Command Line

Version Control
Let's say you are working on a web development
project with a team of developers. The project
involves creating a website for a client. Each team
member is responsible for different sections of
the website, such as the homepage, product
pages, and contact form.

Without version control:

Developer A starts working on the homepage
and makes significant changes to the HTML
and CSS files.

Meanwhile, Developer B is working on the

product pages and modifies some shared
JavaScript files to implement certain
functionalities.

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 Developer C is responsible for the contact
form and makes changes to the HTML and
PHP files.

Now, imagine that after a few days of working

independently, the team gathers to integrate
their changes into the final version of the website.
They realize that there are conflicts and
inconsistencies in the code. Some changes made
by Developer A conflict with the modifications
made by Developer B and Developer C. It
becomes challenging to determine which
changes should be kept and how to merge them
correctly.

With version control (e.g., Git):

Each developer creates a separate branch for
their assigned task.

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 Developer A works on the homepage in their
branch, Developer B on the product pages in
another branch, and Developer C on the
contact form in their own branch.

As they progress, they commit their changes

to their respective branches and push them
to the version control system.

Git keeps track of the individual changes

made by each developer.

So far, we have learned why we use version

control. Now, let's study what a version control
system is.

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What is version control.

Version control, also known as source control, is

the practice of tracking and managing changes to
software code. Version control systems are
software tools that help software teams manage
changes to source code over time.

Basic Command Lines

Your computer's text interface is called the

command line. It is a programme that receives
instructions and sends them to the computer's
operating system for execution. From the
command line, you can navigate through files and
folders on your computer, just as you would with
Windows Explorer on Windows or Finder on Mac
OS.

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To master the fundamentals of the Unix
command, we will utilise git bash in this lesson.

Current working directory

The directory that the user is presently working in
is known as the current working directory. You are
operating inside a directory each time you use
your command prompt. Your home directory is
configured as your current working directory by
default when you log into a system

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Navigating directory

You can switch folders with the cd command. You

are in your home directory when you launch a
terminal. You will use cd to navigate the file
system.

To navigate to your home directory, use "cd"

To navigate up one directory level, use "cd .."

Use the 'pwd' command to see where you are.

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Making Directory
The command that allows you to create
directories is 'mkdir'.

Now let's go to the Git-course-Geekster folder

using 'cd' command.

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Note: Remember that when you do not mention a
more than one-word directory name, it will create
two directories.

List files and directories

The 'ls' command is used to list files or

directories. Just like you navigate in your File
explorer or Finder with a GUI, the 'ls' command
allows you to list all files or directories in the
current directory by default, and further interact
with them via the command line.

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Note: It is worth noting that 'ls' won't show the
hidden folders. You need to use 'ls -a' for the
same.

Git-course-Geekster folder didn't include any

files or directories because we hadn't yet created
them. so, Let's build a few directories.

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You can create directories one by one with
'mkdir', but this can be time-consuming. To avoid
that, you can run a single mkdir command to
create multiple directories at once.

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Detail List

Let's use the 'ls -la' command to see a detailed list

of the directories.

Using the above command, we can see the

detailed view of a directory or a file

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 Creating file
Its is a very simple to create file in git bash at first
write touch then file name with extension.

As you can see, there is day1.txt in the list. That

means we have created the day1.txt file inside the
Git-course-Geekster folder. You can also you ls -
la command to use the detailed view of the
folders and file.

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 Opening and writing on file

Let's open day1.txt and start adding text to it. In

order to open and write, we need the 'nano'
command.

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As you can see from the above figure, the cursor
is active and you can write on the pad. You can
only use arrow keys to move the cursor left,
right, up, and down. Let's write some text on the
opened pad. There are instructors at the
bottom that tells how to exit. For instance ctrl +
x is to exit. When you exit either you save or
cancel which comes when you click ctrl + x.

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Now you can save the modified file by writing Y or
you can cancel it by clicking ctrl + c.
After you write Y then click enter.

Opening file to read

The 'cat' command can only be used to read files.

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Copy file
The command cp followed by the name of the file
you want to copy and the name of the directory
to where you want to copy the file (e.g. cp
filename directory-name )
Let's have day1-backup.txt from day1.txt by
copying using the cp command

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 Rename file
We use the git mv command in git to rename and
move files. We only use the command for
convenience. It does not rename or move the
actual file, but rather deletes the existing file and
creates a new file with a new name or in another
folder.

oldFilename: The name of the file that we rename.

newFilename: The new name of the file.

let's rename the day1.txt to day-one.txt using the

mv command.

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 Moving file and directory

The mv and cp commands can be used to put

files into a directory. The cp moves the copy of
the file or the folder to another folder, however,
mv just move it without copying. Let's move the
day-one.txt Day-01 folder.

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Delete file and directory
To delete (i.e. remove) a directory and all the
sub-directories and files that it contains, navigate
to its parent directory, and then use the
command rm -r followed by the name of the
directory you want to delete (e.g. rm -r directory-
name ). Let's remove the day-one.txt file from the
Day-01 folder.

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The rmdir delete a folder.Let's delete the day5
folder.

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geekster.in
1. rm-r removes the file "file.txt" from the
repository's staging area, and it will be deleted
in the next commit.
2. To remove a directory (and its contents) from
the repository:

This command removes the file "file.txt" from the

repository's staging area, and it will be deleted in
the next commit.

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Git and GitHub

Git: During the course of software development,

changes to source code are monitored using the
Git distributed version control system. Although it
is intended for programmers, it may be used to
keep track of changes to any set of files. Speed,
data integrity, and support for dispersed, non-
linear workflows are among its objectives.

GitHub: GitHub is a web-based service for

hosting Git repositories. It provides all of Git's
distributed revision control and source code
management (SCM) functions in addition to a few
extras.

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Before using Git we should know
why we need it

Git makes it easy to contribute to open-

source projects
Documentation.
Integration Option.
Track changes in your code across versions
Deployment.

1. Install Git
First, you need to install the version control
software, Git.

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2. Checking status of the repository
The git status command displays the state of the
working directory and the staging area. It lets you
see which changes have been staged, which
haven’t, and which files aren’t being tracked by
Git.

3. Configure your name and your

email

The global git username and email address are

associated with commits on all repositories on
your system that don’t have repository-specific
values.

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To set your global commit name and email
address run the git config command with the --
global option.

4. Create a local git repository

You will create a folder (directory) for your

project in this stage. A project is only a folder
where all the files relevant to a particular project
are kept. A project or folder on your PC is referred
to as a local repository.

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