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    Chronopharmacology

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    Prasanna Reddy
    The document discusses chronopharmacology, which is the study of how biological rhythms affect drug efficacy and safety. It defines key terms, describes circadian rhythms and how they regulate physiological functions. It also explains how timing drug administration based on biological rhythms can optimize effects and minimize adverse reactions.

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    Chronopharmacology

    Uploaded by

    Prasanna Reddy
    20 views23 pages
    The document discusses chronopharmacology, which is the study of how biological rhythms affect drug efficacy and safety. It defines key terms, describes circadian rhythms and how they regulate physiological functions. It also explains how timing drug administration based on biological rhythms can optimize effects and minimize adverse reactions.

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    Pharmacy unit 5 Pharmacology

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    The document discusses chronopharmacology, which is the study of how biological rhythms affect drug efficacy and safety. It defines key terms, describes circadian rhythms and how they regulate physiological functions. It also explains how timing drug administration based on biological rhythms can optimize effects and minimize adverse reactions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    20 views23 pages

    Chronopharmacology

    Uploaded by

    Prasanna Reddy
    The document discusses chronopharmacology, which is the study of how biological rhythms affect drug efficacy and safety. It defines key terms, describes circadian rhythms and how they regulate physiological functions. It also explains how timing drug administration based on biological rhythms can optimize effects and minimize adverse reactions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    You are on page 1of 23

    Dr.

    Rajesh Choudhary
    M. Pharm. (Pharmacology), Ph. D.

    /pharmacologyconceptsbyrajeshchoudhary

    1
    Contents of the Lecture:
    Introduction
    History
    Definitions
    Circadian Rhythm
    Chronopharmacology
    Application of Chronopharmacology

    2
    Introduction
    Medications used in best time for enhance their therapeutic value
    History
    Jean-Jaques d’Ortous de Mairan
    described circadian rhythms of plants in the 18th
    century

    Franz Halberg
    He coined the term ‘Circadian’ in 20th century.
    (circa – about or approximately; dian-day
    or about 24 hour).
    Considered as one of the founders of
    Modern Chronobiology.
    Definitions
    Chronobiology:

    Chronos – Time; Bio-Life; Logos- Study

    It is the branch of sciences dealing with the “Biological rhythm”


    and their mechanism in the living organism is called
    Chronobiology

    Biological Rhythm:

    It is the determined rhythmic biological process or function within


    a defined time period.
    Definitions
    Biological Rhythm:

    A biological rhythm is a self-sustaining oscillation with the


    duration of time between successive repetitions (i.e; the period)
    being rather non-varying under normal conditions.

    Circadian: Lasting for about 24 hours. “Sleep wake cycles”

    Infradian: Cycles longer than 24 hours. “Menstrual cycle”

    Ultradian: Cycles shorter than a day. “Neuronal firing time”

    Seasonal: Seasonal affective disorders.


    Definitions
    Chronopharmacology

    Chronos – Time; Pharmacon- Drug; Logos- Study

    It is the branch of sciences dealing with the pharmacological action


    of a drug in relation to biological rhythm. It is concerned with the
    effects of drugs upon the timing of biological events and rhythms.

    Aim: Enhance the therapeutic efficacy, optimization of drug effects &


    minimization of adverse effects by using timing medications in relation
    to biological rhythm.
    Circadian Rhythm
    Oscillations in the biological, physiological & behavioral functions
    of an organism with a periodicity of 24 hrs

    Circadian rhythms are particularly important in medical sciences


    and right time use of a medicine.

    A circadian clock (24 h clock) in the NS coordinates daily


    physiological cycles.
    ➢sleep/wake
    ➢Digestion
    ➢temperature
    ➢Hormones
    ➢Cardiovascular activity
    Circadian Rhythm
    Regulation: External cues which reset the circadian clock = ZEITGEBERS
    (German words- Timer) = synchronizers
    Circadian Rhythm
    In the mammals, an internal biological clock is located in the
    suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, delivering its
    message of time throughout the body.

    It is responsible for circadian rhythms and annual and seasonal


    rhythms.

    SCN uses its connected ANS for spreading its time-of-day


    message, either by setting the sensitivity of endocrine glands (i.e.,
    thyroid, adrenal, ovary) or by directly controlling an endocrine
    output of pineal gland (i.e., melatonin synthesis)
    Circadian Rhythm
    Chronopharmacolgy
    It is the branch of sciences dealing with the pharmacological action of
    a drug in relation to biological rhythm

    Chrophysiology—Chronopathophysiology—Chronopharmacology

    Subdivision:

    Chronotherapeutics

    Chronokinetic

    Chronotoxicity

    Chronesthesy

    Chronergy
    Chronopharmacolgy
    Chronotherapeutics: Study of effective therapy relation to biological
    rhythm of a disease

    Chronokinetic: It deals with the study of the temporal changes in


    the pharmacokinetics (ADME) of the drugs with respective time.
    Chronotoxicity: it may be defined as the changes in an organism's
    sensitivity to toxicants in relation to time.

    Chronesthesy: The rhythmic changes in susceptibility or sensitivity of


    a target system to a drug.

    Chronergy: Rhythmic changes of both the desired [effectiveness]


    and undesired [toxicity, tolerance] effects on the organism as a
    whole
    Chronopharmacolgy
    Chronotherapeutics (Chronotherapy)

    Effective therapy relation to biological rhythm of a disease


    (Chrono-pathophysiology)

    It refers to treatment method in which drug availability is timed to


    match rhythm of diseases in order to optimize the therapeutic
    outcomes and minimize side effects

    Advantages: Prevents over dosage; Appropriate usage of drug;


    Reduce side effects
    Chronopharmacolgy
    Chronopharmacolgy
    Chronopharmaceutics: Development of chrono drug delivery system
    Drug
    Chronotropic Drug Delivery
    System
    •Functional Design
    •Formulation Design
    •Process design
    •Packaging desing

    Chrono Pharmaceutical Products


    ✓ Optimal dose timing
    ✓ Time control
    ✓ Site Control

    Ideal Chronotherapy
    Chronopharmacolgy
    Chrono drug delivery system

    SODAS-Spheroidal oral drug absorption system

    CODAS- Chronotherapeutics oral drug absorption system

    Chronomodulating infusion pumps

    TIMERx

    CONTINER
    Chronopharmacolgy
    Application of Chronopharmacology:

    Asthma therapy

    Hypertension

    Oncology

    Strokes

    Sleep apnea

    GI tract disorders

    Allergies
    Chronopharmacolgy
    Asthma Therapy:

    Asthmatic attack is more common between 2 AM to 6 AM

    The risk of asthmatic attack is almost 70 times higher in patients at


    04:00-05:00 AM in the morning, compared with the afternoon

    Increased bronchoconstriction at night due to…


    ➢↑Parasympathetic tone
    ➢↓ Adrenaline
    ➢↓ Cortisol at midnight
    ➢↑Sensitivity to irritants and allergens at night
    ➢exacerbations of allergic rhinitis & asthma
    Chronopharmacolgy
    Asthma Therapy:

    Chronopharmacotherapy for asthma is aim to getting maximum


    beneficial effect from bronchodilators during the early morning

    E.g., Sustained release long acting theophylline taken once a day


    in the evening causes theophylline blood levels to reach their
    peak and improve lung function during the difficult early morning.
    Chronopharmacolgy
    Hypertension Therapy: Blood pressure pattern in a day

    Night dip Morning Rise


    Chronopharmacolgy
    Hypertension Therapy:
    A new COER (Controlled onset extended release system) verapamil use in
    HTN It is formulated as a pill with a shell that dissolves slowly. Taken at bed-
    time, this exerts peak effects btw 5 am and noon & no mid-night dip in B.P is
    seen.
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