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    Hybridization 1

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    Yordanos Getnet

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    Hybridization 1

    Uploaded by

    Yordanos Getnet
    27 views36 pages

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    27 views36 pages

    Hybridization 1

    Uploaded by

    Yordanos Getnet

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 36

    Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals

    (Chapter 1 in the Klein text)


    Basic Ideas

    The atomic structures, from the Periodic Table, of atoms such


    as C, N, and O do not adequately explain how these atoms
    use orbitals to form bonds

    A hybridization model has therefore been developed in order


    to explain real structures, for example how all of the bond
    lengths and angles are equivalent in CH4 (methane)
    Why do we need this idea?
    Consider water:

    Facts: O-H bond lengths are equivalent; lone pairs are equivalent
    Looking at the atoms that make H2O
    Each H atom has a single electron and is 1s1

    The O atom has 8 total electrons and is 1s2 2s2 2px2 2py1 2pz1

    The two lone pairs on O (2s2 and 2px2) here are not the same but
    they are equivalent in H2O, therefore we cannot use this atomic
    structure of O to make water – we have to modify it
    Manipulating the Atomic Orbitals on O

    We can translate the electronic structure to make it easier to see


    The Hybridization Model for O

    The lone pairs are not the same here so we need to modify the
    ground state picture to better match how O bonds in H2O:
    Building the Model

    The blue horizontal lines represent the orbitals and the red arrows
    are the electrons occupying these orbitals
    Building the sp3 Model

    Here we manipulate by mixing (hybridizing) the s and p orbitals


    from the ground state configuration to give four sp3 orbitals:
    The sp3 Model
    Some things to notice about sp3 orbitals:
    Populating the Orbitals
    We now have two equivalent lone pairs (sp3) and two half-filled
    orbitals (sp3) that will make sigma bonds with H atoms in H2O
    The sp3 model in H2O
    Remember that these are atomic orbitals on O and that they
    must overlap with 1s orbitals from H to give H2O
    Hybrid orbital patterns
    There are only three orbital patterns that you need to know in the
    Organic Chemistry sequence
    The sp3 picture for C, N and O
    If there are no pi bonds, sp3 hybrid orbitals are used
    The sp3 picture for Carbon
    The four sp3 orbitals from C project to the four corners of a
    regular tetrahedron
    Examples of sp3 hybrid atoms
    As examples, each of the C, N and O atoms in these molecules
    are sp3 hybridized – all single bonds!
    Orbitals of sp2 hybrid atoms
    The sp2 picture has to accommodate a pi bond by leaving one p
    orbital unchanged
    Hybrid orbitals contribute to sigma bonds
    Notice that the hybrid (sp2) orbitals go to make single (sigma)
    bonds and the left over p orbital goes to the pi bond
    Overlap of sp2 hybrid atoms
    Two sp2 hybrid C atoms overlap in ethylene, H2C=CH2
    Examples of sp2 hybrid atoms
    As examples, each of the highlighted C, N and O atoms in these
    molecules are sp2 hybridized – 1 pi bond!
    The sp hybrid picture
    When two pi bonds are formed by a C or N atom, sp hybrid
    orbitals are used
    The sp hybrid orbitals : sigma bonds
    Notice that the hybrid (sp) orbitals go to make single (sigma)
    bonds and the left over p orbitals go to the pi bonds
    The sp hybrid orbitals : alkynes
    Notice that the hybrid (sp) orbitals go to make single (sigma)
    bonds and the left over p orbitals go to the pi bonds
    Examples of sp hybrid atoms
    As examples, each of the highlighted C, N and atoms in these
    molecules are sp hybridized – 2 pi bonds!
    Examples of hybridization : 1
    Which atom and hybridization pattern does this picture represent?
    Examples of hybridization : 1 answer
    Which atom and hybridization pattern does this picture represent?

    sp2 hybrid Nitrogen


    Examples of hybridization : 2
    Which atom and hybridization pattern does this picture represent?
    Examples of hybridization : 2 answer
    Which atom and hybridization pattern does this picture represent?

    sp hybrid Carbon
    Examples of hybridization : 3
    Which atom and hybridization pattern does this picture represent?
    Examples of hybridization : 3 answer
    Which atom and hybridization pattern does this picture represent?

    sp3 hybrid Oxygen


    Examples of hybridization : 4
    Indicate the sp hybrid atom in the following molecule
    Examples of hybridization : 4 answer
    Indicate the sp hybrid atom in the following molecule
    Examples of hybridization : 5
    Indicate the sp3 hybrid atom in the following molecule
    Examples of hybridization : 5 answer
    Indicate the sp3 hybrid atom in the following molecule
    Examples of hybridization : 6
    Indicate the sp2 hybrid atoms in the following molecule
    Examples of hybridization : 6 answer
    Indicate the sp2 hybrid atoms in the following molecule
    Hybridization models
    You can now apply these patterns to any organic molecule

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