MTR 354 LIGHTING

SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I

Rev. Engr. Patrick Atsu Agbemabiese (PhD)

Objectives
• The course is intended to provide knowledge on the structure and
mode of action of optical elements based on geometric optical and
descriptions.
• Students are in a position to control simple optical laws and their
application or the effect of simple optical effects and methods in the art.
Course Content
• Lighting technology I
• Colorimetry Technical Optics I
• Optical materials and absorption
• Simple optical elements
• Simple aberrations
Lighting technology I

• Conventional light sources, optical materials, radiometry, photometry

What is light?
Representation of light- depending on
which features we wish to emphasize
QUALITY OF LIGHT
• Monochromatic—waves having the same wavelength or vibrational frequency (the same color).
• Polarized—waves whose E vectors vibrate in planes that are parallel to one another.
• The E vectors of rays of sunlight reflected off a sheet of glass are plane parallel and are said to
be linearly polarized.
• Coherent—waves of a given wavelength that maintain the same phase relationship while traveling
through space and time (laser light is coherent, monochromatic, and polarized).
• Collimated—waves having coaxial paths of propagation through space—that is, without
convergence or divergence, but not necessarily having the same wavelength, phase, or state of
polarization. The surface wavefront at any point along a cross-section of a beam of collimated light
is planar and perpendicular to the axis of propagation.
Electromagnetic radiation
• Electromagnetic radiation is a form of transmitted energy.
• Electromagnetic radiation is so-named because it has electric and
magnetic fields that simultaneously oscillate in planes mutually
perpendicular to each other and to the direction of propagation through
space.
• Electromagnetic radiation exhibits the dual nature: it has wave
properties and particulate properties.
Electromagnetic radiation as a traveling
wave.
Shorter wave and longer wave
Electromagnetic waves
LIGHT AND LIGHTING
• Light is a natural agent (electromagnetic wave) that stimulates
sight and makes things visible.
• It is a portion in the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to
human eye. Its wavelengths range from around 380 to 750
nanometers. It lies between the infrared and ultra violet range of
the spectrum.
• Lighting on the other hand is the planned and calculated use of
light to capture visuals with desired effect (level of illumination
or shadow).
Importance of Lighting
• It is the backbone of photography or television production.
light sources
• An object that emits light is called a source of light.
• In the context of photography and audio-visual production, light
sources can be classified into two main categories:
• Natural Light Source
• Artificial Light Source
light sources
• Natural Light Sources:
• These light sources are available in nature. The Sun is the main source
of natural light. The Moon is also considered a natural light source that
provides light at night. However, if we think technically, the Moon does
not emit light. It only reflects the sunlight.
• The Sun is used as the main light source in outdoor photography or
television production. You can use different reflectors to reflect sunlight
to illuminate different parts of your frame
Conventional light sources
Basic concepts of Optics-Reflection
Basic concepts of Optics-Reflection
Basic concepts of Optics-Refraction(snell’s
Law)
Basic concepts of Optics-Refraction(snell’s
Law)
Basic concepts of Optics-Refraction(snell’s
Law)
 Snell’s law
 Willebrord Snell, a Dutch astronomer, discovered that there
was a relationship between the refractive indices of the
materials and the sine of the angles. He made this discovery in
the year 1621. Snell’s law states the relationship as;

 Calculate the angle shown as φ2 if the first material has a

refractive index of 1.51 and the angle of incidence is 38° and
the second material has a refractive index of 1.46.

Fresnel reflection Application
• The return of the Fresnel reflection from the end of a fiber gives us a
convenient and accurate method of measuring its length. Imagine a
situation in which we have a drum of fiber optic cable marked 5 km.
Does the drum actually contain 5 km? or 4.5 km? or is it in five separate
lengths of 1 km? It is inconvenient, to say the least, to uncoil and
measure all fiber as it is delivered.
• The solution is to make use of Fresnel reflection that will occur from the
far end. We send a short pulse of light along the fiber and wait for the
reflection to bounce back. Since we can calculate how fast the light is
traveling and can measure the time interval, the length is easily
established.
• This magic is performed by an instrument called an optical time
domain reflectometer (OTDR),
optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR),
optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR),
optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR),
optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR),
optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR),
optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR),
optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR),
Critical angle
 As the angle of incidence in the first material is increased, there will come a
time when, eventually, the angle of refraction reaches 90° and the light is
refracted along the boundary between the two materials. The angle of
incidence which results in this effect is called the critical angle.
 We can calculate the value of the critical angle by assuming the angle of
refraction
• to be 90° and transposing Snell’s law:

 A light ray is traveling in a transparent material of refractive index 1.51 and

approaches a second material of refractive index 1.46. Calculate the critical
angle.
solution
 Total internal reflection
• The critical angle is well-named
as its value is indeed critical to
the operation of optic fibers.
• However, if the light approaches
the boundary at an angle greater
than the critical angle, the light is
actually reflected from the
boundary region back into the
first material. The boundary
region simply acts as a mirror.
This effect is called total internal
reflection (TIR).
• Any ray launched at an angle
greater than the critical angle will
be propagate along the optic
fiber
Total internal reflection
Application of total internal reflection-optical
fiber
Dispersion
Dispersion of light through a prism
Transmission
Absorption
Absorption
Diffusion (scattering)
Filtering
Basic Radiometric and Photometric Principles
Basic Radiometric
• Radiometry is the measurement of optical radiation, which is
electromagnetic radiation in the frequency range between 3 x 1011
Hz and 3 x 1016 Hz.
• This range corresponds to wavelengths between 10 nm and 1000
mm, and includes the regions commonly called the ultraviolet, the
visible, and the infrared.
• Typical radiometric units include watt (radiant flux), watt per
steradian (radiant intensity), watt per square meter (irradiance), and
watt per square meter per steradian (radiance).
Photometric Principles
• Photometry is the measurement of light, which is defined as
electromagnetic radiation detectable by the human eye.
• It is thus restricted to the visible region (wavelength range from 360 nm to
830 nm), and all the quantities are weighted by the spectral response of
the eye.
• Photometry uses either optical radiation detectors constructed to mimic
the spectral response of the eye, or spectroradiometry coupled with
appropriate calculations for weighting by the spectral response of the eye.
• Typical photometric units include lumen (luminous flux), candela
(luminous intensity), lux (illuminance), and candela per square meter
(luminance)
Radiometry
• Radiometry is the science of measuring electromagnetic radiation in
terms of its power, polarization, spectral content, and other
parameters relevant to a particular source or detector configuration.
• An instrument which measures optical radiation is called a
radiometer
• A radiometer will have as its essential component a detector or
sensor of the optical radiation and, with it, associated optical and
electronic elements to generate a signal that is representative of the
quantity being monitored.
• The earth remote-sensing community relies upon complex
radiometric systems to explore the earth’s radiation budget, to
monitor land and ocean environmental health, and to explore global
climate change issues
Basic Radiometric and Photometric Principles
Colorimetry Technical Optics I
• Fundamentals of Optics, description forms of light, Relationship
between refractive index and electrical and magnetic field constant,
Geometric optics, light rays as Fresnel reflection,
Laws of Reflection
• First law

• Second law

Refraction
and
reflection of
a ray at a
• Snell’s Law dielectric
plane
interface
Rectilinear propagation of light
Refractive index
Optical path
Optical path
Refraction of a ray at a dielectric
interface, 3D-geometry
Simple optical elements
• The property of an optical system in which all rays that are
emitted by an object at point O meet in an image at point O’ is
called optical imaging.
types of lenses
Single Lens
• A lens in the classical sense is a combination of two spherical
interfaces with a medium in between which has a different
refractive index from either or both of the outer media. The
connecting line of the two centers of curvature determines the
optical axis of symmetry.
• The primary parameters of a lens are
1. Radii of curvature r , r of the surfaces
1 2

2. Thickness d measured along the optical axis, which defines the two
vertex points
3. Diameter D
4. Refractive index n of the medium.
negative
Virtual imaging by a negative lens for a
real object position
imaging through a single thin lens
imaging through a single thin lens
• For simplification we first consider a thin lens whose optical
effect can be imagined as taking place in the plane of the lens.
• The distances from the focal points to the lens are called the
focal lengths f and f’ , respectively.
• Furthermore, y is the object height measured perpendicular to
the axis and y’ is the corresponding image height.
• The distances of object and image positions from the lens are
labelled s and s’.
Focal length and image formation
• A positive lens with a focal length of f’ > 0 produces a real
image as long as the distance of the object from the vertex is
greater than the focal length.
• A negative lens with a focal length f’ < 0 always produces a
virtual image for real object positions
Different regions of image formation with
a single lens.
Thick lens
Magnification
Terminology of the Newton imaging
equation.
Terminology of the Newton imaging
equation.
positions of the principal points
of a system consisting of two lenses.
collimator
• collimator, device for changing the diverging light or other radiation
from a point source into a parallel beam.
• This collimation of the light is required to make specialized
measurements in spectroscopy and in geometric and physical optics.
• An optical collimator consists of a tube containing a convex lens at
one end and an adjustable aperture at the other, the aperture being
in the focal plane of the lens.
• Radiation entering the aperture leaves the collimator as a parallel
beam, so that the image can be viewed without parallax.
Applications-microscopy
• The specimen on the microscope stage is examined by the
objective lens, which produces a magnified real image of the
object in the image plane of the ocular.
• When looking in the microscope, the ocular acting together with
the eye’s cornea and lens projects a second real image onto the
retina, where it is perceived and interpreted by the brain as a
magnified virtual image about 25 cm in front of the eye.
• For photography, the intermediate image is recorded directly or
projected as a real image onto a camera.
The compound light microscope
Optical materials and absorption
• glasses, polymers, Normal and anomalous dispersion, the Abbe
number and the Abbe diagram, Meier coefficients
Optical materials and absorption
• In principle, optical materials can be divided into reflective and
transmissive media.
• The transmissive materials can be further subdivided into:
1. Glasses.
2. Crystals.
3. Plastics.
4. Liquids.
5. Gases.
6. Glues and cements.
• Moreover, there are special applications within physical and
non-linear optics, which require very special material properties.
Dispersion
Dispersion curve
Wavelengths
• In optical design usually at least one main wavelength and two
secondary colors are used for chromatic characterization.
• The primary color should be in the centroid of the spectrum
used (in the visible range this is generally green).
• The two secondary colors are used for evaluation in the
direction of the red and the blue edges of the spectrum,
respectively.
• There are two variants in the visible range which are common
for the choice of wavelength, which are listed in table
Maxwell’s equation
Maxwell’s equations
Simple aberrations
• In geometrical optics, the ray aberrations are the primary quality
criteria for an optical system.
• In the ideal case all rays emanating from a point object should
intersect precisely at the point image.
• Such stigmatic or geometrical images, which are entirely
aberration-free, are possible only for special configurations
Simple aberrations
• Aberrations of a simple lens. (a) Chromatic aberration: Parallel
incident rays of different wavelength are focused at different
locations.
• (b) Spherical aberration: Incident rays parallel to the optic axis and
reaching the center and the periphery of the lens are focused at
different locations.
• (c) Coma: Off-axis rays passing through the center and periphery of
the lens are focused at different locations.
• (d) Astigmatism: An off-axis aberration causes waves passing
through the vertical and horizontal diameters to focus an object point
as a streak.
Refences
• Illumination fundamentals-Alma