VITAMINS

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

Vitamins
 Essential, non-caloric, Vitamins C (ascorbic acid)
organic nutrients needed in Vitamin B - complex
tiny amounts in the diet to ● B1 - thiamine
perform specific functions ● B2 - riboflavin
that promote growth, ● B3 - niacin / nicotinic Acid
reproduction, and the ● B4 - Choline
maintenance of health and ● B5 - pantothenic acid
life. ● B6 - pyridoxine
● B7 - biotin
2 Characteristics that distinguish ● B9 - folacin/ folic acid/folate
vitamins from energy nutrients: ● B12-cyanocobalamine/ cobalamine

1. Do not yield energy when VITAMIN B COMPLEX

broken down, but assist the
enzymes that release energy (TaRa Na Cat PaPuntang Baguio
from CHO, fat and CHON Flower Capital)
● B1 - Thiamine
2. Needed in much smaller ● B2 - Riboflavin
amounts than the energy ● B3 - Niacin / nicotinic Acid
nutrients (macronutrients) ● B4 - Choline
● B5 - Pantothenic acid
Classification of Vitamins ● B6 - Pyridoxine
● B7 - Biotin
Water soluble vitamins ● B9 - Folacin/ folic acid/folate
 dissolve or disperse in water. ● B12- Cyanocobalamine/ cobalamine

Fat soluble vitamins VITAMIN C (ascorbic acid)

 dissolve in fatty tissues or
substances.  Ascorbic Acid (active form,
means no scurvy)
Hyperthermia – high temperature  Functions as an antioxidant
Hypothemia – low temperature and as a coenzyme
Water Soluble Vitamins – B & C  As an antioxidant, protects
Fat Soluble Vitamins – A,D,E,K folate, vitamin E and
Vitamin C – ascorbic acid polyunsaturated substances
-ASM
 (PUFA) from destruction by and bleeding from the skin
oxygen as they move may occur
throughout the body.
 May reduce the risk of cancer VITAMIN B1 (Thiamine)
development and enhances
the absorption of IRON/ THIAMINE (B1)- serves as
ferrous sulfate coenzyme and has a role in nerve
 Reduces the severity and functioning related to muscle actions.
duration of cold and allergy Central role in the metabolism of
symptoms by reducing blood CHO
histamine concentrations Coenzymes - a small molecule that
 RDA- 90mg for men, 75mg works with an enzyme to promote the
for women(RDA - enzyme's activity
recommended daily Recommended Intake: 1.2mg/day
allowances) for men. 1.1mg/day for women
 The metabolic use of Food sources: Lean Pork Chops, Fish
smokers is twice that of (Salmon), Flax Seeds, Navy Beans,
nonsmokers Green Peas, Firm Tofu, Brown Rice,
 Destroyed by air, light and Acorn Squash, Asparagus, Mussels
heat
 Food sources: guavas, VITAMIN B1
kiwifruits, bell peppers, (Thiamine) deficiency
strawberries, oranges,
papaya, broccoli, tomatoes, Thiamine deficiency is a medical
Snow peas and Kale condition of low levels of thiamine
(vitamin B1). A severe and chronic
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) deficiency form is known as beriberi.

Scurvy There are two main types in adults:

wet beriberi, and dry beriberi.
 is a disease resulting from a
lack of vitamin C (ascorbic
acid). Early symptoms of Wet beriberi
deficiency include weakness,  affects the cardiovascular
feeling tired and sore arms system resulting in a fast
and legs. Without treatment, heart rate, SOB, and leg
decreased red blood cells, swelling.
gum disease, changes to hair,

-ASM
Dry beriberi Prominent signs and symptoms of
 affects the nervous resulting WKS
in numbness of the hands and  double vision
feet, confusion, trouble  a drooping upper eyelid
moving the legs, and pain.  up-and-down or side-to-side
eye movements
VITAMIN B1  loss of muscle coordination
(Thiamine) deficiency  a confused mental status

A form with loss of appetite and VITAMIN B2 (RIBOFLAVIN)

constipation may also occur.  Main function is a coenzyme
Another type, acute beriberi, is found in the release of energy from
mostly in babies and presents with nutrients in every cell of a
loss of appetite, vomiting, lactic body.
acidosis, changes in heart rate, and  Prevents migraine, supports
enlargement of the heart. eye health, prevents and
Risk factors include a diet of mostly treats anemia, helps maintain
white rice, as well as alcoholism, energy level, antioxidant and
dialysis, chronic diarrhea, and cancer prevention, protects
taking high doses of diuretics. hair and skin.
 RDA - 1.3mg/day for men
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome and 1.1 mg/day Women
(WKS)
 Food sources: 1: Beef (Skirt
 is a neurological disorder. Steak), Fortified Tofu, Low-
Wernicke's encephalopathy
Fat Milk, Salmon,
and Korsakoff's psychosis are
Mushrooms, Lean Pork
the acute and chronic phases,
Chops, Spinach, Almonds,
respectively, of the same
Avocados, Eggs
disease. WKS is caused by a
deficiency in the B vitamin
VITAMIN B2
thiamine. Thiamine plays a
(Riboflavin) Deficiency
role in metabolizing glucose
Ariboflavinosis
to produce energy for the
 the name for a group of
brain. WKS is a form of dry
symptoms associated with
beriberi.
Riboflavin deficiency
Skin lessions (seborrheic dermatitis)
cheilosis
glossitis
-ASM
Seborrheic Dermatitis cause serious side effects if
 is a common skin condition you take large doses.
that mainly affects the scalp.  Heat-resistant = less
It causes scaly patches, red vulnerable to losses during
skin and stubborn dandruff. food preparation and storage
Seborrheic dermatitis can than other water-soluble
also affect oily areas of the vitamins
body, such as the face, upper  To form 1 mg of Niacin, 60
chest mg of tryptophan is needed
 RDA- 16mg NE for men and
Cheilosis 14 mg NE for women
 A deficiency of Riboflavin  Food sources: Tuna
characterized by sores on the (Yellowfin), Lean Chicken
lips and cracks at the corners Breast, Lean Pork Chops,
of the mouth; Beef (Skirt Steak), Portabella
Mushrooms, Brown Rice,
Glossitis Peanuts (Dry Roasted),
 (inflammation of the tongue); Avocados, Green Peas, Sweet
Dermatitis; and eye strain in Potatoes
the form of itching, burning
and eye fatigue. VITAMIN B3 (Niacin/ Nicotinic
acid) deficiency

VITAMIN B3 Pellagra
(Niacin/ Nicotinic acid)  niacin-deficiency dse.
 Participates in the energy  widespread in US in the 20th
metabolism of every body century among people who
cell. subsisted on a low-protein
 Unique because the body can diet with staple grain of corn
make it from protein S/Sx of Pellagra
 Amino acid tryptophan can "the four D's": diarrhea, dermatitis,
be converted to niacin dementia and death
 As a supplement, niacin may  Diarrhea: damage to Gl tract
help lower cholesterol, ease affects digestion, absorption
arthritis and boost brain and excretion of food,
function, among other leading to glossitis, vomiting
benefits. However, it can also and diarrhea.

-ASM
  Dementia: confusion,  Improving cystic fibrosis
anxiety, insomnia and symptoms
paranola develop
 Dermatitis: A symmetric VITAMIN B5
scaly rush occurs only on (Pantothenic acid)
skin exposed to the sun  Part of coenzyme A required
for the metabolism of
PELLAGRA carbohydrates, fats and
 Dermatologic features of this protein
disorder include:  Adequate intake- 5mg/day
desquamation, erythema,  No deficiency occur in
scaling, and keratosis of humans
sun-exposed areas. "Na-  Toxicity- 10-20g daily doses
Pellagra" may produce diarrhea and
water retention, fatigue, sleep
VITAMIN B4 (CHOLINE) disturbances, nausea, poor
 For the synthesis of coordination
acetylcholine and lecithin  Food sources: Shiitake
 Can be produced from the Mushrooms, Salmon,
amino acid methionine by Avocados, Lean Chicken
the body (but not enough to Breast, Beef (Skirt Steak),
meet needs of the body) Sunflower Seeds, Whole
 Al - 550 mg/day for men, Milk, Lean Pork Chops,
425mg/day for women Sweet Potatoes, Lentils
 Sources are: Lean Chicken
Breast, salmon, lean pork VITAMIN B6
chops, eggs, beef steak, (Pyridoxine)
shrimp, navy beans, low-fat  The three main members are
milk, broccoli, peas pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and
 Improving memory and pyridoxamine. All three
cognition. Choline is an forms can be converted to the
essential nutrient for brain coenzyme pyridoxal
development phosphate (PLP) for use in
 Protecting heart health the body.
 Boosting metabolism  Act as coenzyme in the
 Reducing the risk of metabolism of amino acids
pregnancy complications and proteins.

-ASM
  Are involved in the formation VITAMIN B6
of neurotransmitters and are (Pyridoxine) toxicity
essential for proper nervous  Ataxia - loss of control of
system functioning. body movements
 Essential for hemoglobin  Sensory neuropathy- pain,
synthesis tingling, weakness or
 Required for the conversion numbness. It occurs if the
of tryptophan to niacin body's sensory nerves
 Serves as a coenzyme for become damaged.
fatty acid and carbohydrate  Pyridoxine overdose causes
metabolism. a sensory neuropathy
 RDA- 1.3 mg/day for men characterized by poor
and women coordination, numbness, and
 Food sources: Salmon, Lean decreased sensation to touch,
Chicken Breast, Fortified temperature, and vibration.
Tofu, Lean Pork Chops, Beef Several hereditary conditions
(Skirt Steak), Sweet Potatoes, disrupt pyridoxine
Bananas, Potatoes,Avocados, metabolism, including
Pistachio Nuts pyridoxine-dependent
epilepsy and pyridoxamine
VITAMIN B6 5'-phosphate oxidase
(Pyridoxine) deficiency deficiency (PNPOD).
 Rarely occurs alone,
normally accompanies low VITAMIN B7 (BIOTIN)
intake of other B vitamins.  Acts as a coenzyme that
 Symptoms include dermatitis, carries carbon dioxide from
altered nerve function, one compound to another
weakness, poor growth,  Synthesized in the lower Gl
convulsions, and microcytic tract by bacterial
anemia (small red blood cells microorganism
deficient in hemoglobin)  Plays an important role in
 Peripheral neuritis - carbohydrate, fat and protein
inflammation of one or more metabolism.
peripheral nerves.  It helps in the healthier
looking skin, hair and nails.
 RDA-30mcg/day
 Sources are liver, peanut
butter, egg yolks and yeast.
-ASM
VITAMIN B7 (BIOTIN)  RDA – 400mcg/day for men
Deficiency and women
 Scaly red skin rash, hair loss,  600 mcg/day during
loss of appetite, depression pregnancy
and glossitis.  Decrease the risk of heart
 There is no known toxicity of disease. Higher intake may
Biotin reduce the risk of Colorectal
Ca among women.
VITAMIN B9  Food sources: Edamame
(Folacin / Folic acid/ folate) (Green Soybeans), Lentils,
 Consists of several similar Asparagus, Spinach,
compounds Broccoli, Avocados, Mangos
 The form is found naturally Lettuce, Sweet Corn,
in foods . Oranges
 Folic acid is a synthetic form
used in vitamin supplements VITAMIN B9 (folacin /folic acid/
and for food fortification. folate) deficiency
This is more available for
absorption in the body. Neural Tube Defects
 Acts as a coenzvme  An opening in the spinal cord
metabolism or brain that occurs very
 For the synthesis of DNA, early in human development.
RNA and formation of heme Malformations of the brain,
portion of hemoglobin. spinal cord, or both during
 Proper formation of fetal embryonic development.
neural tubes. 2 Main Types of NTD:
 Folic acid (vitamin B9) a.Spina Bifida - "split spine"
works with vitamin B12 and b. Anencephaly -"no brain"
vitamin C to help the body
break down, use, and make Megaloblastic anemia
new proteins. The vitamin  a form of anemia
helps form red and white characterized by large RBCs
blood cells. It also helps that cannot carry oxygen
produce DNA, the building properly.
block of the human body,  Other deficiency symptoms
which carries genetic are glossitis, diarrhea,
information. irritability, absent

-ASM
 mindedness, depression and related folate dysfunction),
anxiety. brain, optic and peripheral
 Folate Toxicity- may mask nerve damage from loss of
Pernicious Anemia (poor myelin sheath
RBC production)  Neuropsychiatric symptoms
including delusions and
VITAMIN B12 hallucinations
(Cyanocobalamine) FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS
 Has a role in folate  Usually occur together in fats
metabolism by modifying and oils of foods
folate coenzymes to active  Stored in the liver and fatty
forms to support metabolic tissues
functions (DNA and RNA  Not readily excreted –
synthesis TOXICITY
 Metabolism of fatty acids and  Excesses from supplements
amino acids can reach toxic levels easily
 Maintains myelin sheath that
surround and protect nerve VITAMIN A
fibers  Retinol
 In conjunction with B6 and  Beta - carotene
folate, reduce the levels of VITAMIN D (ergocalciferol)
homocysteine which VITAMIN E (tocopherol)
decreases the risk of CAD VITAMINIK (menadione/phyto
 RDA- 2.4mcg daily for menadione)
young adults
 Sources are: Clams, Tuna, VITAMIN A
King Crab, Beef (Skirt  Pure vitamin A is primarily
Steak), Fortified Cereals, stored in the liver and in fatty
Fortified Soymilk, Low-Fat tissue, for which reason we
Milk, Swiss Cheese, Eggs do not need a daily supply of
the nutrient. Vitamin A and
VITAMIN BI2 zinc work together. A
(Cyanocobalamine) deficiency deficiency in one nutrient
 Deficiencies of B12 are will therefore affect the other.
usually secondary. Pernicious
anemia (from lack of intrinsic VITAMIN A
factor for B12 absorption) or  Eyes and light perception:
megaloblastic anemia (from Needed for the synthesis of
-ASM
 rhodopsin which we humans VITAMIN A (RETINOL)
need in order to see during  A pure vitamin a is retinol
twilight and in the dark  A group of compounds that
 Immune defence and function to maintain skin and
protection against mucous membranes
infections throughout the body.
 Mucous membranes  Specific activities are vision,
 The condition and moisture bone growth, functioning of
level of skin the immune system and
 Hormonal system: normal reproduction
reproduction, and formation  It is primarily found in
of new sperm cells animal sources that contain
 Genetic coding, fetal fat
growth and development  Food sources: beef liver,
 Antioxidant function lamb liver, liver sausage,
(especially beta-carotene) salmon, tuna, ghost cheese,
 Protection against harmful butter.
impact from free radicals
(from sunlight, tobacco Sources of vitamin A and beta
smoke, inflammation, etc.) carotene:

VITAMIN A Vitamin A comes from animal sources

(Carotenoids / Beta-carotene) such as eggs, meat and dairy products
 Vegetable sources contain a
lipid soluble precursor of Beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin
vitamin a called beta- A, comes from green, leafy vegetables
carotene. and intensely colored fruits and
 Carotene must converted into vegetables
retinol.
 Food sources: Baked Sweet VITAMIN A to Pregnant Mothers
Potatoes, Carrots, Dark Leafy Pregnant women: Vitamin A
Greens (Spinach), Butternut supplementation is not recommended
Squash, Cantaloupe, during pregnancy as part of routine
Romaine Lettuce, Red Bell antenatal care for the prevention of
Peppers Apricots, Broccoli, maternal and infant morbidity and
Podded Peas mortality. However, in areas where
there is a severe public health
problem related to vitamin A
-ASM
deficiency, vitamin A  Follicular hyperkeratosis
supplementation is recommended - cells of the skin harden and
for the prevention of night flatten, making it dry, rough,
blindness. Specifically, pregnant scaly, and hard.
women should receive up to 10,000
IU vitamin A daily or up to 25,000 VITAMIN A Toxicity
lU vitamin A weekly as an oral liquid,  Hypervitaminosis A
oil-based preparation of retinyl is a condition that. occurs
palmitate or retinyl acetate. when a person has too much
Supplementation should be continued vitamin A in their body. This
for a minimum of 12 wk during can happen if a person takes
pregnancy until delivery. It is too many supplements or
noteworthy that the WHO identified uses certain creams for acne
at-risk populations as those where the over a prolonged period.
prevalence of night blindness is 5% Immediate symptoms include
in pregnant women or 5% in blistered skin, weakness,
children 24-59 mo of age. anorexia, vomiting,
headache, Joint pain,
VITAMIN A deficiency irritability, enlargement of
 Rhodopsin production (for spleen and liver, bone
adjustment to light variation) abnormalities and liver
Without enough Vitamin A, damage
rhodopsin cannot be formed,
and the retina cannot easily VITAMIN A carotenoids
respond to light changes.  Toxicity does not occur from
the carotenoid precursor in
 Xerophthalmia foods.
- the drying of cornea due to  Excess carotene in the blood
severe Vit. A deficiency is known as carotenemia
manifested by night blindness (bright orange yellow
discoloration
 Keratomalacia Carotenemia is a clinical condition
(keratinization) characterized by yellow pigmentation
- the last and severe stage of of the skin (xanthoderma) and
Vit. A deficiency; a form of increased beta-carotene levels in the
total blindness as a result of blood. Most cases, the condition
dry, hard cornea follows prolonged and excessive
consumption of carotene-rich foods,
-ASM
such as carrots, squash, and sweet fortified cereals are food
potatoes. sources of vitamin D

VITAMIN D (Ergocalciferol) VITAMIN D (Ergocalciferol)

 Promotes bone growth
 Different from all other  bones grow denser and
nutrients in that the body can stronger as the minerals are
synthesize it in significant deposited from the blood
quantities with the help of  Acts in three ways to
sunlight maintain blood
concentrations of Ca and Ph:
 Exposure of skin to UV light a. Stimulates their absorption from the
begins the conversion of Vit GIT
D. precursor 7-dehydro- b.Mobilizes Ca and Ph from bones
cholestero to cholecalciferol into the blood
active form of Vit. D) C. Stimulates their retention by the
 " Not an essential nutrient” kidneys
 Intestinal absorption of Ca
and Ph depends on the action VITAMIN D ERGOCALCIFEROL
of Vit. D DEFICIENCY
 Regulate blood Rickets:
calcium/levels  VIT D def. in children
 Source: SUNLIGHT, Fish  most obvious sign: bowel
(Salmon), Crimini (Chestnut) legs
Mushrooms (Exposed to UV
Light), Fortified Milk, Osteomalacia:
Fortified Milk Substitutes  adult rickets a bone dse. char.
(Soy Milk), Fortified Tofu, by softening of the bones.
yoghourt, Fortified Breakfast  Symptoms bending of the
Cereal, Fortified Orange spine, bowing of legs
Juice, pork chops, and eggs  inadequate vit. D is
recognized as a risk factor in
VITAMIN D osteoporosis.
 The body itself makes
vitamin D when it is exposed Osteoporosis
to the sun  porous bones reduced bone
 Cheese, butter, margarine, density.
fortified milk, fish, and  a.k.a adult bone loss
-ASM
VITAMIN D canola and cottonseed) and
(ERGOCALCIFEROL) toxicity margarine. Whole grains,
Most toxic of all the vitamins. seeds, nuts, wheat germ, and
 Hypercalcemia green leafy vegetables
- high blood levels of  Extensive heating in the
Calcium process of foods destroys vit.
 Hypercalciuria E
– excess calcium tends to
precipitate in the soft tissues, VITAMIN E (tocopherol)
forming stones, including  Vitamin E is found in corn,
kidney stones nuts, olives, green, leafy
 Arteriosclerosis vegetables, vegetable oils and
- calcification and hardening wheat germ, but food alone
of the blood vessel walls cannot provide a beneficial
amount of Vitamin E, and
VITAMIN E (tocopherol) supplements may be helpful
Acts as an antioxidant protecting
PUFA and Vitamin A in cell VITAMIN E (TOCOPHEROL)
membranes from oxidative damage by DEFICIENCY
being oxidized itself (particularly in  primary deficiency is rare
lung and RBC cell membranes)  Secondary deficiency occur
 The name given to a family in premature infants who are
of compounds which are unable to absorb fat
found in plants normally- cystic fibrosis,
 Alpha-tocopherol, the most biliary atresia (blocked bile
widely occuring form and duct), other disorders of the
most active hepatobiliary system, or liver
 RDA - 15mgalpha-TE for transport problems
men and women
 For Vit. E to function as an VITAMIN E (tocopherol) toxicity
antioxidant protecting against  Hemorrhage
heart disease and possible - Excessive vit. E
reduced risk of prostate interferes with blood-
cancer, higher levels - 30 to clotting action of vit. K
70 mg alpha TE are and enhances the action
recommended of anticoagulant
 Food sources are: vegetable medication
oils, (corn, safflower, soy,
-ASM
VITAMIN K
(MENADIONE/PHYTOMENAD
IONE)
 Long been known for its role
in blood clotting
 Was called Koagulations
vitamin
 Main function is a cofactor in
the synthesis of blood
clotting factors, including
prothrombin
 Protein formation in bone,
kidney and plasma also
depends on the actions of
vitamin K
 Warfarin vs. Vitamin K

VITAMIN K
 Food sources of vitamin K
include cabbage, cauliflower,
spinach and other green,
leafy vegetables, as well as
cereals

-ASM