Juan Sumulong Campus

2600 Legarda St. Manila

OKRA AS AN ALTERNATIVE SCHOOL GLUE FOR GRADE 12 STEM STUDENTS OF

ARELLANO UNIVERSITY - JUAN SUMULONG CAMPUS

Impartial Fulfillment in the subject

Research Project

Members:

Abaygar, Paula Andrea D.

Apan, Denisse Danielle C.

Albeza, Svetlana I.

Cervantes, Angel A.

Ereso, Ladain F.

Jamanillo, Erika

Yap, Thristina Charry R.

Go, Jeal Mari Daniel

Manangat, Jet

Tampalan, Mark Jhastine C.

Presented to:

Ms. Genalyn M. Cantoria

Work Immersion Teacher

12 - STEM 2

1
Dear Sir/Madam:

Good day! We are the Grade 12- STEM 2 students at Arellano University Juan

Sumulong Campus and we would like to ask your permission for the approval of the research

title:

OKRA AS AN ALTERNATIVE SCHOOL GLUE FOR GRADE 12 STEM STUDENTS OF

ARELLANO UNIVERSITY - JUAN SUMULONG CAMPUS

Your approval to conduct this study will be greatly appreciated, Thank you very much!

Respectfully yours,

Group 4 Grade 12 STEM 2

2
 DEDICATION

This humble effort is dedicated,

to the creator, ALMIGHTY GOD,

For providing us with courage, conviction, fortitude, and intellect

To our PARENTS and FAMILY,

as well as our TEACHERS, who have acted as our MOTIVATION.

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We have received tremendous help and guidance while writing our research. The

accomplishment of this project would be impossible without the involvement and cooperation

of individuals. Their contributions are greatly appreciated and acknowledged.

We first wanted to thank our school, Arellano University - Juan Sumulong Campus, for

welcoming us, providing excellent education and an outstanding class of learning, as well as

providing protection for our well-being.

To our beloved research project teacher Ms. Genalyn Cantoria, his experience was

crucial in developing the complete study article. Your insightful remarks prompted us to

strengthen our ideas and elevate our performance.

Mr. Mark Angel S. Lugtu, our research coordinator, for advising us on the finest

experimental research relating to our field of study. Your opinion of each potential title

reinforces our thoughts as we do research.

To our beloved parents, thank you for encouraging us, supporting our studies, and

paying attention to us at every stage of our life and education. We appreciate your efforts to

give us the necessary education.

To our Co-member and groupmates who did their best in making this research possible.

We appreciate one another's effort, hard work, and commitment.

4
 By:

Abaygar, Paula Andrea D.

Apan, Denisse Danielle C.

Albeza, Svetlana I.

Cervantes, Angel A.

Ereso, Ladain F.

Jamanillo, Erika

Yap, Thristina Charry R.

Go, Jeal Mari Daniel

Manangat, Jet

Tampalan, Mark Jhastine C.

5
 ABSTRACT

Title: Okra as an Alternative School Glue

Researchers:

Abaygar, Paula Andrea D.

Apan, Denisse Danielle C.

Albeza, Svetlana I.

Cervantes, Angel A.

Ereso, Ladain F.

Jamanillo, Erika

Yap, Thristina Charry R.

Go, Jeal Mari Daniel

Manangat, Jet

Tampalan, Mark Jhastine C.

Adviser: Ms. Genalyn M. Cantoria

School: Arellano University - Juan Sumlong Campus

Strand: Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM)

Year: 2023

6
 The study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of okra-based glue as an alternative

school glue for Grade 12 STEM students of Arellano University - Juan Sumulong Campus. It is

to determine if the Okra, primarily the mucilage, can act as a substitute for traditional glue

which may enable the production of low-cost and widely accessible products by using natural

and readily available materials. Furthermore, in order to avoid the emergence of other

environmental disasters caused by traditional glue with the use of plastic, having this product

would prevent various forms of pollution. The researchers utilized quantitative research to

assess the adhesives' durability, strength, and effectiveness, including their qualities such as

odor, texture, color, and clinging time. Only 30 Grade 12 STEM students from the campus

participated in the study through questionnaires done through a post-test or allowing the

respondents to begin with the observation and evaluation of the sample. The study

emphasized the importance of avoiding toxic and non-biodegradable materials in school glue

production to propose the use of organic adhesives like okra-based glue, which is safe-to-

ingest, non-hazardous, and biodegradable. The results showed that okra-based glue was a

reliable adhesive; and had better environmental and health qualities compared to synthetic

school glue. The study's results could encourage the development of eco-friendly products with

the support of the Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004's objectives. In addition, the data

gathered presents that the respondents find it to be productive in use, and the products'

qualities do not cause any hindrance to the performance of the user or the quality of the

platform. It is also efficient on paper and cardboard as it clings and holds the pieces together

tightly. Though, it does not indicate a high level of adhesiveness strength in styrofoam. Still, it

does not signify low quality but means that the product has specific material that is only

required and suitable for its capability. Therefore, the Okra is effective as an alternative school

glue for Grade 12 STEM Students of Arellano University - Juan Sumulong Campus.

7
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page ………………………………………………………………………………………………..1

Research Title Approval ……………………………………………………………………………… 2

Dedication ………………………………………………………………………………………………3

Acknowledgement ……………………………………………………………………………….……..4

Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………………….………6

Chapter 1: Introduction

Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………..…………..10

Background of the Study ……………………………………………………………………………..11

Statement of the Problem ……………………………………………………………………………13

Null Hypothesis ……………………………………………………………………………..…………14

Alternative Hypothesis ………………………………………………………………………………..14

Theoretical Framework ……………………………………………………………………………….14

Conceptual Framework ………………………………………………………………………………15

Significance of the Study ……………………………………………………………………………..18

Scope and Delimitation ……………………………………………………………………………….19

Definition of Terms ……………………………………………………………………………………20

Chapter 2: Review Of Related Literature And Studies

Foreign Literature …………………………………………………………………………………….22

Foreign Studies ……………………………………………………………………………………….24

Local Literature ……………………………………………………………………………………….27

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Local Studies ………………………………………………………………………………………….31

Chapter 3: Methodology

Research Method …………………………………………………………………………………….34

Research Design ……………………………………………………………………………………..35

Statistical Treatment …………………………………………………………………………………36

Respondent of the Study …………………………………………………………………………….37

Instrument of the Study ……………………………………………………………………………...38

Data Gathering Procedure …………………………………………………………………………...39

Sampling Technique ………………………………………………………………………………….40

Chapter 4: Presentation and Interpretation of Data

Presentation and Interpretation of Data …………………………………………………………….42

Chapter 5: Discussion, Conclusion, and Recommendation

Discussion ……………………………………………………………………………………………..54

Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………………..59

Recommendation ……………………………………………………………………………………..60

Appendix A ……………………………………………………………………………………………62

Appendix B ……………………………………………………………………………………………65

Appendix C ……………………………………………………………………………………………68

Curriculum Vitae ……………………………………………………………………………………..74

Reference ……………………………………………………………………………………………..85

9
 CHAPTER 1

Introduction

This chapter shows the researchers' ideas for conducting this study; Introduction,

Background of the Study, Conceptual Framework, Theoretical Framework, Statement of the

Problem, Hypothesis, Significance of the study, Scope and Delimitation, and the Definition of

Terms.

Introduction

In the Philippines, “okra” (Abelmoschus esculentus), also known as ladies' finger, is a

fruit with a green fingerlike form. One of the numerous plants that possess mucilage is this

plant. According to the Department of Medical Technology at the University of Santo Tomas, it

entirely governs tropical regions. Mucilaginous properties were employed to thicken food,

especially soups. Mucilage, which gives the okra pod its slimy feature, is also present in this

portion. This mucin has a lot of potential as a substitute for glue. It may release its mucilage,

which may be utilized by creating paste by extracting the gummy inside by boiling, separating,

and filtration.

However, the glue has helped simplify these tasks, especially for children who

accomplished projects or other school-related tasks. Instead of conserving money for other

uses, they consume it on the glue. In that situation, they should require an alternate method to

prevent spending numerous money on school supplies. Due to the researchers' conceptual

experiments and previous foundation in comparable studies, this study will produce a complete,

long-lasting, affordable, high-quality, and beneficial glue for students and others. School glue

has been a necessity for its consumers throughout the years, especially for students. Even

before, this adhesive has only been composed of natural ingredients; casein, the protein in

dairy milk, and other animal extracts. With how inflation rises yearly, furthermore; new strict

10
laws and regulations advocating for protecting animals are implemented, and manufacturers

mandate to change the school glues' bases. School glue is one of the safest adhesives

because it has PVA, the safest plastic around which is typically regarded as neutral and mainly

safe for human touch. It has no harmful fumes, is not flammable, and is not often toxic. Some

adhesives that are not PVA based contain latex. Nevertheless, innumerable consumers

possess allergic reactions to experience significant inconvenience when using this. The latex-

based school glue caused Anaphylaxis which had symptoms of difficulty breathing, hives,

wheezing, drop in blood pressure, and weak pulse.

Chemical compatibility, safety, and toxicity are the three essential considerations

manufacturers should know when producing an adherence. These factors affect many

communities in addition to human health. It is conceivable for humans to merely make an

organic adhesive because of their authenticity, functionality, and lack of toxicity adhesives

created from raw materials are preferable to those made from synthetic materials. Throughout

the years, using natural adhesives, like paper and wood products, has decreased. Mucilage is

a substance that is present in a large variety of plants, even in small amounts. Some microbes

include water-soluble polysaccharides called mucilage and gums.

Background of the Study

The Consumer Act of the Philippines (Republic Act No. 7394) was declared principally

by the Department of Trade and Industry in 1992. Under the act, products must not contain

hazardous chemicals and must not pose health risks to consumers during use. They must also

not cause any complications. Moreover, items that are costly or insufficient in number might

give protection from unfair business practices that can violate customers' rights. It is

accompanied by the required informative recommendations to aid in product selection. All of

11
this ensures that consumers may readily and correctly obtain the things they want and that

those standard items are obtained. Researchers addressed variables; such as health, usage,

and cost when developing Okra-based glue. As a result, a non-hazardous and safe-to-ingest

adhesive can be easily obtained and applied to the material in exact amounts per container

and is made with natural and low-cost ingredients.

Former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo signed the Philippine Clean Water Act of

2004 (Republic Act No. 9275) states the need to safeguard and manage water bodies properly

against land-based pollution brought on by businesses, industries, and human activities. This

strategy can be utilized through citizen participation and the achievement of regulation from

other stakeholders, allowing for the development of environmentally friendly products,

economic productivity while maintaining environmental and public health safeguards, and the

chance to educate people on how to deal with issues. This strategy is crucial, especially for

plastic-based items like glues made of PVA, one of the reasons that have a significant impact

on water bodies because they require years or decades to be disposed of depending on their

structure. These results have severe damage not only to the environment but also to health as

they can cause diseases when digested. To avoid continuing to employ polyvinyl acetates

(PVA) in products, researchers came up with the idea of developing glues created naturally.

Products made from natural ingredients support other environmental initiatives, help preserve,

and create a healthier and safer living.

The study of Okra as an Alternative School Glue was carried out to show that Okra

qualifies as the primary component of glue. Students will gain from this study by learning how

to produce homemade glue that works well, is non-toxic, safe, and is environmentally friendly.

12
Statement of the Problem

The research study aims to determine the effectiveness of Okra as an alternative school

glue; to provide the Grade 12 STEM students from Arellano University - Juan Sumulong

Campus with a biodegradable substance that would aid in pollution.

The researchers are captivated by the effectiveness of using Okra as an alternative

school glue for Grade 12 STEM Students at Arellano University - Juan Sumulong, for the

school year 2022-2023. Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Name (optional)

1.2 Age

1.3 Gender

1.4 Section

2. What are the qualities of Okra-based glue in terms of:

2.1 Odor

2.2 Texture

2.3 Color

2.4 Clinging time

3. How efficient is Okra as an alternative school glue with regards to:

3.1 Paper

3.2 Cardboard

3.3 Styrofoam

4. Is okra effective as an alternative school glue?

13
Hypothesis

H0: Okra is ineffective as an alternative school glue for Grade 12 STEM Students of Arellano

University - Juan Sumulong Campus.

HA: Okra is effective as an alternative school glue for Grade 12 STEM Students of Arellano

University - Juan Sumulong Campus.

Theoretical Framework

In some early scientific studies of the process of adhesion, published by McBain and

Hopkins (1925), the mechanical theory was conspicuous and the early scientific studies of the

process of adhesion, the mechanical theory was prominent and it is still mentioned in

discussions of adhesion theories today. Throughout the intervening time, various appraisals of

its importance have been offered at various points. The evolution of the idea throughout these

70 years and the causes of its shifting fortunes are covered in their essay. A thoughtful

examination of current mechanical adhesion data is conducted, and the theory's significance is

evaluated in light of existing adhesion theory.

The mechanical theory describes adhesion, which is directly related to surface porosity

and porosity. The relationship between the substrate's roughness and the level of adhesion is

possible. The surface topography of any substance, when viewed at the microscopic level, is

made up of ridges and valleys. This surface topography enables the adhesive to fill the valleys

and penetrate the ridges, creating anchoring sites between the adhesive and substrate.

According to the mechanical concept of adhesion, anchor brackets are created when a portion

of one material enters the other, much like how Velcro works. Mechanical adhesion was only

thought to be feasible with porous materials, according to McBain and Hopkins. Any time a

liquid fluid forms a solid layer in the pores by solidifying there, it happens. Mechanical

14
adhesion was a notion that made a lot of sense to McBain and Hopkins since an active

continuous film of partly embedded adhesive must develop in situ to provide a good

connection.

Despite combining the operations of several distinct physical principles, the adsorption

theory, which was developed more than 50 years ago, is the most widely recognized theory of

adhesion. According to the hypothesis, when two materials are in close contact, interatomic

and intermolecular forces between the adhesive and substrate induce the materials to attach

(Wypych, 2018). This theory is broken down into its main physical components for their

discussion and covered in more detail in the individual sections below, including those on acid-

base, electrostatic, ionic, wetting, and surface energy. The thermodynamic theory is another

term for the adsorption theory. The theory or model of adsorption uses ideas like contact angle,

wet ability, and surface tension to describe the phenomena of adhesion. The adhesive can

moisten the surface and produce a contact angle of fewer than 90 degrees when its surface

tension is lower than the substrate's surface energy. This causes the adhesive and substrate

to stick together.

Conceptual Framework

The fundamental idea of this research is to concentrate on the effectiveness and

significant difference of Okra as an alternative school glue for Grade 12 STEM students at

Arellano University - Juan Sumulong Campus in the school year 2022-2023. We, the

researchers, adopted the Input-Process-Output (IPO) model that represents the procedure by

producing inputs to outputs. This diagram will present the overall concept and findings of our

research paper.

15
 In input of our product, we have the following ingredients; okra, okra water, flour, and

salt. We will use those to create an alternative school glue for STEM students in grade 12. On

the other hand, the characteristics of Abelmoschus Esculentus, a description of the elements

of school glue, and information about the respondents' demographics are part of our study

input. They must be familiar with the characteristics of okra for them to comprehend our

research and avoid confusion when reading the paper. The qualities of school glue and how

they relate to glue made of Okra are the next thing they should be aware of. Last but not least,

while doing research, the respondents' demographic profile is crucial. Names are not

necessary or optional, but age, gender, and section are. It will be one of the resources used by

researchers to assess the study's findings.

We provide methods for producing glue made from okra. The okra should first be cut

into little pieces. Next, infuse the okra with water for 8 hours; the okra water should be filtered

and steamed. Afterward, combine the okra water and flour. After steaming, pour the okra water

and flour. Fifth, mix it with salt until the gluey texture and set aside. Lastly, filter the mixture to

remove the okra seeds and skin and transfer them to the glue container. The adherence of the

okra glue on paper, cardboard, and Styrofoam will next be examined. We also have the data

collection, associated literature reviews, and data analysis as part of our study process. We

will track down the respondents' availability, locate the surveys, assess the replies, and offer

the results together with an interpretation.

Finally, there comes the output, which includes the school glue that was the subject of

our investigation. Our intended paper's outcome as well as our research's title. To comprehend

the advantages of Okra as an alternative to school glue, to know Ladies Finger's effectiveness

as school glue, to grasp the distinctions between traditional school glue and Okra-based glue,

and to provide conclusions and suggestions for our research study.

16
 INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

I. Ingredients I. Procedure I. Okra-based Glue

A. Okra A. Slice the okra into small II. Okra as an Alternative

B. Okra water pieces School Glue for Grade 12

C. Flour B. Infuse the okra with water STEM Students of Arellano

D. Salt for 8 hours University - Juan Sumulong

II. Defining the qualities of C. Filter the okra water and Campus

Abelmoschus esculentus steam the slices of okra III. To understand the qualities

III. Characterizing the D. Combine the okra water of Ladies' Fingers as

components of school glue and flour alternative school glue

IV. Demographic profile of the E. After steaming, pour the IV. To know the efficiency of

respondents okra water and flour Ladies' Finger as school glue

A. Name (optional) F. Mix it with salt until the in paper, cardboard, and

B. Age gluey texture and set aside Styrofoam

C. Gender G. Filter the mixture to V. To learn the differences

D. Section remove the okra seeds and between Commercial School

skin Glue and Okra-based Glue

H. Transfer to the glue VI. To give the findings and

container recommendations

II. Data gathering and related

literature studies

III. Analysis of Data

A. Locating the availability of

the respondents

B. Questionnaire

C. Evaluate

D. Presentation of Data and

Interpretation

Table 1. Research Paradigm

17
Significance of the Study

The maintenance of school materials is one of the challenges youngsters today confront.

It is well known that not all students can purchase necessities for their studies, such as the

often-used commodity glue. Additionally, it's crucial to refrain from utilizing toxic and non-

biodegradable materials because improper disposal can contaminate the air, water, and land.

The research study aims to determine the effectiveness and significant difference of okra as an

alternative to school glue to provide STEM students in Grade 12 from Arellano University's

Juan Sumulong Campus with a biodegradable product that would assist them in resolving the

pollution problem.

Benefiting the study are the various factors as follows:

The Students. This research will benefit the students utilizing improving their

knowledge about environmental-friendly measures. Students will uncover the productive use of

non-toxic glue and biodegradable material in school activities and projects. Material

involvement will be more secure and safer.

The Researchers. It will aid with the curiosity about the discovery of the wielding of

alternative materials for eco-friendly products. It will provide a base for research and improve

researchers' skills and strategy in engagement to studies.

The Teachers. The findings of this study will support advancements in education and

help inspire and direct students to adopt environmentally conscious behaviors. It would be an

effective technique for raising awareness about environmental measures.

The School Administrators and Staff. Implementing discipline and environmental

preservation to students would not be a problem either.

18
 To Society. Many people may be able to find work as a result of this study. The making

of this product will give unemployed people a way to make money while also protecting the

environment as it is accessible as we are in a tropical country. Additionally, this will stop the

harm and danger to people that environmental disaster causes.

To Environment. An increase in the digit of ladies' fingers produced would benefit

nature. This step will enable the introduction of various environmentally friendly products while

reducing pollution brought on by improper disposal. Also, this will promote the importance of

planting and the benefits that it may cause in daily living.

To Future Researchers. The findings of this study will assist in creating a defense

against upcoming catastrophes. Additionally, to better comprehend research on biodegradable

product components and industry standards for environmental protection. This study will be a

valuable resource for a deeper understanding of the subject matter.

Scope and Delimitation

This research will focus on the effectiveness of Okra as an alternative school glue for

grade 12 STEM students of Arellano University, with a biodegradable substance that would

help solve the pollution problem. The study will evaluate the qualities of okra-based glue in

terms of odor, texture, color, and clinging time. The research will also look at how well Lady

Finger works as a substitute for school glue concerning materials including paper, cardboard,

and Styrofoam. The study will examine the effectiveness of using Okra as an alternative school

glue. The study design seeks to guarantee that the results are legitimate and dependable to

enhance the quality of the okra-based as an alternative adhesive. Grade 12 STEM students

from Arellano University - Juan Sumulong Campus will serve as the sample population for the

19
study. For the study, student researchers will analyze the results from using school adhesives

made by Lady Finger.

The researchers have emphasized the study's limitations. Only 30 grade 12 STEM

students from Arellano University - Juan Sumulong Campus will be permitted to participate in

the questionnaires that the researchers will use to gather data because of the short period and

the considerable number of students at the university. As a result, other strands and grade 11

STEM students are not allowed to respond to the questionnaires. Additionally, subjects

irrelevant to the chosen topic will not evaluate.

Definition of Terms

Abelmoschus esculentus - a scientific representation of okra that is the main ingredient in

the study

Adhesive - a product that holds the material in place with the help of an okra pod

Adjuvant - a therapy used in treating diabetes

Ammonia - a harmful gas with a strong smell that irritates the human internal organs

Anaphylaxis - a severe allergic reaction from the body's immune system

Antinutrient - a synthetic or natural compound that lessen the ability to absorb nutrients

Bioactive compounds - the actions in body that promotes a good health and preventions of

body diseases, commonly found in plants and foods such as okra

Butylated hydroxytoluene - a synthetic antioxidant that was used as a positive control in a

concentration

Casein - a protein in dairy milk that is commonly found in mammals

Exudate - one of the ingredient in Arabic gum that are in form as a plant polymer and dried

from Acacia plant perfect for making edible glue

20
Formaldehyde - a toxic gas that can irritate skin, eyes, nose, and throat

Germination - the process in which organisms can grow a new seed or spore using mucilage

as a moisture

Ladies finger - another term for okra or Abelmoschus esculentus is the translation of okra

in the Hindi language

Latex - a white liquid product made by rubber trees

Microbes (microorganisms) - tiny living things that can be found everywhere and cannot be

seen by the naked eye

Monosaccharide - the basic form of carbohydrate that are present in okra

Mucilage - a gelatin-like substance in okra that is conceivable as adhesive

Mucin - a formation of gel secretions

Okra pod - a mucilaginous or slimy part of okra that is recycled to make organic glue

Polysaccharide - a large carbohydrate molecule that contains tiny molecules that fastened

chemically

Porosity - a volume or percentage of pores in a rock

Purging nut - a plant that is native to the American tropic that produces latex

PVA (polyvinyl acetate) - a synthetic polymer that is soluble in water

Rheological properties - the behavioral pattern of liquids under the mechanical conditions

such as viscosity

Slime - is a sticky-like substance that the okra pod secrets

21
 CHAPTER 2

Review Of Related Literature And Studies

This chapter contains a review of related literature that will help to justify the study after

the in-depth search done by the researchers. The researchers intend to explore the related

literature, both foreign and local, to strengthen the facts about different discussions and prove

that the existing problems are in need to conduct a study.

Foreign Literature

The bonding ability of okra gum was assessed using two distinct techniques based on

the idea that when a force is applied, two surfaces that were previously joined together by an

adhesive substance become free. The properties of granules and tablets made by wet

granulation using naproxen sodium as a model medication and various concentrations of okra

gum as a binder also served to illustrate the binding capacity of okra gum. Granule bulk

qualities, tablet hardness, friability, dissolution rate, and release of drug patterns are among

the features that were investigated. The outcomes were contrasted with tablets made using

pre-gelatinized starch, a traditional binder that is frequently utilized in the pharmaceutical

business. Their investigation showed that pre-gelatinized starch and okra gum have different

binding and adhesion strengths. It suggests that okra gum could work better as a binder in the

future than pre-gelatinized starch. By using sodium naproxen tablets as a model medication,

this was also established (Hussain et al., 2017).

According to Gemede et al. (2018), “DPPH scavenging activity The result of

concentration‐response curves of DPPH scavenging activity of the mucilage of the pods of

eight okra extracts with positive controls is shown in Figure 4. The synthetic antioxidant of

Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) was used as a positive control using the same concentration.

The percentage inhibition of DPPH scavenging activities of mucilage of the pods of eight okra

22
accessions was evaluated at concentrations of 2–12 mg/ml. There was an increase in DPPH

radical scavenging activity with increasing concentration of mucilage of the pod extract used in

this study. This result agreed with the report of Motalleb, Hanachi, Kua, Fauziah, and Asmah

(2005), who showed that the scavenging effects on the DPPH radical increase sharply with

increasing concentration of the samples and standards. At each concentration, the percentage

inhibition of the mucilage of OPA#3 and OPA#8 accessions was relatively higher than the rest

of the accessions. The scavenging effect of synthetic antioxidant BHT was higher than all the

mucilage of the pod accessions”.

Mucilage from the pods of eight different okra accessions was isolated and examined

for its functional and anti-inflammatory qualities. The results of this study showed that okra

accession pods had a suitable level of mucilage content and may be good sources of natural

antioxidants. The study also showed that the mucilage of the okra accessions' pods had high

functional qualities and might have a significant impact on several food systems. In particular,

the mucilage of the accession OPA#1 and OPA6 pods displayed strong emulsifying and

foaming capabilities, whilst the mucilage of the OPA#5 and OPA#7 pods had ideal water and

oil absorption capacities. More studies must be done on the extraction optimization of viscous

from pods of okra accessions to promote their utilization.

Life on earth depends on plants and goods derived from plants. Despite this, plant

biochemistry's importance is frequently underemphasized in the science curriculum. To get

students interested in learning about the biochemical characteristics of natural polymers made

by plants, they created a creative lab exercise. The emphasis of the practical activity is on

mucilages and gums, which have industrial uses for complex polysaccharides. There are three

lab exercises in the 1.5-hour session. It starts with a demonstration of the ability of the

mucilage in seed coats to absorb water after being hydrated with seeds from psyllium, a plant

23
that is farmed for its mucilage on a commercial scale (Mukherjee et al., 2019). The second

activity is using a microscope to view pectin polysaccharides of the seed mucilage in a variety

of plant seeds that have been treated with ruthenium red dye. Students gain knowledge of the

phenotypic diversity across plant species as well as how the mucilage in the seed coat helps

keep seeds moist during germination. The final activity emphasizes the use of plant gums as

adhesives in the industry. The kids make gum arabic, a form of plant polymer generated from

the dried exudate of the "Acacia" plant, into edible glue. Over four years, this three-part project

has been used in connection with a Girls Researching Our World (GROW) summer workshop

for sixth through eighth grades.

Foreign Studies

According to Dantas et al. (2021), “Abelmoschus esculentus has fruit popularly known

as okra and belongs to the Malvaceae family. It is commonly used in cooking but also in

traditional medicine in the treatment of worms, dysentery, inflammation, and also irritation of

the stomach, intestines, and kidneys, as it is a potential functional food. Its mucilage is a highly

viscous polysaccharide that is mostly composed of monosaccharides D-galactose, L-

rhamnose, and galacturonic acid, as well as proteins and minerals. The functional properties of

okra mucilage have been widely studied, mainly for its potential antidiabetic activity; thus, its

use as adjuvant or nutraceutical therapy for diabetes is very promising. Due to its rheological

properties, it is a potential resource for pharmaceutical and food applications. Okra mucilage

can be extracted by several methods, which can directly influence its physicochemical

characteristics and biological activity. Features such as low cost, non-toxicity, biocompatibility,

and high availability in nature arouse the interest of researchers for the study of okra mucilage.

The survey of research on the applications of okra mucilage highlights the importance of using

24
this promising source of bioactive compounds with interesting technological properties. The

potential of okra as a functional food, the properties of okra mucilage, and its technological

applications are discussed in this review”.

In consonance with Tosif et al. (2021), “Plant-derived polymers have attained high

demand in food and other industries due to their diverse industrial applications such as film

coating, emulsifier, binder, and gelling agents, therefore they are excessively used in the textile

industry, paper industry, and cosmetic industry. Nowadays, due to the hazardous effect of

synthetic polymers on human health, people showed a major interest in plant-based naturally

derived biopolymers (gums, mucilage, cellulose, and glucans) as an effective ingredient for the

formulation of eco-friendly, sustainable, cost-effective products. Moreover, a large number of

polysaccharides can also be biosynthetically fabricated by several living organisms including

plants, algae, animals, bacteria, and fungi. Also, natural polysaccharides are used in the food

industry as they are regarded as safe for human consumption. Among various polysaccharides,

plant-originated mucilage is widely used in various food industries due to its valuable broad-

spectrum applications. Generally, mucilage can be obtained from several plants or their

different parts such as Aloe vera, Salvia hispanica seeds, Cordia dichotoma, Basella alba,

Plantago psyllium, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, Cactaceae, Abelmoschus esculentus, Trigonella

foenum-graecum, Moringa Oleifera, and Linum usitatissimum. Plant-derived mucilage, due to

its distinctive health (anticancer, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition extends to diabetes,

and immunity stimulation) and food properties, is widely used as an active ingredient for the

formulation of pharmaceutics, functional, and nutraceutical products. Structurally, mucilage (a

complex of polymeric polysaccharide) is mainly composed of carbohydrates with highly

branched structures that consist of monomer units of L-arabinose, D-xylose, D-galactose, L-

rhamnose, and galacturonic acid. They also contain glycoproteins and different bioactive

25
components such as tannins, alkaloids, and steroids. Also, mucilage produces an indefinite

number of monosaccharides on hydrolysis, depending on the type of hydrolysis products

obtained due to the nature of the polysaccharide. It can also further classify into pentose

sugars (xylan) and hexose sugars (cellulose and starch) and can be considered as gum like

components due to their similar physiological properties. However, both mucilage and gum are

mostly related to hemicelluloses in composition, except the sugars produced by hemicelluloses

such as xylose, glucose, and mannose instead of sugars produced by the gums such as

galactose and arabinose”.

The findings of their study revealed that Okra pods contain an appreciable amount of

vital nutrients like protein, fiber, calcium, iron, and zinc and are low in antinutrient contents with

high mineral bioavailability (Gemede et al., 2015). Bioavailability is the ability of a drug or other

substance to be consumed and productively used by the body. The use of okra pods and their

mucilage is safe to ingest as an ingredient in a product; instead of formulating danger due to

toxicity, Okra acts as a non-toxic fruit that is responsible for removing toxins within the body.

Based on Medical News Today (2019), it contains numerous antioxidant compounds in charge

of developing a healthy body, including phenolic compounds and flavonoid derivatives, such as

catechins and quercetin. With this, it is demonstrated that an Okra-based glue unintentionally

ingested would not do any harm but would preferably develop inside the body similarly to food;

it is also secured thanks to the researchers' usage of other edible substances.

Also, according to Gemede et al. (2015), the moisture content of okra pods is

immediately attained after it has been sliced. These okra pods are known to contain high

moisture content ranging from 88% to 90% which can be employed to produce several Okra-

based adhesives and instead of always drying the mucilage (moisture) to form a powder for

intake, it can be utilized to know its original appearance, as moistures were considered to

26
measure a fruit or vegetable's stability and vulnerability to microbial attack. Also, it can

increase functionality on the different properties of a food product. This mucilage can increase

productivity and broaden the range of using Okra in various forms whether on food, products,

or cosmetics.

Local Literature

According to Panlasang Pinoy (2021), Okra is a long, slender, and has white pods type

of fruit. It is known for having a silky, slimy, and almost gooey (characteristic of being soft, wet,

and sticky) texture. These characteristics result from the presence of okra mucilage, which

also gives the food a thicker consistency. Okra must be used without coming into contact with

water to prevent the activation of increased mucilage levels when the liquid thickens and

becomes more viscous. These characteristics are comparable to those of school glues, a

sticky material used to affix objects.

Due to the mucilage, this okra has been proven in research as an effective substitute to

glue, as it can create a sticky consistency by heating and mixing it with other ingredients. Also,

it is proven in pharmacology that this mucilage is used as a binding agent for tablets and in

other industries as an adhesive to paper. Although it may not acquire the same adhesiveness

level as a commercial glue, okra mucilage is still a standard glue to use. Most especially in

terms of cost, the process of production, and the ability to be obtained. Comparing these two,

okra has a naturally produced gooey or sticky texture caused by the presence of

polysaccharides, while commercial glues' texture uses a substance called polyvinyl acetate.

While formaldehyde is an organic, flammable, and colorless chemical used in the production of

fertilizer, paper, plywood, and some resins. According to About Mechanics, it is known to act

as a preservative and anti-bacterial. Also, it is used as a bonding agent in glues which is

27
responsible for a high-quality performance. This may irritate the eyes, nose or airways, and

throat when inhaled. High-level exposure may also be linked to the occurrence of cancer

(Banks, 2023).

Why is Okra based glue a good alternative to Commercial glues? Okra mucilage is the

main ingredient of this product. It is a glycoprotein that contains carbohydrates and a fruit

characterized to have a high-water binding capacity. This type of natural mucilage is used as a

binder, emulsifying agent, stabilizer, and thickener. Also, in different industries, it is said to be

an at-ease ingredient due to its availability and non-toxic nature. Based on research, okra can

only cause damage to human health if a person is allergic, but the articles; possess ideas

about the okra mucilage having a bioactive compound that promotes a good effect on health.

Proving to prevent cancer and other health diseases. Also, too much exposure, inhalation, or

intake will not cause any harmful effects as each ingredient are edible and does not contain

chemicals.

According to Adang (2021), “If properly managed, a crop can provide fresh and

delicious okra pods aside from a year-round income a farmer can get from it.” Okra is an easily

managed fruit, it does not require expensive machinery to sow, and it is not too sensitive in

terms of growing temperature as it can withstand different seasons, it can develop by just

having patience, proper care, and ensuring a good condition of a plating spot. Also, it can

provide delicious and fresh food while, at the same time, offering income to many farmers. It

can be a resourceful product due to its entire content that could be used for numerous

purposes. Based on the Philippine Morning Post (2021), when first tried, most people create

less appreciation towards Okra due to its mucilage. Resulting in the development of different

ways to lessen mucilage and make this fruit acceptable to taste. But despite having a slimy

28
and almost unlikable texture, okra mucilage is essential and beneficial in terms of health and

products.

In need of resources, okra is an easily accessed ingredient; it is a heat-tolerant crop that

could fruit during hot summer or even in frost. It can manage stressful conditions such as poor

soil and even a lack of moisture. Due to that, Okra has been a common crop with a high rate of

production in the Philippines according to Mashable SE Asia; the country has a surplus of Okra

in the market, this situation may seem like a good idea but it can also cause conflicts in

sustainability. Due to that, many products have been addressed and the main ingredient is the

Okra mucilage, such as toothpaste that could be an effective teeth whitening when mixed with

calamansi oil and banana milk tea mixed with okra as a stabilizer.

Also, as stated by DOST-ITDI about Okras, “Hydrocolloids are water-loving and are

used as functional ingredients to increase product consistency, improve the gelling effect, and

control the microstructure, texture, flavor, and shelf life of food or non-food products.” Having

this quality, the experts have been encouraged to formulate a valued product that will be a

source of additional income.

With this event in mind, companies that use okra as a product ingredient won't have any

issues; manufacturing may be done without resource scarcity and without causing

environmental harm. Economic productivity may still occur, and natural and affordable goods

may evolve that might aid in meeting humanity's requirements. The invention of an alternative

glue means that people won't have to deal with problems related to money and resources

because the product can be handled easily in homes and is guaranteed to be non-toxic and

suitable for use by youngsters. Moreover, it has a longer shelf life and a high degree of

stickiness, both of which can be used.

29
 Having a pod and a green look, and a slimy texture. Okra, often known as ladies' fingers,

is a vegetable that may be found in many different recipes. It is officially a fruit that serves as a

fantastic source of nutrients such as; fiber, antioxidants, and vitamins, according to National

Nutrition Council (Region IX). Due to the syrupy fluid that its mucilage produces, it frequently

serves as a thickening (Bejerano, 2022).

Mucilage. Okra's mucilage is composed of galacturonic acid, rhamnose, and glucose

which are responsible for its slimy texture. Based on the research by Frank Lipnizki

(Comprehensive Membrane Science and Engineering), galacturonic acid is the main

component of pectin. This Pectin composed of acid is known in the food industry for its

increased viscosity and binding water. It functions as a stabilizer or as a gelling agent in a

product. It is a thickener in cooking and baking, a preservative when mixed with sugar, and an

effective emulsifier in products (Lipnizki, 2017).

Also, based on food hydrocolloids, these pectins could be used as glue when mixed

with different ingredients. A sample of pea protein - apple pectin mixture shows poor

adhesiveness due to a low cohesion of the biopolymer matrix, resulting in cohesive failure but

with the right balance and accurate amount of applied pH and increase in biopolymer content,

high stickiness showed. This only proves that pectin can be used as a glue when mixed with

tailoring adhesion agents such as biopolymer concentration and pH or even other binding

agents (Moll et al., 2022).

Rhamnose. Known for forming rhamnolipids consist of one or two rhamnose sugar

groups attached to one or two fatty acid chains. These sugar groups provide attraction to water,

and it is a foremost ingredient for products, serving as an emulsifier or an agent that allows the

mixing of two substances that typically separate. Also, according to Chemical and Engineering

News, these rhamnolipids are mild on the skin and contain a low level of carbon footprint that

30
had these properties show that rhamnose as an ingredient in a product is considered eco-

friendly and safe to use (Bettenhausen, 2020).

Glucose. In products, its viscous appearance helps in use in commercial food

production as a sweetener, thickener, and moisture-retaining agent. Often used in

pharmaceuticals and medicines. According to Sugar Nutrition Resource Centre, it does not

crystallize, and it helps in the shelf-life of a product as this prevents the growth of bacteria and

molds by reducing water activity; it lessens the appearance of microbes and damage, resulting

in a product being fresher and longer. In a glue, these properties will allow the product to be

non-toxic while having a longer shelf-life which will be essential in the larger platform of

consuming a product and ensure good quality (Sugar Nutrition Resource Centre, 2023).

Local Studies

As stated by Gonzaga et al. (2017), “Okra or Lady's finger, botanically known as (L.)

Moench is a tropical and sub-tropical indigenous vegetable crop commonly grown for its

fibrous, slimy, and nutritious fruits and consumed by all classes of the population. It has also

several medicinal and economic values. Despite its many uses and potential value, its

importance is underestimated, under-utilized, and considered a minor crop, and little attention

was paid to its improvement. The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different

planting densities and mulching materials on the growth and yield of okra grown in the slightly

sloping area in the marginal uplands in Sta. Rita, Samar, Philippines. A split-plot experiment

was set up with planting density as the main plot and the different mulching materials as the

subplot which were: bare soil, rice straw, rice hull, and plastic mulch”.

Planting density did not significantly affect the growth and yield of okra. Regardless of

the mulching materials used, mulched plants were taller and yielded higher compared to

31
disorganized plants. The maximum overall fruit production was obtained by using plastic mulch

as well. The findings point to the possibility of mulching in enhancing crop and, consequently,

the profitability of okra cultivation under marginal highland circumstances (Gonzaga et al.,

2017).

With the help of this study, everyone will be able to use the service more easily:

especially students and those who live alone. The mucilage from okra is being investigated for

its potential to function as an adhesive due to its stickiness. It has to do with okra, a single fruit

that may be used to make glue, one product with one use. Due to how frequently the product is

used, the research is limited to being utilized for only one reason. For example, if the glue is

intended just for pasting, it should be used exclusively for pasting and no other use. The

students who can't afford to buy an adhesive will benefit from this finding. As the glue is widely

used in item assembly, an alternative technique should be investigated to enhance both the

end product and its origin. But, it also relates to matters like a method of assistance or further

information on the potential of okra (Sarapuddin & Sebes, 2022).

Also, the development of a different glue is the goal of this investigation. To produce the

okra-based substitute glue, we'll need the following ingredients: 1 casserole, 1 bowl, 1

tablespoon, sieve, container, okra, starch, and water. The okra must first be sliced into tiny

pieces and added to the bowl as the first operation. water, 3 teaspoons of vinegar, and 2

tablespoons of starch to a bowl, and mixing them all is the next step. The next step is to add all

of the combined ingredients to the casserole. The component is put on the burner and heated

at a low temperature in the fourth stage. When the water in the casserole thickens, turn off the

heat and strain the cooked okra through the strainer to remove the okra from the extract. Then,

fill the container with the okra extract.

32
 According to Stanley (2016), the aim of the research on okra as an alternative glue is to

demonstrate that other natural resources may be used to produce natural glue and adhesive. It

could be functional for people for whom making such papers requires certain items besides

school supplies. Since their research can be conducted at home and the materials and

ingredients needed can be found there, it is advantageous to individuals who wish to be frugal

in their material purchases to save money. Its mucilaginous qualities are used as a food

thickener, especially in soups. Before cooking, the upper portion of the okra pods is frequently

removed or chopped off and tossed. Mucilage, which gives the okra pod its slimy feature, is

also present in this portion. This mucin has a lot of potential as a substitute for glue.

The mucilage of the okra was removed during the experiment by heating it over a pan

and sieving it to separate and extract the gum. The quantitative mixing of additional ingredients

follows to highlight the necessity of the precise ratio of material to be blended to remove and

prevent ingredient waste. The primary ingredients are okra mucilage (extract), water, and flour.

Its components will combine through mixing and filtration to create a new substance that might

be used in place of glue.

Based on experiments, researchers created many setups to determine which setting

accurately represents the precise quantity of a drug in a combination. From there, the

researcher compares the experimental results to the setup to assess it, then uses tables and

graphs to present the data and facts. Even while it did not quite match the same appearance

and feel as the regular glue we purchased from stores—which is synthetic—the researcher

may still claim that okra is an excellent alternative glue based on the study's findings since it is

a natural adhesive. They suggested using the tool for youngsters in their neighborhood for

tasks and papers related to school.

33
 CHAPTER 3

Methodology

This chapter is the methodology, which is part of a work that provides the processes or

techniques used to find, select, process, and analyze information regarding Okra. It describes

the research method, research design, statistical treatment, respondents of the study,

instrument of the study, data gathering procedures, and sampling technique.

Research Method

Quantitative research is used to represent a population's characteristics and to control

the causes and effects of various factors. It entails conducting experiments, questionnaires, or

other kinds of data gathering and analysis. It is typically employed to provide information about

a population, such as how much of a particular product was marketed in a specific time frame.

Quantitative research can also be used to test hypotheses and generate predictions while

helping to provide a comprehensive grasp of a scenario. In big data sets, it is also helpful in

spotting trends, patterns, and correlations.

In this study, quantitative research was performed to examine the link between the

variables while also analyzing and relating the main aim numerically. We concluded that okra

would function better as an adhesive for school projects. This kind of research may show how

a process or product works in multiple settings, which can provide insight into how to enhance

it. A sample of okra-based glue and a sample of school glue were also tested for adhesion

strength in a controlled setting. Several experiments were performed on the product to detect

how strong the new connections were and how long it would take for the link to shatter. The

test results may then be compared to assess each adhesive's performance. This quantitative

study approach allowed for a precise assessment of the durability and strength of okra glue.

34
Research Design

According to Sirisilla (2023), “To publish significant results, choosing a quality research

design forms the foundation to build the research study. Moreover, effective research design

helps establish quality decision-making procedures, structures the research to lead to easier

data analysis, and addresses the main research question. Therefore, it is essential to cater

undivided attention and time to create an experimental research design before beginning the

practical experiment. By creating a research design, a researcher is also giving oneself time to

organize the research, set up relevant boundaries for the study, and increase the reliability of

the results. Through all these efforts, one could also avoid inconclusive results. If any part of

the research design is flawed, it will reflect on the quality of the results derived”.

A type of experimental design used is the post-test research design which must provide

participants with the survey instruments before and after treatment to evaluate whether any

changes can be attributable to the treatment. A post-test is a test given to respondents after

the instruction is presented or completed. The post-test is an illustration of an advertising test.

It allows you to assess the performance of a project to make sure that all of its component

pieces and the product have achieved the goals. It is also a study done to see if there have

been any changes following the usage of a particular intervention, treatment, or another

scenario. Post-tests are widely used in research settings to isolate the effects of significant

variables. We, the researcher used the post-test for our study to let the respondents test our

product and to know their opinion about the qualities of Okra-based glue in terms of odor,

texture, color, and clinging time, to also know their opinion about the efficiency of Okra as an

Alternative Glue with regards to paper, cardboard, and Styrofoam and lastly, their opinion

about the overall effectivity of Okra-based glue by answering the questionnaire given by the

researchers.

35
 This technique will demonstrate how to make glue from Ladies Fingers, a natural

substance. It signifies that knowledgeable individuals responded to the researchers' questions

after being aware of the study. Additionally, it covered how Okra may replace school glue and

how this would benefit the STEM students in Grade 12 at Arellano University.

Statistical Treatment

The data to be gathered from the questionnaire will be treated statistically using the

following statistical tools:

1. Frequency. It is the actual number of survey respondents to a certain question. It is where

we used to calculate the percentage in most cases for profile data like grade level, gender, etc.

2. Percentage. It will serve as a tool for calculating the proportion of respondents in terms of

gender, section, grade, and strand.

�
The Formula: %= �
� ���

Where:

% = percentage

F = Frequency

N = Number of classes

3. Weighted Mean. This will be done to determine the verbal interpretation from the Likert

Scale of most respondents. With the help of this, researchers were able to test which

hypothesis would be proven from the study.

�
�=� �� ��
The Formula: W= �
� ��

Where:

W = weighted average

n = number of terms to be averaged

36
 �� = weights applied to x values

�� = data values to be averanged

4. Likert Scale. The Five-Point Likert scale and the equivalent point are used in the following:

It is used to measure if the respondents agree or disagree with a certain question. Likert Scale

for the interpretation of qualities, effectiveness in different materials, and efficiency as a whole

okra-based glue:

Scale Range Verbal Symbol

Interpretation

5 4.50 - 5.00 Totally Agree TA

4 3.50 - 4.49 Agree A

3 2.50 - 3.49 Neutral N

2 1.50 - 2.49 Disagree D

1 1.00 - 1.49 Totally Disagree TD

Respondent of the Study

The respondents will be gathered from Grade 12 STEM students at Arellano University -

Juan Sumulong Campus. Concerning school records, the researchers will ensure that sections

that the chosen participants will qualify for the following conditions: respondents will only be

eligible if they are Grade 12 STEM students who are only studying at Arellano University -

Juan Sumulong Campus, they are readily available and ready to take surveys for this study at

any given period. The selected participants from numerous sections are male and female,

ages 17 to 19 years old. All included students had voluntarily agreed and offered to work for

the benefit of the researchers of their grant; informed about the objective and functionality of

37
the product before participating. The survey contains personal information that will not be

released without the respondents' permission. Furthermore, the questionnaire designed by the

researchers comprises only questions that may be answered according to their level of

satisfaction and agreement.

Instrument of the Study

Survey questionnaires will serve as this experiment's primary data collection tool. In

accordance with Bhat (2018), “A questionnaire is a research instrument that consists of a set

of questions or other types of prompts that intend to collect information from a respondent. A

research questionnaire is typically a mix of close-ended inquiries and open-ended questions".

Also, the advantage of a good questionnaire design is you can collect a lot of data. Second, if

you select a uniform set of inquiries for your core demographic, there is less likelihood of bias

slipping in. The questionnaire would stay standard for aggregation respondents who fall into

the same segments, but you can modify the questions logically based on the responses. Third,

online survey software makes doing research quick and affordable. You may build, distribute,

and evaluate the response data using a wide range of functions it provides. The responses

might then be contrasted with earlier data to see the evolution of the preferences and

experiences of the respondents. Later, The questionnaire allows respondents to respond

anonymously. Further, abundant survey software conforms to strict confidentiality and data

security laws.

The primary goal of the instrument is to ascertain how respondents feel about utilizing

Okra as a substitute for school glue. For the survey to be successful, the researchers will do it

face-to-face. The research consultant will review the questionnaire before it is submitted. The

researchers will accelerate with conducting the survey of STEM students at Arellano University

38
- Juan Sumulong Campus after revising the research instrument. The provided questionnaire

is a list of meticulously worded questions that must respond to carefully by an individual or

group to gather data. Answers to each survey question are required to analyze the specific

characteristics and findings. The survey questionnaires will be printed by the researchers and

sent to Grade 12 STEM students with 53 respondents.

The purpose of the survey questions is to collect pertinent data regarding Okra as an

Alternative School Glue for Grade 12 STEM Students of Arellano University - Juan Sumulong

Campus. The questionnaires in the data gathering use a Likert scale to obtain data from the

specific question given. These questions correspond to the research topic.

Data Gathering Procedure

The proposed research design and methodology involve an experimental study to

produce an Okra-based glue and test its effectiveness as an alternative to commercial school

glue. The data will be collected using a survey questionnaire with Likert scale questions, and

the responses will analyze quantitatively using various statistical methods such as frequency,

percentage, and weighted mean. The research population will be Grade 12 STEM students at

Arellano University - Juan Sumulong Campus and convenience sampling as a sampling

technique. The researchers will select 30 students who are most likely to be helpful in the

conclusion of this research.

The data collection instrument will be a paper survey distributed to the selected

students. The survey will include questions such as "What are the qualities of Okra-based glue

in terms of odor, texture, color, and clinging time?" and "How efficient is Okra as an alternative

school glue?" The researchers will also collect observations on the students' use of Okra-

based glue as an alternative to commercial school glue.

39
 During the post-test, participants will be able to experience the Okra-based glue and

provide comments on its features, such as odor, texture, color, and sticking time. Respondents

will also discuss the use of Okra as an alternative adhesive for paper, cardboard, and

Styrofoam, as well as their overall opinions on the efficacy of Okra-based glue. To end the

acquired data, the data will be cleaned and analyzed using quantitative methods such as

frequency, percentage, and weighted mean. The study's result will be described in Chapter 4

of the research paper, which will contain a summary of the findings, a discussion of how they

relate to the research question, and recommendations for further research.

Sampling Technique

The most popular non-probability sampling technique, known as convenience sampling,

known as accidental sampling, is a non-random sampling technique. It focuses on collecting

data from respondents who were uncomplicated for the student researchers to reach. These

may be the result of proximity geographically, availability at a specific moment, or willingness

to participate in the study.

As there are no prerequisites for inclusion in this sample, this sampling approach does

not necessitate a random selection of individuals. As a result, it is incredibly simple to add

components to this technique. All of the population, which consists of Arellano University's

Juan Sumulong Campus's grade 12 STEM students, is eligible to participate; the researcher's

proximity to the population will determine if they are included in the sample. When participants

are willing to participate in the study, the researchers can arbitrarily choose a random group.

To create new perceptions, it works best when tested as a component of a hypothesis. A

convenience sample, on the other hand, has a very high level of bias, whereas the formal

40
definition of random sampling—choosing potential respondents or participants from a sampling

frame—usually yields a statistically balanced selection of the population.

Since this exploration was deliberated to imply the efficientness and significant

difference of Okra Based Glue as an Alternative School Glue: the researchers will consider the

availability of the respondents seeing that circumstances are still challenging given the

pandemic. This study would make use of and only understand with the help of Convenience

Sampling. The investigators will conduct a paper survey; the questionnaires will only be

distributed to 30 students who the observers believe will be most helpful in the conclusion of

this research.

41
 CHAPTER 4

Presentation and Interpretation of Data

The presentation of statistical information in relation to the issues raised in the problem

statement is provided in this chapter. In this part of the investigation, the related data

interpretation is included.

The demographic profile of the respondents is displayed in the form of a pie chart to

demonstrate their nature. This information contains the respondents' gender, section, grade,

and strand.

CHART I

CHART II

42
CHART III

CHART IV

According to Chart I, 43.4% of the respondents are male, and 56.6% are female.

Located in Chart II are the sections of the responders. There is a total of 60%, divided into

10%, each into sections 7A, 6A, 5, 3B, 1, and 2B. On the other hand, there is 13.3% from 1B

and 26.7% from section 3. For Chart III, there are 100% of Grade 12 respondents.

Also, in the last chart, 100% of the respondents are taking an academic strand of

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics. Our target respondents are the Grade

12 STEM students of Arellano University - Juan Sumulong Campus.

43
 Satisfaction after trying the Okra-based Glue

Table I

ODOR

NEGATIVE QUESTIONS MEAN VERBAL INTERPRETATION

I find Okra-based Glue’s smell very distracting 2 Disagree

when used.

I feel that the odor of the Okra-based Glue will be 1.57 Disagree

harmful to my health.

I dislike the aroma of the Okra-based Glue. 2.27 Disagree

TOTAL: 1.95 Disagree

The table shows that the respondents disagreed with negative statements about the

product’s odor. It says that Okra-based contains a distracting scent, harmful to their health,

and that they dislike its aroma. This result was supported by a mean score of 1.95.

Table II

ODOR

POSITIVE QUESTIONS MEAN VERBAL INTERPRETATION

I know that Okra-based Glue does not use any 4.37 Agree

artificial fragrances.

I am aware that the scent of the Okra-based Glue 4.27 Agree

does not affect its adhesiveness.

TOTAL: 4.32 Agree

44
 The survey respondents agreed, as indicated in the table, that the adhesiveness of

okra-based glue is not influenced by its aroma and does not include any artificial scents; this

finding is supported by a mean score of 4.32.

Table III

TEXTURE

NEGATIVE QUESTIONS MEAN VERBAL INTERPRETATION

I am bothered by the texture of Okra-based Glue. 2.3 Disagree

I find Okra-based Glue harder to apply than 2.33 Disagree

regular school glue on my project.

I have a difficult time cleaning up the residue. 2.23 Disagree

I experience adhering difficulties because of the 2.33 Disagree

texture.

I feel that the Okra-based Glue's texture affects 2.53 Disagree

my output's quality.

TOTAL: 2.36 Disagree

As shown in the table, most respondents disagree that Okra-based Glue bothers them

by its texture, that it is harder to apply than regular school glue, has difficulties in cleaning the

residue and adhering materials, and that it affects the quality of their outputs, which is

supported by its mean of 2.36.

45
Table IV

COLOR

NEGATIVE QUESTIONS MEAN VERBAL INTERPRETATION

I avoid using Okra-based Glue on sheer materials. 2.67 Neutral

I am bothered by the natural color of the okra- 2.27 Disagree

based glue.

I am bothered by the pigment of the glue leaves 2.33 Disagree

when it dries.

TOTAL: 2.42 Disagree

The survey's respondents disagree with avoiding putting it on sheer materials because

of the texture and color of okra-based glue, which is indicated by the survey results mean of

around 2.42.

Table V

COLOR

POSITIVE QUESTIONS MEAN VERBAL INTERPRETATION

I like how the color of Okra-based Glue 3.6 Agree

practically complements the materials for my

project.

I can tell how wet or dry the glue is based on the 3.56 Agree

color.

TOTAL: 3.58 Agree

46
 All of the respondents concur that they appreciate how the color compliments their

materials and that they can tell by the color of the glue how wet or dry it is. A 3.58 weighted

mean validates it up.

Table VI

CLINGING TIME

NEGATIVE QUESTIONS MEAN VERBAL INTERPRETATION

I am not satisfied with the amount of time the glue 2.57 Neutral

takes to cling to the surface.

I know that Okra-based Glue’s 4.3 Agree

adherence can vary depending on the surface

or material being used.

I am aware that Okra-based Glue now takes 2.57 Neutral

hours to dry.

I know that humidity and temperature levels affect 3.67 Agree

the setting time of Okra-based Glue.

TOTAL: 3.28 Neutral

According to the responders, they are not satisfied nor unsatisfied with the time of clue

to cling, adherence depends on the surface or material, awareness that it takes hours to dry,

and humidity and temperature levels may affect the setting time of okra-based glue. It is

supported by a weighted mean of 3.28 which is considered neutral on the Likert scale.

47
Table VII

CLINGING TIME

POSITIVE QUESTIONS MEAN VERBAL INTERPRETATION

I recognize that Okra-based Glue dries faster 2.87 Neutral

than school glue.

TOTAL: 2.87 Neutral

According to the responders, neither recognized nor unrecognized that it dries faster

than commercial school glue, which has a weighted mean of 2.87.

Table VIII

PAPER

NEGATIVE QUESTIONS MEAN VERBAL INTERPRETATION

I am aware that Okra-based Glue does leave wet 3.93 Agree

marks on paper.

I see that Okra-based Glue does transfer color 3.43 Neutral

onto the paper.

TOTAL: 3.68 Agree

According to the responses, it appears that most respondents, with a mean score of

3.68, believed that school glue and okra-based glue are both equally effective on paper. The

okra-based glue does produce wet markings on paper, as agreed upon by the respondents.

But when using glue made from okra, respondents didn't care whether the color transferred to

48
the paper. The results suggest that while using glue made from okra as an alternative to

school glue may be advantageous, there are certain drawbacks to be aware of.

Table IX

PAPER

POSITIVE QUESTIONS MEAN VERBAL INTERPRETATION

I observe that alternative glue sticks properly onto 3.83 Agree

the paper without moving.

I know that Okra-based Glue does not affect the 3.8 Agree

quality of the material.

I am sure that alternative glue dries out onto the 3.47 Neutral

surface quickly.

TOTAL: 3.7 Agree

Based on the responses, it can be inferred that participants, on average, concur with a

mean score of 3.7 that the Okra-based glue is superior to school glue for usage on paper. The

alternative adhesive, they both agree, binds to the paper properly and securely without

lowering its quality. The participants don't care that the okra-based glue dries rapidly on the

surface, though. The replies suggest that when applied on paper, the Okra-based glue can

serve as a functional alternative to traditional school glue.

49
Table X

CARDBOARD

NEGATIVE QUESTIONS MEAN VERBAL INTERPRETATION

I am not satisfied that Okra Based glue can’t 2.67 Neutral

adhere to things without soaking and puncturing

the cardboard as much.

I struggle to adhere to numerous stacks of 2.4 Disagree

cardboard without it falling apart.

TOTAL: 2.54 Neutral

In this table, the respondents express neutrality over their lack of satisfaction with the

fact that okra-based glue cannot stick to objects without soaking and piercing the cardboard

and struggles to cling to several tracks of cardboard without disintegrating. This suggests that

sticking it to the cardboard would be challenging. The weighted mean of this is 2.54, which is a

Likert scale neutral value.

Table XI

CARDBOARD

POSITIVE QUESTIONS MEAN VERBAL INTERPRETATION

I know that alternative glue can hold the pieces of 3.77 Agree

cardboard together instantly.

I am aware that Okra Based Glue clings on 3.47 Neutral

heavy-duty cardboard effectively.

I know that Okra Based Glue is quick to dry when 3.4 Neutral

50
applied to cardboard.

TOTAL: 3.55 Agree

Based on the data, the respondents agree about using okra-based glue on cardboard

as of its holding and drying ability. This is supported by a weighted mean of 3.55. This signifies

that alternative glue is effective in clinging cardboard.

Table XII

STYROFOAM

NEGATIVE QUESTIONS MEAN VERBAL INTERPRETATION

I know that Okra-based glue cannot hold 3.67 Agree

styrofoam much longer than school glue.

I notice that Okra-based glue is not thicker than 3.4 Neutal

school glue.

TOTAL: 3.54 Agree

The data has an average result of 3.54 means they agree that Okra-based Glue cannot

hold styrofoam much longer than school glue, and they notice that Okra-Based glue is not

thicker than school glue.

Table XIII

STYROFOAM

POSITIVE QUESTIONS MEAN VERBAL INTERPRETATION

I can say that Okra-based glue has more power 2.87 Neutral

51
than school glue.

I understand that Okra-based glue can be used in 2.9 Neutral

any extreme-temperature styrofoam.

I know that any styrofoam material that sticks to 2.57 Neutral

Okra-based glue cannot be washed away.

TOTAL: 2.78 Neutral

The average score for the response is 2.78, which indicates that the respondent is

neutral when it comes to the idea that Okra-based Glue cannot adhere to styrofoam for as long

as school glue can. However, they point out that it has greater strength than school glue, can

be used on styrofoam exposed to harsh temperatures, and can adhere to any styrofoam.

Table XIV

EFFECTIVENESS

QUESTIONS MEAN VERBAL INTERPRETATION

I recognize that okra-based glue does leave wet 3.63 Agree

marks on paper.

I understand that okra-based glue will damage my 2.67 Neutral

paper-based projects.

I consider okra-based glue a good adhesive for a 4.03 Agree

variety of my projects due to its excellent

adhesion properties.

I am aware that okra-based glue has non-toxic 4.3 Agree

ingredients.

52
I acknowledge that okra-based glue is 4.73 Totally Agree

environmentally sustainable.

TOTAL: 3.87 Agree

These statements will test the hypothesis of the study. Based on the data collected

above, it has a weighted mean of 3.87 which is considered to agree with the Likert Scale. They

concur that it leaves wet stains, ruins paper, works well as an adhesive for a range of crafts,

has non-toxic components, and is ecologically friendly. It suggests that despite their

uncertainty about whether it would ruin their paper and create wet markings, they still view

okra-based glue as a superior option to traditional school glue due to its strong stickiness, non-

toxic composition, and environmental sustainability.

Overall, it demonstrates that the study's alternative hypothesis is, Okra is effective as an

alternative school glue for Grade 12 STEM Students of Arellano University - Juan Sumulong

Campus. The null hypothesis is void after comprehending the findings of the study.

53
 CHAPTER 5

Discussion, Conclusion, and Recommendation

The discussion and findings of the study, which intends to assess the effectiveness of

Okra as an alternative for school glue for STEM students in grade 12 at Arellano University

Juan Sumulong Campus, are presented in this chapter. Additionally, it offers suggestions on

how students in the 12th grade might use the product to determine whether it works well as a

replacement for school glue.

Research conducted at Arellano University Juan Sumulong Campus led to the

conclusions we expect to obtain. The researchers experimented using Abelmoschus

esculentus to get the results. Post tests provided the necessary data, which was collected

using an experimental and quantitative study approach. Students in sections STEM 1, 1B, 2B,

3, 3B, 5, 6A, and 7A of the 12th grade participated in the survey. The frequency, percentage,

and weighted mean were the statistical tools we utilized to generate the data.

Discussion

Based on the findings, the explanation of the issues followed in Chapter 1 and the

conclusions that the researchers came to from their investigation were condensed.

Problem 1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Name (optional)

1.2 Age

1.3 Gender

1.4 Section

54
 The responders' ages range from 17 to 20 years old. There are also 13 male

respondents and 17 female respondents. The responders to the survey were STEM 1, 1B, 2B,

3, 3B, 5, 6A, and 7A students. Convenience sampling was utilized as the sampling technique,

and participants were selected based on their interest in participating in the study, availability

at a specific time, and geographic closeness.

2. What are the qualities of Okra-based glue in terms of:

2.1 Odor

The statistics show that every respondent disputes the assertion that Abelmoschus

esculentus is unhealthy and has an unpleasant odor. The disapproval of its odor is also one of

those. The mean score of 1.95, which represents a verbal interpretation of disagree, supports

this idea. The following issue relates to the adhesiveness and glue content of substitutes.

When asked whether they were aware that it didn't have any artificial perfumes and that the

aroma didn't affect how sticky it was, the respondents said they were.

Based on the facts collected and the mean score of 4.32, these statements are

comparable to a complete agreement. This finding shows that consumers have no negative

worries about the glue's ingredients and that the glue's odor is natural and safe to breathe in.

Additionally, the scent has no negative effects on how sticky the product is. All of these

indicate that the okra-based glue is of high quality and secure for use by consumers.

2.2 Texture

The average mean score of 2.36 on the following issue, which measures texture, shows

that respondents did not agree with the provided claims. According to the inquiries, okra-based

glue is harder to apply than commercial glue, has trouble being cleaned of residue, and has a

55
texture that impairs the quality of the result. It is also said to irritate users. All of these

questions received contradictory responses, demonstrating that the texture of the okra-based

glue had no negative effects on the user's performance or outputs. Its natural texture, which

may be likened to regular glue, suggests that this glue can work as an effective replacement

and be simple to use daily.

2.3 Color

The average mean score of the problem is 2.42 in terms of color, indicating that the

respondents disagree with the claim that the pigment in the okra glue bothered them when

they put it in sheer material in response to the question about whether doing so would change

the material's color. On the other hand, the respondents generally agree that the okra-based

glue complements their materials and that they can determine if it is dry or wet by the color of

the materials, as seen by the average mean score of 3.58 for the following problem. In the

offered inquiry, students were asked if the adhesive, which is made of okra, complements

when they are employing other materials. According to the data gathered, the respondents do

not seem to be bothered by the color of the work-based adhesive, which is made from okra.

2.4 Clinging time

According to the data given, 3.28 is the weighted score that was considered neutral. It

was not unsatisfied nor satisfied in terms of clinging time. Based on the given question, they

were asked about the clinging time, adherence depending on the surface, hours it takes to dry,

and how it affects humidity and temperature, then the students neither recognized the

difference between the two types of glue. Overall the total data says that the result was neutral

when it comes to clinging time.

56
3. How efficient is Okra as an alternative school glue with regards to:

3.1 Paper

The majority of responders, with a mean score of 3.68, seem to believe that okra-based

glue works as well on paper, according to the report. On the other hand, it can be deduced

from the paper that participants, on average, agree that the Okra-based glue is preferable for

use on paper with a mean score of 3.7. The responders agreed that the okra-based glue does

leave wet marks on paper, is effective on paper, and binds to the paper appropriately and

securely without affecting its quality. However, while using okra-based glue, respondents didn't

care if the color transferred to the paper or how quickly it dried on the surface.

3.2 Cardboard

The respondents show ambivalence over their dissatisfaction with the fact that okra-

based glue struggles to adhere to many cardboard tracks without dissolving and cannot

adhere to things without saturating and penetrating the cardboard. This means that it would be

difficult to adhere to the cardboard. It has a weighted mean of 2.54, which is a neutral score on

the Likert scale. However, they concur on the use of okra-based glue on cardboard because of

its holding and drying properties. The weighted mean of 3.55 supports this. Shows that

cardboard can adhere with alternative adhesive.

3.3 Styrofoam

The study's findings indicate that the Okra-based glue's ability to hold styrofoam is not

significantly better than school glue. On average, participants rated the effectiveness of the

Okra-based Glue at 3.54, indicating agreement with this statement. Additionally, participants

noted that the thickness of Okra-based glue was not noticeably different from school glue.

57
 According to the study's findings, the average score for the statement "Okra-based Glue

cannot adhere to styrofoam for as long as school glue can" was 2.78, indicating a neutral

response from the participants. However, some participants noted some advantages of Okra-

based glue over school glue. They stated that Okra-based glue exhibited greater strength than

school glue and could exploit styrofoam exposed to harsh temperatures. Additionally, they

claimed that styrofoam of any sort could be attached using glue created from okra.

4. Is okra effective as an alternative school glue?

According to the study's findings, grade 12 STEM students of Arellano University - Juan

Sumulong Campus can use okra-based glue as an effective substitute for conventional school

glue. The weighted mean of 3.87 indicates that the students agree with the Likert Scale's

assessment of the efficacy of glue made from okra. As per the research, okra-based glue has

strong adhesive qualities for a variety of craft projects, but it also leaves wet stains and could

damage paper. Despite these reservations, students still believe that okra-based glue is a

better choice than conventional school glue because of its non-toxic composition and

environmental friendliness.

Therefore, the study's alternative hypothesis that okra-based glue is effective as an

alternative school glue for Grade 12 STEM Students of Arellano University - Juan Sumulong

Campus is confirmed. The findings suggest that okra-based glue has the potential to be a

viable alternative to traditional school glue, particularly for students who value non-toxic and

eco-friendly materials in their academic and crafting activities.

58
Conclusion

Based on the indicated findings, the following conclusions were drawn:

1. The responders concur that the smell of glue made from okra is neither unhealthy for them

nor detrimental to their adhesiveness.

2. According to the results, the texture has no appreciably detrimental impact on the material's

production.

3. The researchers discovered that the substance leaves color in the materials, and they can

determine whether it is dry or wet depending on the color.

4. The findings indicate that okra-based glue does not dry readily in various materials.

5. According to the survey participants, okra-based glue works well as an adhesive for paper

without degrading its quality.

6. They come to the conclusion that although pressing together to attach to cardboard is

difficult, the alternative adhesive works well.

7. The results of the investigation show that school glue is not noticeably superior to okra-

based glue in its capacity to hold Styrofoam. They added that Okra-based adhesive had more

strength than regular glue and could penetrate Styrofoam exposed to extreme temperatures.

8. For STEM students in Grade 12 at Arellano University's Juan Sumulong Campus, okra

works well as a substitute for glue in the classroom.

Based on the respondents' responses, the researchers reached the view that Okra

might be advantageous as a substitute for glue. Students may use non-toxic, eco-friendly, and

organic school glue in this project. They can decrease the negative health impacts of utilizing

synthetic glue while also assisting the environment.

59
Recommendation

Preservation. Since Okra is a food, students should add salt as a preservative to

prevent the glue from developing a stinky odor. It is also essential to store the glue in a cold

place to maintain its freshness.

Mixing. To ensure a smooth texture and application, students should mix the Okra-

based glue properly, preferably using a mixer. It will help to create a consistent and easy-to-

use adhesive.

Application. Care should be taken when applying the Okra-based glue, as the color

may transfer to the materials. It is advisable to use an appropriate amount of glue, neither too

much nor too little, to ensure proper adhesion without any mess.

Drying time. Researchers recommend allowing sufficient time for the Okra-based glue

to dry and adhere properly. It may not be suitable for projects that require immediate bonding,

as the glue needs time to dry and set.

Suitable materials. Okra-based glue is recommended for paper-based projects, as it

adheres well without causing the materials to shift. It may not be suitable for other materials

such as Styrofoam.

Pressing and drying. When using Okra-based glue on cardboard, it needs to press the

two pieces together firmly to ensure proper adhesion. The glued materials should be allowed

to dry thoroughly before handling.

Avoid Styrofoam. Researchers do not recommend using Okra-based glue on

Styrofoam, especially when immediate adhesion is required. Okra-based glue may not be

suitable for Styrofoam projects.

60
 Benefits. Considering the effectiveness of Okra as an alternative school glue, students

are encouraged to use it in their projects to reduce the harmful effects on health, minimize

water pollution, and provide easy access to adhesive, even in remote areas.

By following these recommendations, students can effectively use Okra as an

alternative school glue and enjoy its benefits while taking necessary precautions for proper

usage.

61
 Appendix A

Documentation (Product and Final Product)

62
63
64
 Appendix B

Documentation (Survey)

65
66
67
 APPENDIX C

Copy of Survey Questionnaire

Dear Sir/Madam:

Good day! We are the Grade 12 STEM 2 students at Arellano University's Juan

Sumulong Campus, and we would like to ask your permission to conduct a survey. The

information provided will be kept with the utmost confidentiality and will be used for academic

purposes only. The research is titled "Okra as an Alternative School Glue for Grade 12

STEM Students of Arellano University - Juan Sumulong Campus." Your approval to

conduct this survey will be greatly appreciated. Thank you very much!

Respectfully yours,

Group 4, STEM 2

Checked by:

Recommended for approval:

68
To Whom It May Concern,

We, the researchers from STEM 2, would like to ask permission to present our research

product before filling out the survey questionnaire with your kindest and sincerest answer. This

study, entitled “Okra as an Alternative School Glue for Grade 12 STEM Students of

Arellano University - Juan Sumulong Campus,” seeks to provide a biodegradable product

that would aid in solving the pollution problem as well as evaluate the efficacy of okra as a

substitute for school glue.

We appreciate your support. God Bless!

RESEARCHERS:

Abaygar, Paula Andrea D.

Albeza, Svetlana I.

Apan, Denisse Danielle C.

Cervantes, Angel A.

Ereso, Ladain F.

Go, Jeal Mari Daniel

Jamanillo, Erika

Manangat, Jet V.

Tampalan, Mark Jhastine C.

Yap, Thristina Charry R.

69
 OKRA AS AN ALTERNATIVE SCHOOL GLUE FOR GRADE 12 STEM STUDENTS OFARELLANO
UNIVERSITY - JUAN SUMULONG CAMPUS

Name (Optional):
Age: _______ Section: _____

Gender: Female Male

Directions: Please check [✓] only one in the box on the right side of each statement to indicate how agree or
disagree you are with the statement that indicates the effectiveness of the product. There are no correct or incorrect
answers. Kindly fill out the survey questionnaire with your kindest and sincerest answer. Your responses will be kept
confidential, and you will not be identifiable.

LEGEND:

SCALE VERBAL INTERPRETATION SYMBOL

5 Totally Agree TA

4 Agree A

3 Neutral N

2 Disagree D

1 Totally Disagree TD

I. QUALITIES OF OKRA-BASED GLUE

TA A N D TD
QUESTIONS (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
ODOR
1. I find Okra-based Glue’s smell very distracting when used.
2. I know that Okra-based Glue does not use any artificial
fragrances.
3. I am aware that the scent of the Okra-based Glue does not
affect its adhesiveness.
4. I feel that the odor of the Okra-based Glue will be harmful to
my health.
5. I dislike the aroma of the Okra-based Glue.

70
 TEXTURE TA A N D TD
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1. I am bothered by the texture of Okra-based Glue.
2. I find Okra-based Glue harder to apply than regular school
glue on my project.
3. I have a difficult time cleaning up the residue.
4. I experience adhering difficulties because of the texture.
5. I feel that the Okra-based Glue's texture affects my output's
quality.

COLOR TA A N D TD
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1. I like how the color of Okra-based Glue practically
complements the materials for my project.
2. I can tell how wet or dry the glue is based on the color.
3. I avoid using Okra-based Glue on sheer materials.
4. I am bothered by the natural color of the okra-based glue.
5. I am bothered by the pigment of the glue leaves when it dries.

CLINGING TIME TA A N D TD
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1. I am not satisfied with the amount of time the glue takes to
cling to the surface.
2. I know that Okra-based Glue’s adherence can vary
depending on the surface or material being used.
3. I recognize that Okra-based Glue dries faster than school
glue.
4. I am aware that Okra-based Glue now takes hours to dry.
5. I know that humidity and temperature levels affect the setting
time of Okra-based Glue.

71
II. EFFECTIVENESS AS AN ALTERNATIVE GLUE IN DIFFERENT MATERIALS
TA A N D TD
QUESTIONS (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
PAPER
1. I observe that alternative glue sticks properly onto the paper
without moving.
2. I am aware that Okra-based Glue does leave wet marks on
paper.
3. I know that Okra-based Glue does not affect the quality of the
material.
4. I see that Okra-based Glue does transfer color onto the
paper.
5. I am sure that alternative glue dries out onto the surface
quickly.

CARDBOARD TA A N D TD
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1. I know that alternative glue can hold the pieces of cardboard
together instantly.
2. I am aware that Okra Based Glue clings on heavy-duty
cardboard effectively.
3. I am not satisfied that Okra Based glue can’t adhere to things
without soaking and puncturing the cardboard as much.
4. I struggle to adhere to numerous stacks of cardboard without
it falling apart.
5. I know that Okra Based Glue is quick to dry when applied to
cardboard.

STYROFOAM TA A N D TD
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1. I know that Okra-based glue cannot hold styrofoam much
longer than school glue.
2. I can say that Okra-based glue has more power than school
glue.
3. I notice that Okra-based glue is not thicker than school glue.
4. I understand that Okra-based glue can be used in any
extreme-temperature styrofoam.
5. I know that any styrofoam material that sticks to Okra-based
glue cannot be washed away.

72
 III. EFFECTIVENESS AS AN ALTERNATIVE SCHOOL GLUE
QUESTIONS TA A N D TD
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1. I consider okra-based glue a good adhesive for a variety of
my projects due to its excellent adhesion properties.
2. I am aware that okra-based glue has non-toxic ingredients.
3. I acknowledge that okra-based glue is environmentally
sustainable.
4. I recognize that okra-based glue does leave wet marks on
paper.
5. I understand that okra-based glue will damage my
paper-based projects.

- Thank you! -

73
Curriculum Vitae

ABAYGAR, PAULA ANDREA D.

Number: 0998-355-8528

E-Mail: aujscabaygarpaulaandrea@gmail.com

Address: 2954 B. F. Manalo St. Punta Sta. Ana, Manila

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: PAULA ANDREA D. ABAYGAR

Age: 17

Birthday: May 2, 2005

Religion: Iglesia Ni Cristo

Strand: STEM

Section: 2

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND Tomas Earnshaw Elementary School

Kindergarten Sta. Ana, Manila

Iglesia Ni Cristo Summer Daycare 2012-2013

Sta. Ana, Manila

2010 Sunny Brooke Elementary School

Elementary General Trias, Cavite

Sunny Brooke Elementary School 2013-2014

General Trias, Cavite

2011-2012

74
Tomas Earnshaw Elementary School

Sta. Ana, Manila

2014-2017

Junior High School

Mandaluyong High School

Mandaluyong City

2017-2021

Senior High School

Arellano University

Sampaloc, Manila

2021-2023

75
ALBEZA, SVETLANA I.

Number: 0921-202-0342

E-Mail: aujscalbezasvetlana@gmail.com

Address: Area 4, Panther St. Brgy. Bagong Silangan, Quezon City

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: SVETLANA I. ALBEZA

Age: 19

Birthday: September 15, 2004

Religion: Roman Catholic

Strand: STEM

Section: 2

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary Junior High School Senior High School

Stepstone Christian Acad. Bagong Silangan High Sch. Arellano University

Bagong Silangan, Quezon Bagong Silangan, Quezon Sampaloc, Manila

City City 2021-2023

2011-2017 2017-2021

76
APAN, DENISSE DANIELLE C.

Number: 0966-179-0014

E-Mail: aujscapandenisse@gmail.com

Address: 1994 D. Narra Street Tondo Manila

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: DENISSE DANIELLE C. APAN

Age: 18

Birthday: July 2, 2004

Religion: Iglesia Ni Cristo

Strand: STEM

Section: 2

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary Junior High School Senior High School

Andress Bonifacio Elem. Lakandula High School Arellano University

Sch. Tondo, Manila Sampaloc, Manila

Tondo, Manila 2017-2021 2021-2023

2011-2017

77
CERVANTES, ANGEL A.

Number: 0966-405-9488

E-Mail: aujsccervantesangel@gmail.com

Address: 20B Lerma St.Barangya 26, Caloocan City

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: ANGEL A. CERVANTES

Age: 17

Birthday: July 20, 2005

Religion: Roman Catholic

Strand: STEM

Section: 2

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary Junior High School Senior High School

Sampalukan Elementary Lakandula High School Arellano University

School Tondo, Manila Sampaloc, Manila

Kaunlaran, Caloocan 2017-2021 2021-2023

2011-2017

78
ERESO, LADAIN F.

Number: 0998-251-2933

E-Mail: aujsceresoladain@gmail.com

Address: 27 BFD Compound, East Avenue, Quezon City

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: LADAIN F. ERESO

Age: 18

Birthday: Feb 18, 2005

Religion: Iglesia Ni Cristo

Strand: STEM

Section: 2

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary Junior High School Senior High School

Malaya Elementary School Quirino High School Arellano University

Malaya, Quezon City Project 3, Quezon City Sampaloc, Manila

2011-2017 2017-2021 2021-2023

79
GO, JEAL MARI DANIEL

Number: 0921-728-7786

E-Mail: aujscgojealmaridaniel@gmail.com

Address: 353 Eduque St. Balut, Tondo, Manila

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: JEAL MARI DANIEL GO

Age: 18

Birthday: August 17, 2004

Religion: Roman Catholic

Strand: STEM

Section: 2

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Kindergarten Junior High School

Little Children Learning Center Timoteo Paez Integrated School

Tondo, Manila Tondo, Manila

2010 2017-2021

Elementary Senior High School

Arsenio H. Lacson Elementary School Arellano University

Tondo, Manila Sampaloc, Manila

2011-2017 2021-2023

80
JAMANILLO, ERIKA MAE N.

Number: 0953-247-9007

E-Mail: aujscjamanilloeikamae@gmail.com

Address: 6 Col. Martelino St., Heroes Hill, Brgy. Sta.Cruz,

Quezon City

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: ERIKA MAE N. JAMANILLO

Age: 19

Birthday: January 1, 2004

Religion: Roman Catholic

Strand: STEM

Section: 2

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary Junior High School Senior High School

Integrated Center for the Quezon City High School Arellano University

Young Quezon City Sampaloc, Manila

Sta. Cruz, Quezon City 2017-2021 2021-2023

2011-2017

81
MANANGAT, JET V.

Number: 0991-655-2476

E-Mail: aujsmanangatjet@gmail.com

Address: Blk 2 Kaingin 1, Pansol, Quezon City

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: JET V. MANANGAT

Age: 18

Birthday: February 15, 2005

Religion: Roman Catholic

Strand: STEM

Section: 2

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary Junior High School Senior High School

Balara Elem. Sch. Balara High Sch. Arellano University

Pansol, Quezon City Pansol, Quezon City Sampaloc, Manila

2011-2017 2017-2021 2021-2023

82
TAMPALAN, MARK JHASTINE C.

Number: 0915-239-3423

E-Mail: aujsctampalanmarkjhastine@gmail.com

Address: Ususan St. Maypajo Ext. Caloocan City

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: MARK JHASTINE C. TAMPALAN

Age: 18

Birthday: Jan 11, 2005

Religion: Roman Catholic

Strand: STEM

Section: 2

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementray School Junior High School Senior High School

Gen. Gregorio Del Pilar Manila High School Arellano University

Elem. Sch. Intramuros, Manila Sampaloc, Manila

Tondo, Manila 2017-2021 2021- 2023

2011-2017

83
YAP, THRISTINA CHARRY R.

Number: 0945-440-1859

E-Mail: ausjcyapcharry@gmail.com

Address: 1411 Casanas St. Sampaloc, Manila

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: THRISTINA CHARRY R. YAP

Age: 19

Birthday: November 20, 2003

Religion: Roman Catholic

Strand: STEM

Section: 2

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary Junior High School Senior High School

Lucio Suarez Sr. Meml. Sch. Clarendon College Arellano University

Odiong, Oriental Mindoro Roxas, Oriental Mindoro Sampaloc, Manila

2011-2017 2017-2021 2021-2023

84
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