the globe valve is such that the water passing through is
forced to make two 90° turns, which greatly increases the friction loss in
this valve compared with that in a gate valve
Valves
• Angle Valve - manual valve similar in operation to the globe valve, utilizing
the same principle of compressing a washer against a metal seat to cut the
flow of water. It is commonly used for outside hose bibbs. The angle valve
has a much higher friction loss than the gate valve and about half the
friction loss of the globe valve.
Valves
• Check Valve - allow the flow of water in the direction desired and prevents
flow in the other direction. There are two types of check valves, swing
types and spring types. In the swing check valve design, the pressure of
the water forces the valve gate to swing open, but once the flow stops,
gravity causes the gate to fall closed, preventing a reversal of the flow.
Plumbing Fixtures
• A plumbing fixture is an approved receptacle, device, or appliance that

uses water and discharges wastewater such as a water closet, urinal,
faucet, shower, dishwasher, drinking fountain, hose connection, hose bibb,
water heater, water softener, underground sprinkler, hot tub, spa, and
clothes washer. They must be made of dense, durable, nonabsorbent
materials with smooth, impermeable surfaces. Plumbing fixtures are the
only part of the plumbing system that the owners or occupants of the
building will see regularly, because most of the plumbing piping is
concealed in walls and floors
Plumbing Fixtures
• Water Closet - plumbing fixture used to receive human excremental and to

discharge it through a waste pipe, using water as a conveying medium.
Water closets are classified according to design, make, flushing
mechanism, shape and installation
A. Types of Water B . Ty p e s o f Wa t e r C . Ty p e s o f Wa t e r E . Ty p e s o f Wa t e r
Closet as to design: Closet as to make: Closet as to Flushing C l o s e t a s t o
1. S i p h o n 1. One piece mechanism: Installation:
washdown 2. Close Coupled 1. Flush tank 1. Free Standing
2. Siphon jet 3. Pail Flush 2. Flush Valve 2. Wall Hung
3. Siphon Vortex 4. Squat Bowl
D . Ty p e s o f Wa t e r
4. Reverse Trap
Closet as to shape:
1. Round Front
2. Elongated Front
Plumbing Fixtures
Plumbing Fixtures
Plumbing Fixtures
Plumbing Fixtures
Plumbing Fixtures
Plumbing Fixtures
• Lavatory - a fixture designed for the washing of the hands or face. It is also
known as wash basin
Plumbing Fixtures
• Urinal - A sanitary fixture equipped with a water supply and drain for
flushing away urine.
Plumbing Fixtures
• Kitchen Sink - a plumbing fixtures usually consisting of a basin with a water

supply, connected with a drain.
Plumbing Fixtures
• Bidet - a plumbing fixture used for washing the middle part of the body,
especially the genitals. It is also known as the Sitz Bath.
• Bath Tub - a tube for bathing, usually a fixed plumbing installation designed
for one person. It is available in left outlet and right outlet.
• Shower head - an overhead nozzle that sprays water down on the bather.
• Drinking fountain - Drinking fountains offer users a limitless supply of
drinking water at any location where water and sanitary drainage are
readily available.
Homework
• Research about the history of plumbing

• History of plumbing practice in the Philippines
• Sketch the minimum roughing-ins and clearances of the different plumbing
fixtures
• Prepare a floor plan and elevation plan of a 2-storey apartment type
building (6 doors, each room shall have a CR, common CR for 1st and 2nd
floor)
Building Supply
Building Supply
• The building supply or water service is a large water supply pipe that
carries potable water from the district or city water system or other water
source to the building.
• The Domestic Cold Water Supply of the plumbing system consists of the
piping and fittings which supply cold water from the building water supply
to the fixtures, such as lavatories, bathtubs, water closets and kitchen
sinks. This is also known as Water Distribution System.
Building Supply
The Elements of the Water Supply and Distribution System are:

1. Water Service or House Service
2. Water Meter
3. Distribution Main or Horizontal Supply Main
4. Fixture Branches
5. Riser
6. Valves and Control
7. Storage Tanks
Building Supply
• Water (Street) Main – A water supply pipe for

public or community use controlled by public
authority.
• Water – Service Pipe – The pipe from the water
main, water meter, water supply system or other
approved source of water supply, to the building
or structure served.
• Water – Distribution Pipe – A pipe which conveys
potable water from the building supply pipe to
the plumbing fixtures & other water outlets in the
building.
• Fixture Branch – A pipe connecting several
fixture.
• Fixture Supply – A water supply pipe connecting
the fixture with the fixture branch or directly to a
main water supply pipe.
Building Supply
Service Tap Connection Details
• Corporation Cock – A valve screwed into the street water main to supply the house service
connection.
• Gooseneck – The part of the pipe curved like the neck of a goose, usually flexible. Also the
lead connection between a service pipe and water main.
• Curb Stop or Curb Cock – A control valve for the water supply of a building, usually placed
between the sidewalk and the street curb; used to shut off the water supply in case of
emergency or should the water supply of the building be discontinued.
Meter Connection Details
• Water Meter – A mechanical device used to measure the volume of water passing through a
pipe.
• Meter Stop – A valve placed at the street side of the water meter and serves as a controlling
device for the building installation.
Distribution System
• Upfeed Distribution System

– a. Direct Pressure
– b. Hydropneumatic Pressure System or Pneumatic Air-Pressure system
• Downfeed Distribution System a. Gravity Tank
Distribution System
Water Supply Design Concerns
• Water Velocity
• Noise, erosion of inner pipe walls and valves, and economy of installation,
operation, and maintenance dictate the minimum and maximum water velocity
in a plumbing system; as a result, these have a bearing on pipe diameter. If
pipe diameters are small, cost is low but noise, erosion (from high velocities),
and pumping costs (from high-pressure losses) are high. In contrast, large
diameter pipes reduce noise erosion and pumping costs, but result in high
installation costs. An intermediate pipe diameter is desirable.
• Cavitation
• Cavitation is a physical phenomenon that occurs in a liquid when it
experiences a drastic drop in pressure that causes the liquid to vaporize into
small vapor bubbles. As the low pressure returns to normal pressure levels,
these bubbles implode as the vapor changes phase back to a liquid and thus
drastically decreases its volume. This implosion causes noise and high levels
of erosion where the imploding bubbles contact the walls of a pipe, fitting,
pump, or valve. The noise that develops sounds similar to gravel flowing
through the system in the area where the cavitation is developing. Over time,
the erosion results in excessive wear; this eventually manifests itself as
pinhole leaking.
• Cross-Connection
• A cross-connection is an unsatisfactory connection or arrangement of piping
that can cause nonpotable water to enter the potable water system. A cross-
connection can cause used or contaminated water to mix with the water
supply. It is an unsanitary and potentially hazardous condition. For example, a
garden hose with one end immersed in a bucket of soapy water or in a
swimming pool are possible backflow conditions.
• Water Hammer
• a knocking in the pipes caused when faucets in the lower levels are shut off
abruptly or automatically
• the force exerted by the decelerating water causes the pipes to shake and
rattle
Module 2: Building Water Supply
System

Building Supply
Building Supply
• The building supply or water service is a large water supply pipe that
carries potable water from the district or city water system or other water
source to the building.
• The Domestic Cold Water Supply of the plumbing system consists of the
piping and fittings which supply cold water from the building water supply
to the fixtures, such as lavatories, bathtubs, water closets and kitchen
sinks. This is also known as Water Distribution System.
Building Supply
The Elements of the Water Supply and Distribution System are:

1. Water Service or House Service
2. Water Meter
3. Distribution Main or Horizontal Supply Main
4. Fixture Branches
5. Riser
6. Valves and Control
7. Storage Tanks
Building Supply
• Water (Street) Main – A water supply pipe for

public or community use controlled by public
authority.
• Water – Service Pipe – The pipe from the water
main, water meter, water supply system or other
approved source of water supply, to the building
or structure served.
• Water – Distribution Pipe – A pipe which conveys
potable water from the building supply pipe to
the plumbing fixtures & other water outlets in the
building.
• Fixture Branch – A pipe connecting several
fixture.
• Fixture Supply – A water supply pipe connecting
the fixture with the fixture branch or directly to a
main water supply pipe.
Building Supply
Service Tap Connection Details
• Corporation Cock – A valve screwed into the street water main to supply the house service
connection.
• Gooseneck – The part of the pipe curved like the neck of a goose, usually flexible. Also the
lead connection between a service pipe and water main.
• Curb Stop or Curb Cock – A control valve for the water supply of a building, usually placed
between the sidewalk and the street curb; used to shut off the water supply in case of
emergency or should the water supply of the building be discontinued.
Meter Connection Details
• Water Meter – A mechanical device used to measure the volume of water passing through a
pipe.
• Meter Stop – A valve placed at the street side of the water meter and serves as a controlling
device for the building installation.
Distribution System
• Upfeed Distribution System

– a. Direct Pressure
– b. Hydropneumatic Pressure System or Pneumatic Air-Pressure system
• Downfeed Distribution System a. Gravity Tank
Distribution System
• Water Velocity
• Noise, erosion of inner pipe walls and valves, and economy of installation,
operation, and maintenance dictate the minimum and maximum water velocity
in a plumbing system; as a result, these have a bearing on pipe diameter. If
pipe diameters are small, cost is low but noise, erosion (from high velocities),
and pumping costs (from high-pressure losses) are high. In contrast, large
diameter pipes reduce noise erosion and pumping costs, but result in high
installation costs. An intermediate pipe diameter is desirable.
• Cavitation
• Cavitation is a physical phenomenon that occurs in a liquid when it
experiences a drastic drop in pressure that causes the liquid to vaporize into
small vapor bubbles. As the low pressure returns to normal pressure levels,
these bubbles implode as the vapor changes phase back to a liquid and thus
drastically decreases its volume. This implosion causes noise and high levels
of erosion where the imploding bubbles contact the walls of a pipe, fitting,
pump, or valve. The noise that develops sounds similar to gravel flowing
through the system in the area where the cavitation is developing. Over time,
the erosion results in excessive wear; this eventually manifests itself as
pinhole leaking.
• Cross-Connection
• A cross-connection is an unsatisfactory connection or arrangement of piping
that can cause nonpotable water to enter the potable water system. A cross-
connection can cause used or contaminated water to mix with the water
supply. It is an unsanitary and potentially hazardous condition. For example, a
garden hose with one end immersed in a bucket of soapy water or in a
swimming pool are possible backflow conditions.
• Water Hammer
• a knocking in the pipes caused when faucets in the lower levels are shut off
abruptly or automatically
• the force exerted by the decelerating water causes the pipes to shake and
rattle
Plumbing Plan
Plumbing Plan
Plumbing Plan
Plumbing Plan
Plumbing Plan
Plumbing Plan
Plumbing Plan
Plumbing Plan
Plumbing Plan
Plumbing Plan
Plumbing Plan
Plumbing Plan
Plumbing Plan
Drain, Waste, Vent System

• SOIL DRAINAGE SYSTEM- The piping that conveys the discharge of water closets
or fixtures having similar functions (containing fecal matter), with or without the
discharges from other fixtures.
• STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM- The piping system that receives clear water
drainage from leaders, downspouts, surface run-off, ground water, subsurface water,
condensate water, cooling water or other similar discharges and conveys them to
the point of disposal. All sanitary wastes must be excluded.
• VENT SYSTEM- the piping system that receives a flow or air to or from a drainage
system or to provide a circulation of air within such system to protect trap seals from
siphonage or back pressure
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR A PROPERLY DESIGNED DRAINAGE SYSTEM

• A cleanout, easily accessible, shall be provided for inspection or cleaning of the pipe
run. The location of the cleanout shall be:
– At the upper end of every horizontal waste or soil pipe.
– At every change of horizontal direction of not more than 22.5degrees
– Within 1.5 m (5’) inside the property line before the house sewer connection
– At every 15m (50’) to a horizontal run of a soil or waste pipe
• All horizontal piping shall be run in practical alignment and at a uniform grade of not
less than 2% or 2 cm per meter toward the point of disposal.
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR A PROPERLY DESIGNED DRAINAGE SYSTEM

• All horizontal piping shall be supported and anchored at intervals not to exceed 3
meters.
• Vertical piping shall be secured at sufficiently close intervals to keep the pipe in
alignment. Stacks shall be properly supported at their bases.
Definition of Terms
• WASTE PIPE - conveys only wastewater or liquid waste free of fecal matter.
• SOIL PIPE- any pipe which conveys the discharge of water closet, urinal or fixtures
having similar functions, with or without the discharges from other fixtures to the
building drain or building sewer
• SOIL STACK PIPE- a vertical soil pipe conveying fecal matter and waste water.
• VENT PIPE - used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system and for
relieving the negative pressure exerted on trap seals
Definition of Terms
• VENT STACK- the vertical vent pipe installed primarily for providing circulation of air
to and from any part of the soil, waste of the drainage system
• SEPTIC TANK- A watertight covered receptacle designed and constructed to receive
the discharge of sewage from a building sewer, separate solids from the liquid,
digest organic matter and store digested solids the clarified liquids to discharge for
final disposal.
• PRIVATE SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM- a septic tank with the effluent discharging
into a subsurface disposal field, seepage pits or of such other facilities or may be
permitted by the plumbing code.
Module 7: Fire Safety on Buildings

Fire Safety on Buildings
Fire
• Fire is a combustion reaction that requires oxygen (air), heat, and a fuel.
Typically, a spark or flame ignites the fire, beginning the combustion
reaction. In order for combustion to continue, there must be sufficient heat
given off by the reaction and a proper blend of oxygen and fuel. The rate at
which a fire burns is dependent on the composition of the fuel, the surface
area of the fuel, the rate at which fuel absorbs heat, and the amount of
oxygen that is present.
Fire Triangle
• Fuels are materials that burn. The higher the temperature, the easier and
quicker they burn. Common fuels includes: (1) Solvents such as acetone,
alcohols, and toluene, (2) Gases such as acetylene and propane, (3)
Solids such as wood and paper
• Oxidizers: Oxygen or other substances capable of releasing oxygen to a
fire. Common oxidizers includes: (1) acids, especially nitric and perchloric
acids, (2) chlorine dioxide, (3) Others such as potassium permanganate
and potassium chlorate
• An ignition source can be: Spark, static electricity, arcs from electrical
equipment (faulty), lit cigarette, hot light bulb
Flash Point
• The lowest temperature at which sufficient vapors form above the liquid to
produce an ignitable mixture with air
Fire Classification
Fire Extinguisher
How does a fire extinguisher work?

Parts of a Fire extinguisher

Placement of fire extinguisher

Fire Alarm Systems

• Spark/Ember Detectors
• Flame Detectors
• Combination
• Radiant Energy (UV& IR)
• Smoke Detector (Ionization & Photoelectric)
• Heat Detectors (Fixed temperature & rate-of-rise)
Fire Alarm Systems

• Spark/Ember Detectors - Ember Detectors are designed to detect ember
with faster response and reliability. Specially designed to protect moving
objects like coal. Well suited for coal conveyor protection
Fire Alarm Systems

• Flame Detectors - is a sensor designed to detect and respond to the
presence of a flame or fire, allowing flame detection. Responses to a
detected flame depend on the installation, but can include sounding an
alarm, deactivating a fuel line (such as a propane or a natural gas line),
and activating a fire suppression system.
Fire Alarm Systems

• Radiant Energy (UV & IR) – used for long distances and accurate sensing
of flames using the fire’s ultraviolet and infrared properties
Fire Alarm Systems

• Smoke Detectors (Ionization) - Ionization-type smoke alarms have a
small amount of radioactive material between two electrically charged
plates, which ionizes the air and causes current to flow between the plates.
When smoke enters the chamber, it disrupts the flow of ions, thus reducing
the flow of current and activating the alarm.
Fire Alarm Systems

• Smoke Detectors (Photoelectric) - Photoelectric-type alarms aim a light
source into a sensing chamber at an angle away from the sensor. Smoke
enters the chamber, reflecting light onto the light sensor; triggering the
alarm.
Fire Alarm Systems

• Manual fire alarm activation - typically achieved through the use of a pull
station (USA & Canada) or call point (Europe, Australia, and Asia), which
then sounds the evacuation alarm for the relevant building or zone.
Automatic fire sprinkler system

• An automatic fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection system that
normally consists of a water supply, a series of interconnected pipes,
valves and heat activated fire sprinklers.
Basic components of fire sprinkler system

• STOP VALVE
• VALVE MONITOR
• ALARM VALVE
• AUTOMATIC FIRE SPRINKLER
• ALARM TEST VALVE
• MOTORISED ALARM BELL OR GONG
• PRESSURE SWITCH
• FLOW SWITCH
• JACKING PUMP
Types of Sprinkler System

• WET PIPE
• DRY PIPE
• DELUGE
• PRE-ACTION
• FOAM WATER SPRINKLER SYSTEM
• WATER MIST SYSTEM
Wet Pipe
• Wet type systems are the most common type of sprinkler system that is
installed.
• The wet pipe system is also the simplest and most reliable with easy
installation and low maintenance cost.
• A wet pipe system has water in the pipes in the ambient or normal
condition and has heat responsive elements on all sprinklers. Thus, water
is instantaneously discharged from a sprinkler when it activates.
Dry Pipe
• In areas where low temperatures could cause a wet pipe system to freeze,
a dry pipe system is intended for use.
• Dry pipe systems are pressurized with air in the ambient condition and
experience an inherent delay in the discharge of water to allow the
pressurized air in the system to escape.
• Usually contain larger pipes to compensate with the larger pressure
• Maintenance is more costly and complicated
Deluge
• Deluge systems are systems in which all sprinklers connected to the water
piping system are open, in which a heat or smoke sensor triggers first
which is separate from the sprinkler heads.
• These systems are used for special hazards where rapid fire spread is a
concern, as they provide a simultaneous application of water over the
entire hazard.
• Has a manual lever or switch
Pre-Action
• Has a two trigger activation system like Deluge systems
• This type of system provides added protection against false sprinkler head
activation
• Pre-action systems are used where it is not acceptable to have a sprinkler
activate unless there is a real threat of fire, i.e. for high value stock or
irreplaceable items, for example, archive material, libraries and computer
backup systems.
Foam
• A foam fire protection system should be used to protect buildings that
contain combustible materials and other hazards that a normal water-
based fire protection system could not suppress in the event of a fire.
• The foam system suppresses the fire by separating the fuel from the air.
These systems typically inject a concentrated foam mixture into a water-
based deluge system.
Water Mist
• A water mist system is a fire protection system which uses very fine water
sprays
• This type of system is typically used where water damage may be a
concern, or where water supplies are limited.
• This systems allows the cooling of both the flame and surrounding gases
by evaporation
Fire Pumps
• It is a part of a fire sprinkler system's water supply and powered by electric,
diesel or steam. The pump intake is either connected to the public
underground water supply piping, or a static water source (e.g., tank,
reservoir, lake). FIRE PUMPS should have its own electric generator, if it is
connected to the main generator of the building, it must have a Automatic
Transfer Switch to have a continuous and un interrupted supply of water.
• Components: Pump, Motor, Controllers, Jockey Pump, Water tank
Stand pipe system

• Standpipe System - are a series of pipe which connect a water supply to
hose connections, basically an extension of the fire hydrant system. They
are designed to provide a pre-piped water system for building occupants or
the fire department.
SECTION 10.2.6.5 of FCOTP

• All automatic sprinkler and standpipe systems required by this code shall
be inspected, tested, and maintained in accordance with NFPA 25,
Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water Based Fire
Protection Systems
• Sprinkler impairment procedures is also covered by NFPA 25
• The nearest fire station should be notified within 24 hours if a AFSS is out
of service for more than 4 hours in a 24-hour period and a fire watch
should be present

• Supervisory attachments shall be installed and monitored for integrity in
accordance with NFPA 72, a distinctive supervisory signal shall be
provided to indicate a condition that would impair the satisfactory operation
of the sprinkler system
• For alarm signal transmission where supervision of automatic sprinkler
systems is required, water flow alarms shall be transmitted to an approved,
proprietary alarm receiving facility, a remote station, a central station, or the
fire station

• Supervisory attachments shall be installed and monitored for integrity in
accordance with NFPA 72, a distinctive supervisory signal shall be
provided to indicate a condition that would impair the satisfactory operation
of the sprinkler system
• For alarm signal transmission where supervision of automatic sprinkler
systems is required, water flow alarms shall be transmitted to an approved,
proprietary alarm receiving facility, a remote station, a central station, or the
fire station
Module 8: Building Security

Building Security
Building Security
• A building security system can be thought of as a life-safety system. It can
assist in the safety of building occupant and business personnel because it
minimizes prohibited entry by unauthorized persons such as disgruntled
former employees, terrorists, or common criminals. It also prevents
damage that can result in building occupant injuries
• Building security must be approached in building design, selection of
materials used in the building, occupant control, and surveillance and
alarm systems.
Building Security
Initial Building Design

• Security issues in a building should be considered in the early planning and
architectural design stages. This will simplify the ensuing security system design,
decrease security costs, and reduce the potential for crimes to occur in the
building or building complex. All aspects of the design should be considered
including access routes, landscaping, signage, lighting, materials, colors,
entryways, and interior layouts.
• Designers of a building should pay particular attention to the locations of doors,
windows, loading docks, and money handling rooms. These areas should all be
easy to view from other surrounding areas and be well lit (as should elevators and
stairways). Ledges and exterior ornamentation that might allow people to climb up
the side of the building should be avoided. One of the best investments in terms
of security is the provision of high levels of illumination throughout the project.
Building Security
Different parts of building security systems

• Perimeter Protection
• Interior Protection
• Video and Audio Surveillance
• Control Panels and Centers
• Alarms
• Electronic Access Control Systems
• Security Personnel
• Emergency Power Systems
• Emergency Lighting
• Emergency Action Planning
Building Security
Perimeter Protection
• The first level of protection for any security system is perimeter protection.
Perimeter protection includes such areas as doors and windows.
• Alarm contacts, either the plunger or the magnetic type, can be installed on
doors and windows to protect against unauthorized entry. The plunger-
type contact is installed so that when the door or window is closed, a
plunger is pushed in, and when the door or window is opened, the plunger
pushes out, setting off the alarm. The magnetic-type contact consists of
two contacts that are surface mounted, so that when the door or window is
closed they make contact with each other, and when the door or window is
opened the magnets are separated, setting off the alarm.
• Other examples: fence, gates, facility walls, barriers
Building Security
Interior Protection
• Interior protection provides a backup to perimeter protection. This includes:
– Infrared (IR) motion detectors pick up body heat from any living being within the
protected areas. IR detectors can be strategically placed inside a space to provide this
kind of protection.
– Glass break detectors are digital microphones that have a range of up to 25 ft (8 m)
and can recognize the sound associated with breaking glass. Glass break detectors
can be installed near any window or pane of glass that can be broken by forced entry.
– Floor mat detectors will activate the alarm if stepped on. Common concealed locations
for the floor mat entry detector include under the rugs, inside all exterior doors, and
just below windows.
– Emergency immediate-response keys and pendents are used to summon aid in an
emergency. When pressed for 2 s, the emergency key or pendent will send an alarm to
the central monitoring station for immediate notification of the proper authorities.
Building Security
Video and Audio Surveillance

• Closed circuit television (CCTV) video surveillance systems can allow a small number of
security staff to monitor indoor areas of a building and the building site. A few basic
applications include loading docks, parking areas, areas of high shoplifting potential,
schools, casinos, and banking institutions
• Surveillance cameras serve as a way to monitor events and to provide a deterrent. On
remote control surveillance cameras, pan, tilt, and zoom capabilities can be controlled
from a central location. The signal is transmitted through a local area network or via the
Internet
Building Security
Control Panels and Centers

• To allow the occupant to leave and re-enter without sounding the alarm, an exit/entry
control panel is installed. It includes an outside key-operated switch and an inside switch
at the door. This type of control panel will sound the alarm if any attempt is made to
disconnect the outside wall plate. Indicator lights on the wall plate turn on when the
system is activated. Some exterior control panels are simply activated and de-activated by
an outside key-operated switch, with none of the protective features mentioned.
• In commercial installations, a main control panel performs more complex functions. It
consists of a keypad, video console, backup battery, and transformer. Remote sensing
devices are connected to the main panel. The system typically includes CCTV cameras
and monitors. On large installations, remote control panels are tactically positioned at
outlying locations. The main control panel and remote control panels are connected so
they can communicate with one another
Building Security
Alarms
• The alarm set off by the various systems may be a bell inside and/or outside the building,
a bell inside and a horn outside, a horn inside and/or outside, or a horn with a light
(beacon). In many locales, the alarm system can be connected directly to the fire or police
station.
Building Security
Electronic Access Control Systems
• Many large companies use electronic access control systems to control employee
entrance by identifying an authorized individual and allowing that person access to a
restricted area. Access control can deny an unauthorized employee or outsider access
into a restricted building or space. It also allows management to increase employee
productivity by preventing unrestricted traffic to different areas of the building. It can also
track employee movement through a building or room. The owner can recall this
information at a later time as the system can store this information in a database.
Commonly used:
– Insertion of a coded electronic cardkey into a wall-mounted receptacle that decodes the key and
activates the door lock only for the proper key.
– Photo identification requires the employee to punch a coded number on a keyboard. Within
seconds, a picture of the person who is assigned that code is flashed on the screen for the
guard to check
– Biometric identification, the latest technology, is the automatic assessment and recognition of a
unique body feature (e.g., fingerprint, eye and face recognition) or personal action (e.g., voice
recognition).
Building Security
Security Personnel
• Security guards are personnel that provide security in many buildings by serving as a
physical presence that tends to deter crime and improper activities. Guards are positioned
at strategic points in the facility so they have an overlapping view to monitor activities.
They might sit at a control desk near the main entrance to the building and monitor or
control access. The central console of surveillance equipment might be used to assist the
guard in monitoring events. Guards might also be used for occupant or vehicular traffic
control in emergency situations.
Building Security
Emergency Power Systems
• Lengthy or recurring power outages are an inconvenience because lighting, space
heating, and air conditioning and alarm systems no longer operate.
• Emergency power is electricity that is generated locally on a limited basis for the purpose
of supplying electricity to critical devices during a general power outage. Emergency
power can be provided by a backup battery system or emergency stand-by generator
system. Typically only small devices such as emergency lighting and alarm and
communication panels operate on battery backup systems.
• Emergency power systems consist of two major parts: a generator that produces
electricity and an engine that drives the generator. The generator can be switched on
manually or automatically.
Building Security
Emergency Lighting
• Emergency lights enable building occupants to safely escape the building in the event of a
power failure. Equipped with backup batteries, these lights are capable of powering exit
and emergency lights for more than an hour. Emergency lighting is a critical element of a
safety system in the event of a power failure. Emergency illumination is typically required
in all buildings where the exiting system serves an occupant load of 100 or more.
Building Security
Emergency Action Planning
• A building emergency action (BEA) plan provides for immediate, positive, and orderly
action to safeguard life and property in the event of any emergency or disaster (except
enemy attack). The BEA plan should address emergencies that the employer may
reasonably expect in the workplace. It establish policies, procedures, and an
organizational structure for response to emergencies and identifies the roles played by
various personnel.
• A building evacuation plan is a central part of the BEA plan that ensures orderly
evacuation of building occupants by establishing emergency escape procedures and
escape route assignments. A decision to evacuate is made by the designated leader of the
emergency management team based typically on the worst-case scenario of the incident
Building Security
Emergency Action Planning
Building Security
Building Security
Building Security
Building Security
Residential House
Precious Items Main Threats Security Needs
• Family • Intruders • Door and window lock
• Property • Domestic Workers • Trellis doors
• Vehicles • Electrical Faults • Intruder Alarm
• LPG • CCTV
Building Security
Building Security
School
• Students • Intruders • CCTV
• Books • Students • Intruder Alarm
• Furniture • Teachers • Fire Alarm
• Exam Papers • Other Employees • Physical Guards
• Computers • Fire
Building Security
Building Security
Retail
• Groceries • Petty Thieves • CCTV
• Cash • Employees • Fire alarm and
• Plastic Money • Intruders suppression
Transactions • Fire • Intruder Alarm
• Computers • Locks
Building Security
Building Security
Library and Museums

• Books • Library Users • Security Needs
• Computers • Fire • CCTV
• Furniture • Intruders • Fire detection,
suppression
• Alarms
• Locks
Building Security
Building Security
Office
• Computers • Employees • Guards
• Furniture • Intruders • Access Control
• Intellectual Property • Fire • CCTV
• Other Valuables • Intruder Alarm
• Fire detection and
suppression
Building Security
Building Security
Bank
• Cash • Robbers • CCTV
• People • Employees • Firewall
• Documents • Fire • Fire detection and
• Intellectual Property • Hackers suppression
• Valuable Items • Power Cut • Alarms
• Computers • Locks
• Furniture
Module 9: Building Conveying
Systems

Building Conveying Systems
Conveying Systems
• Building conveying systems mechanically move occupants and goods. In
most buildings, these systems include passenger and freight elevators,
dumbwaiters, escalators, moving ramps and walkways, and lifts for people
and wheelchairs. Business and industrial operations may require specially
designed material handling equipment (i.e., conveyors, chutes, and
pneumatic tube systems), hoists, cranes, and scaffolding. Facilities on
large sites may have monorails and other types of people movers
Elevators
• A lift or elevator is an appliance to transport men or material two or more
floors in a vertical direction by means of a guided car or platform. The
necessity of lifts in multi-storied building has been so well recognized that
no multi-storied building is planned without proper provision for elevator.
• It is in fact mandatory to install elevators in all buildings 24m in height
• The two basic types of elevator technologies are hydraulic and traction.
Hydraulic Elevators
• Hydraulic elevators use a fluid-driven hydraulic jack to lift the elevator car.
• Basic components of a hydraulic elevator system are shown below:
• It operates when the pump draws oil from the reservoir, pressurizes it, pushing the oil
through the oil line to the jack, and driving the elevator car upward. A release of fluid
through the control valve and back to the reservoir decreases oil pressure, which allows
the plunger and connected elevator car to move downward.
• Hydraulic jack
• Pump – powered by an electric motor that increases the
pressure in the hydraulic fluid
• Control valve - between the cylinder and reservoir controls
the pressure in the jack
• Fluid reservoir tank
Traction Elevator
• Traction elevators have a drive machine with an electric motor
and pulley-like (grooved) drive sheave that holds cables that
move the elevator car up or down
• Steel cables, called hoisting ropes, support the elevator and
counterweight during normal operation. There are typically 3 to
8 cables for each elevator
• The counterweight is a set of steel or iron plates fastened to
one end of the hoisting rope that counterbalances the car. It is
weighted to be equal to the car’s dead weight plus 40 to 50% of
car load capacity.
• Traction machine is an electric machine in which the friction
between the hoist ropes and the drive sheave is used to move
the elevator car with the cable
Basic Components of Elevator
• Elevator Car - also called a cage, is the load-carrying unit,
including the frame, enclosure, and car door.
• The platform is a flat, relatively horizontal framework to
which a car is mounted and on which passengers stand or
the load is placed
• The cab is a decorative room in which occupants ride in a
passenger elevator
• The elevator car moves vertically in a hoistway, which is
the shaft-like space in which the elevator travels. It is
enclosed by fireproof walls.
• Pit – space at the bottom of the hoistway under the car.
• Penthouse - the space between the top of the elevator
hoistway and the underside of the roof
• Landing - the portion of a floor, balcony, or platform used
to receive and discharge passengers or freight
• Hoistway doors - provide an opening in the hoistway to
allow passengers or freight to access the elevator car at a
landing.
Classification of elevators
• Passenger Elevator
• Freight Elevator
• Dumbwaiters
• Manlifts
Passenger Elevator
• Passenger elevators are designed to carry people and small packages.
They typically have capacities from 1500 to 5000 lb (680 to 2300 kg), in
500 lb (230 kg) increments. Passenger elevators are operated by the
passenger and have attractive interior finishes
Passenger Elevator
Passenger Elevator
Freight Elevator
• Freight elevators are used to carry material, goods, equipment, and
vehicles, rather than people. In many freight elevator installations,
passengers often accompany the freight, so they are governed by the
same safety requirements. Freight elevators are typically capable of
carrying heavier loads than a passenger elevator, generally from 5000 to
10 000 lb (2300 to 4500 kg), but can be up to 13 tons/26 000 lb (11 700 kg)
weight capacity.
Dumbwaiters
• Dumbwaiter is a small freight elevator used to transport lightweight freight
such as food, laundry, books, records, and other small items. Passengers
are not permitted on dumbwaiters. Dumbwaiters are generally driven by a
small electric motor with a counterweight or may be hand operated using a
roped pulley. They are generally limited to a capacity of about 750 lb (340
kg).
Manlift
• Manlift is an elevator installed in a variety of structures and locations to
provide vertical transportation of authorized personnel and their tools and
equipment only. These elevators are typically installed in structures such
as grain elevators, radio antennas and bridge towers, underground
facilities, dams, power plants, and similar structures
Escalator
• An escalator is a power-driven, continuously moving stairway system used
for transporting people. They can move in a linear or spiral (curved)
manner. Spiral escalators are designed to match the curve of a building.
They are used to move pedestrian traffic in places where elevators would
be impractical or less efficient
Escalator
• An escalator is a power-driven, continuously moving stairway system used
for transporting people. They can move in a linear or spiral (curved)
manner. Spiral escalators are designed to match the curve of a building.
They are used to move pedestrian traffic in places where elevators would
be impractical or less efficient
Escalator
• Escalators can be placed in the same physical space as stairs. They have
the capacity to move large numbers of people. In contrast to the elevator,
escalators have no waiting interval. As a result, they are typically used in
department stores, shopping malls, sporting arenas, stadiums, airports,
convention centers, hotels, subways, office complexes, and public
buildings. Factors that affect escalator design include physical
requirements (vertical and horizontal distance to be spanned), location,
traffic patterns, safety considerations, and aesthetic preferences
Basic Components of Escalator

• Drive unit is a machine that drives the escalator. It
is comprised of an electric motor, decelerator,
electromagnetic brake, V belt, sprocket, and other
components. It is powered by constant speed AC
electric motor
• The sprocket drive is comprised of wheels
installed at top and bottom (each end) to drive the
steps (pallets). The top sprocket drives the moving
steps, while the bottom sprocket turns the steps.
• The steps (pallets) are made from one-piece, die-
cast aluminum or steel. They serve as the moving
platform on which an escalator passenger rides
• The balustrade is the side of an escalator system.
It extends above the steps and includes skirt
panels, interior panels, decks, and handrails.
Basic Components of Escalator

• A moving handrail provides a handhold that riders
use for balance and safety on their ride up or
down. The handrail is powered by the same
system that powers the steps. It moves along the
top of the balustrade in synchronization with the
steps.
Escalator Arrangement
Walkways and Ramps

• A moving walkway is a power-driven, continuous, slow-moving conveyor
belt that transports people horizontally. They are also called moving
sidewalk, moving pavement, walkalator, and travelator. An inclined moving
walkway, also called a moving ramp or power ramp, is a moving walkway
that transports people on an incline, up to a 12° angle of inclination.
Moving walkways are more accessible to those in wheelchairs, as they are
usually thought easier to use than getting in and out of small elevators.
Walkways and Ramps

• There are two types of walkway technologies: pallet type and moving belt.
• Pallet-type walkway is a continuous series of flat metal plates, called
pallets, that are joined together to form a walkway. Usually there is a metal
or rubber surface (extra traction)
• Moving belt walkway systems are comprised of a mesh metal or rubber
belt with a rubber walking surface that move over metal rollers
Module 10: Acoustics in Building

Acoustics in Building
• Acoustics is the science of sound which assures the optimum conditions
for producing and listening to speech, music, etc.
• Acoustical design and construction is done for dissipation of the noises,
external and internal and insulation against sound
Sound Transmission in Buildings

• Sound may be transmitted through the air or through the structure.
Airborne sound is transmitted through air or gas as a medium rather than a
liquid or solid. Structure-borne sound is transmitted through a construction
assembly (e.g., wall, floor, and ceiling).
• Planning is required to reduce the transmission of sound from the exterior
to the interior and from room to room. Basically, in each space it is
necessary to keep the necessary sounds in and undesirable sounds out.
• Sound is not selective; it passes (transmits) through most building
materials and any openings, no matter how small. As sound passes
through building materials (walls, floors, and ceilings), its intensity is
reduced. The amount of reduction is dependent on the types of materials
and the construction used.
Sound Transmission in Buildings

• Sound passes more readily through lighter, more porous materials than
through heavy, dense, massive materials and assemblies of materials.
• The use of sound-absorbent materials on walls, ceilings, and floors will
increase the transmission of sound through the surface; that is, it will make
the room in which the sound originates quieter, but part of the sound will
travel to the surrounding rooms.
Factors to Consider in Acoustical Design in Buildings

• Surrounding Environment
• Arrangement of Layout
• Shape of Room
• Reflecting Surfaces
• Isolation of vibrations
• Isolation of Impact
• Isolation of sound
• Background noise
Surrounding Environment
• The surrounding environment should be carefully reviewed before a
building site is actually purchased and, once purchased, before planning
room arrangements and wall materials.
• Once a site has been selected, exterior noise problems can be reduced by
orienting the building on the site to reduce direct sound transmission and
reflective sound from surrounding buildings and equipment.
• Another method of sound reduction is to shield the building from major
noise sources using other buildings, barrier walls, and natural topography
and vegetation (e.g., berms and trees).
Surrounding Environment
• The general layout and design must consider existing or possible future
noises from surrounding areas. If there is an existing noise source (e.g.,
noisy equipment used in an existing building), the general layout of the
proposed building should place rooms that require quiet away from the
existing noise and from noisy rooms
Arrangement of Layout
• Noisy rooms should be separated from quiet rooms by as great a distance
as possible. The building layout should be designed so that rooms that are
not as susceptible to noise (e.g., closets and corridors) act as buffers
between those areas that contain noise sources and those that require
quiet
Arrangement of Layout
• The rooms from which the noise will originate should be located wherever
noise from exterior sources may be expected. Quiet areas should be
located as far as possible from exterior noise sources.
• For example, a conference room should not be placed next to
manufacturing areas or even noisy business machine areas or secretarial
pools. Sound travel between rooms must also be controlled by avoiding air
paths in the placement and design of doors and windows
Shape of Rooms
• The room proportions used will affect the sound reflection within the space.
• Room shapes to be avoided are long, narrow rooms or corridors with high
ceilings and rooms that are nearly cubical. Each of these room proportions
will cause excessive reverberation (sound reflection or echoing).
• Ceilings that are domed or vaulted (or any concave surfaces) tend to focus
the sound, causing it to be distorted. Large auditoriums with low ceilings
also create a situation in which it is difficult for some of the audience to
hear. Concave surfaces and large flat surfaces may be broken with
splayed areas in order to diffuse the reflection of sound and to direct the
sound as desired.
Absorbing Surfaces
• Sound is absorbed when it encounters a material that will convert some or all of it
into heat, or that allows it to pass through not to return.
• All walls, floors, ceilings, and furnishings have sound-absorbing characteristics
that control the amount of sound they reflect and absorb.
• If the surfaces in a room tend to be highly reflective, the room will seem loud, and
it may have a slight echo
• Acoustical tile is commonly used when a surface material with high absorption
characteristics is desired. Acoustical tile is most frequently used on ceilings, but is
also an economical wall covering.
Focusing Surfaces
• Reflected sound waves can be focused intentionally or inadvertently. A flat surface (i.e., a
wall) reflects sound better than an irregular surface, which tends to break up sound
waves. Reflection from large concave surfaces also focuses sound. Sounds near the
focus of a curved surface may be heard too loudly.
• Rough walls tend to diffuse sound, reflecting it in a variety of directions. This allows a
spectator to perceive sounds from every part of the room, making it seem lively and full.
• It is desirable to add some anti-focusing surfaces or devices called acoustical baffles and
banners, which are used to absorb reflected noise (reverberated sound) bouncing off
reflective walls, floors, or ceilings.
Isolation of Vibration
• Soft, resilient subfloor materials are often used under the wearing surface
of the floors and under the equipment to reduce the transfer of vibration
from the equipment to the structure
• Equipment located in the basement of a building may be placed on resilient
mounts and a concrete pad that is isolated, by expansion joints, from the
rest of the floor.
Isolation of Impact
• Impact sound is that sound caused when one object strikes another. Typical examples of
impact sound are footsteps, falling objects (such as shoes, toys, and machine parts), and
hammering.
• When a structure is rigid and continuous, the sound easily travels through it. Impact noise
is controlled most effectively by using absorptive materials (such as carpeting), by
isolating the noise sources (using discontinuous construction and by reducing flanking
Isolation of Sound
• The amount of airborne sound transmitted between rooms will depend on the materials
and methods used in the construction. Sound transmission through walls depends on the
mass (or unit weight) of the walls and on their inelasticity.
• Lead, as a dense material, works well in isolating sound. Massive, thick walls provide
excellent sound barriers, but economically there is a point of diminishing returns
• Building frame walls with staggered studs and with blanket sound insulation between the
outer wall surfaces is a good method of sound control.
Sound Masking
• Sound masking is the addition of natural or artificial sound of a different frequency into an
environment to mask or cover-up noise.
• Sound masking reduces or eliminates awareness of existing noise in a specific area. It
can make a work environment more comfortable and more productive by creating speech
privacy and making workers less distracted
• An effective method of sound masking is to introduce background sound within the room.
White noise, a type of background noise that is produced by combining sounds of all
different frequencies together into an unintelligible sound, may be introduced into the
space.

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Module 1: Introduction to Plumbing,

Water Supply Systems,

University of Batangas – Civil Engineering Faculty

Major Components of Plumbing System

• Plumbing fixtures, devices and appurtenances shall be supplied with water

• Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use the minimum quantity of

• All piping shall be of durable NAMPAP-approved materials, free from

• All plumbing fixtures shall be installed properly spaced, to be accessible for

• Water Sources - A supply of good water is more important to human

• Groundwater - Groundwater seeps through

• Water Supply Systems - In large metropolitan areas, most of the drinking

• Water Supply Systems - In large metropolitan areas, most of the drinking

• Fittings - A variety of fittings must be used to connect pipe lengths and

• Reducer - straight fitting used to decrease the diameter in a pipe in a water

• Adapters - Adapters are used in a supply system where threaded pipe is

• Globe Valve - manual, compression-type valve, commonly used where

• A plumbing fixture is an approved receptacle, device, or appliance that

• Water Closet - plumbing fixture used to receive human excremental and to

• Kitchen Sink - a plumbing fixtures usually consisting of a basin with a water

• Research about the history of plumbing

The Elements of the Water Supply and Distribution System are:

• Water (Street) Main – A water supply pipe for

• Upfeed Distribution System

University of Batangas – Civil Engineering Faculty

The Elements of the Water Supply and Distribution System are:

• Water (Street) Main – A water supply pipe for

• Upfeed Distribution System

University of Batangas – Civil Engineering Faculty

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR A PROPERLY DESIGNED DRAINAGE SYSTEM

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR A PROPERLY DESIGNED DRAINAGE SYSTEM

University of Batangas – Civil Engineering Faculty

How does a fire extinguisher work?

Parts of a Fire extinguisher

Placement of fire extinguisher

Fire Alarm Systems

Fire Alarm Systems

Fire Alarm Systems

Fire Alarm Systems

Fire Alarm Systems

Fire Alarm Systems

Fire Alarm Systems

Automatic fire sprinkler system

Basic components of fire sprinkler system

Types of Sprinkler System

Stand pipe system

SECTION 10.2.6.5 of FCOTP

SECTION 10.2.6.5 of FCOTP

SECTION 10.2.6.5 of FCOTP

University of Batangas – Civil Engineering Faculty

Initial Building Design

Different parts of building security systems

Video and Audio Surveillance

Control Panels and Centers

Library and Museums

University of Batangas – Civil Engineering Faculty

Basic Components of Escalator

Basic Components of Escalator

Walkways and Ramps

Walkways and Ramps

University of Batangas – Civil Engineering Faculty