PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW

I. Concept of public international law

1.1 Definition
Public international law Private international law
- Independent legal system - A branch of national legal system
- Consisting of principles and - Consisting of principles and
rules/norms regulating the relations rules/norms regulating the civil
among States IGOs and other subjects relations with a foreign element b/t or
of international law amongst private entities

General international law Regional international law

Rules and principles that are Rules and principles that are
applicable to almost every State applicable only to groups of states
within a region ( EU law, ASEAN
law,…)

1.2 Characteristics of PIL

- Subject of PIL
+) Special entities
+) Idependent State

State:
+) A permanent population ( Live in territory; related to the claimed State by
nationality)
+) A defined territory ( Land, Sea, Sky, Ground)
+) Government
- Capable to regulate and manage the population within territory
- Capable to excerise legislative executive/ administrative and judical powers
+) Capacity to enter into relations w other States
=> Quốc gia là chủ thể có chủ quyền ( là thuộc tính; quyền năng chủ thể qt là tự
nhiên, vốn có, đầy đủ)
Công nhận ko tạo nên quyền năng chủ thế luật quốc tế của qgia nhưng có thể
tạo dk cho quốc gia tham gia qh qt một cách đầy đủ
International Organizations
- Association of states and other subjects of IL
- Establishment by international agreement
- Membership ( Rights and Obligations)
- Possession of permanent organs
- Possession of interational legal personality
National Liberation Movements
People are fighting for the rights to self- determination
International Legal Relations
Arising b/t the subject of international law;
Agreement
- Signing treaties
- Accepting customs

Self enforcement Mechanism => Tự xd, tự cg chế, tự thực thi

- Forms: Individual Enforcement, Collective Enforcement
- Methods: Diplomatic, economic, politic, military
2.1. Principles of IL
7 Fundemental principles
- Bình đẳng chủ quyền
- K can thiệp nội bộ các qgia khác
( cơ sở 2 ntac, quy định ở đâu; nội dung của nguyên tắc; ngoại lệ
Special principles

IGOs: Thành viên các qgia và các chủ thể khác của lqt
Cơ quan thường trực
Tlap trên cơ sở điều ước
Có qnang chủ thể quốc tế độc lập với các tvien
=> Tính chất quyền năng chủ thể luật quốc tế của IGOs là phái sinh
Quyền năng chủ thể luật qte của IGO giới hạn do ý chí của các tvien

SOURCES OF IL

Municipal legal systems Public IL

Parliamemts and judocal bodies No universal Parliament
 Power to create law
International rules and norms created
Establsihed by Parliamentary legal by subjects of IL
instruments and judical decisions

 Rules and norms of any legal system are derived from their sources

Narrow meaning
- “Sources” articulate what the law is and where it can be found
Wide meaning
- Sources of PIL are those that contain the legal basis for the subject of IL to
perform actual acts
Classification of SOIL
- Primary and Secondary sources
- Formal, Material and Evidentiary Sources
- Soft Law and Hard as Source

Primary Sources
- Treaties, custom and principle of law

2. International Treaties
a.
Căn cứ Đ2 LTTQT 2016

 Ý định của các bên là quan trọng nhất

 STATES IN IL
1. Concept of State
2. Definition of State
Requirement for statehood in customary law

1. Central structure capable of exercising effective control over the human

population living in a given territory。The bodies that comprise that central
structure must be independent of any other state，i.e. must be endowed with an
original legal order。

2. Independent territory，with a population that owes no allegiance to other

outside authorities or governments。Without territory，there is no state。The
control and possession over the territory must be effective。Exception：
Governments-in-exile。

Montervideo Convention on Rights and Obligations of States 1933

（Art.1）“The state as a person of international law should following

the。possess qualifications：（a）a permanent population;（b）a defined
territory;（c）government; and（d）capacity to enter into relations with the
other states。

3. Elements of State

- Defined Territory

+) Boundaries have not been finally settled

+) Some of its territory is claimed by another state
+) One or more of its boundaries are disputed

Permanent Population

- Lives in territory
- Related to the claimed state by nationality

- Effective Government

+) Government of State
Capable to regulate and manage the population within the territory

Capable to exercise legislative executive/ administrative and judical powers

Capacity to enter into relationship with other State

- 4. Capacity to enter into relations with other nations

Where this element is there not present，cannot be a state。

States are not the only international law subjects who have this capacity，but
this capacity is essential to statehood。

The essence of such capacity is independence; it is a formal statement that the

state is subject to no other sovereignty。

State Sovereignty

- Internal
-> Competence to control internal affairs
External
-> Independence

2. I Legal personality of State

- How do we determine if an entity

An entity is a subject of international law if it has“international legal

personality”。

-Legal personality also includes the capacity to enforce one's own rights and to
However，Not all subjects of international law have the same rights，duties
and capacities。c
 Thảo luận tuần 4

Công nhận có phải là yếu tố thứ 5 để nhận diện 1 qgia? MQH giữa công nhận
với các yếu tố xđ 1 qgia.
Vì sao công ước montevideo chưa có hiệu lực nhưng lại đc viện dẫn để xđ 1
qgia

Có nghĩa vụ ko công nhận 1 thực thể làm quốc gia

-------------------------------------------- ko có đủ đk thành 1 qgia
Khi thực thể mới ra đời trên cơ sở các nguyên tắc cơ bản của luật qte
Tính pháp lý của hành vi công nhận

Tuần 6: IO
Concept of IO
1. Definition
- is an organization established by a treaty or other instruments governed by
international law n possessing its own international legal personality. IO may
include as members, in addition to States, other interantional subjects

2. Characteristic
a. Members
- States n other subject of IL
b. Established under IL
- Created by the treaty which members have concluded to constitute
c. International legal personality
- Derivative and limited ( compared to States)
- Distinct will with members
c. Structure
- A permanent structure: a headquarter, a system of priciple organs and
subidaries organs
( compared to forums of i conferences)

3. 3. Classification

Scope of cooperation: Universal IGOS; European Union , ASEAN , UN •

Specialised IGOs : WTO , the Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development ( OECD )

Membership Regional Organizations: EU , ASEAN , ... • Inter - Regional

Organizations : NATO , OPEC , ... Worldwide WTO , ICAO

Functions: Broad areas; UN • Particular fields : OAS , WTO • Global

Organizations ( UN , WTO , ... )

1. Membership
The process of joining as a member of the organization To join an international
organization , entities need to meet certain conditions
Follow specific procedures to complete the process of joining
 submit an application
 reviewed and approved an application at the meetings
 ( Optional ) negotiation between IGOS and the joining party .
UN ( The United Nations )
A peace - loving State and is able and willing to carry out the obligations
contained in the UN Charter .

Accepts the obligations contained in the UN Charter .

• A two - thirds majority of the members present and voting , upon its
application for membership ( UN Charter - Article 4 )
ASEAN ( The Association of Southeast Asian Nations )
• Location in the recognised geographical region of Southeast Asia ;
• Recognition by all ASEAN member states ;
• Agreement to be bound by the ASEAN Charter
• Ability and willingness to carry out the obligations of membership

Voluntary withdrawal
- Unilateral behavior
- Termination of membership
Expulsion
- Sanctions apply to serious and systematic violations of fundamental principles
of international organizations
Sanctions
- apply to members who seriously violate the Suspension obligations specified
in the organization's charter
2. International legal
Personality
Have International Legal Personality : capacity that one entity can exercise
rights and fulfill obligations derived from international law

Example : Ability to bring a claim in international law for the purpose of

maintaining its own rights
Ability to conclude international treaty independently

3. Functions
Providing a forum for identifying and deliberating upon matters of common
interests .
Providing mechanisms for promoting , monitoring , and supervising
compliance by Intl subjects with rules and policies
Providing a forum for the resolution of international disputes

III.UN
1. Proposes of the UN
1 ) the maintenance of international peace and security ,
2) the development of friendly relations among nations ;
03 ( ii ) international cooperation in solving international problems of an
economic , social , cultural or humanitarian character , UN Charter )
04 ( iv ) the promotion of human rights

2. Structure of the UN
Principal organs
( 1 ) General Assembly
• The plenary organ of the UN and is the only principal organ composed of all
member States ( Article 9 )
• Article 20 : The General Assembly shall meet in regular annual sessions and in
such special sessions as occasion may require . Special sessions shall be
convoked by the Secretary - General at the request of the Security Council or of
a majority of the Members of the United Nations
• Has competence with regard to peace and security , promoting human rights ,
and international cooperation in political, economic, social , cultural ,
educational , and health fields .
• Shall not make recommendations concerning disputes or situations

( 2 ) Security Council
• The Security Council is composed of 15 member States of the UN . There are
five permanent members and ten which are elected by the Assembly for two
year terms ( Article 23 ) .
• Its competence is mainly ( though not exclusively ) limited to issues
concerning the maintenance of international peace and security , for which it
bears primary responsibility within the UN system ( Article 24 ) .

( 3 ) International Court of Justice ( ICJ )

• Judicial organ •
Operating on the basis of the Charter of the United Nations and the Rules and
Regulations of the Court . • Composition : 15 judges with a term of 9 years and
every 3 years , re - elects 1/3 of the total number of judges .

( 4 ) Economic and Social Council ( ECOSOC )

Coordinating cooperation activities between the United Nations and its member
states on economic , social , health and other related issues . Composition : 54
members elected for a term of 3 years

Territory in IL
1. Khái niệm và phân loại
Lãnh thổ= “ a portion of the globe” covering land and sub-oil, waters, airspace.
- Phân loại
+) National territory
- Land, including islands and subsoil
- Internal waters and territorial sea
- Airspance above land, internal waters and territorial sea of a state
+) Territory of mixed regime
+) International territory
- International law is based on the concept of the state . The state in its turn lies
upon the foundation of sovereignty , which expresses internally the supremacy
of the governmental institutions and externally the supremacy of the state as a
legal person . But sovereignty itself , with its retinue of legal rights and duties ,
is founded upon the fact of territory . Without territory a legal person cannot be
a state . " ( Shaw , 2008 , 487 )
- Statehood : ( i ) permanent territory ; ( ii ) a defined territory ; and ( iii )
government.
2. Thụ đắc lãnh thổ ( territorial acquisition)
- Cáck= cách thức mà một quốc gia có thể xác lập chủ quyền đối với một vùng
lãnh thổ một cách hợp pháp
- Các cách thức ( mode of acquisition)
- Sử dụng vũ lực ( ctranh xâm lược) – trc 1945
- Chiếm đóng ( occupation)
- Chiếm hữu theo thời hiệu ( prescription)
- Chuyển nhượng lãnh thổ ( cession)
- Sự thay đổi tự nhiên ( accretion/ avulsion)
3. Chiếm đóng
Áp dụng cho lãnh thổ vô chủ ( terra mullius: land belong to no one)
- Res mullius: Lãnh thổ chưa từng thuộc về quốc gia nào, hoặc bị tư bỏo9
- Hiện nay gần như ko có terra mullius
4. Chiếm hữu theo thời hiệu
- Chiếm hữu theo thời hiệu là việc một quốc gia xác lập chủ quyền đối với lãnh
thổ của một quốc gia khác
- Hai điều kiện
+) Hữu hiệu
+) Hoà bình
Chuyển nhượng lãnh thổ
- Là chuyển giao chủ quyền đối với một vùng lãnh thổ từ quốc gia này sang
quốc gia khác thông qua một thoả thuận
Vd : trường hợp Nga chuyển nhượng Alaska cho Mỹ năm 1867 ; hay Tây Ban
Nha chuyển nhương Puerto Rico , đảo Guan và Phillipines cho Mỹ năm 1898
VI .
Sự thay đổi của tự nhiên:
- Đảo xuất hiện trong nội thuỷ hay lãnh hải của quốc gia ven biển
- Sự chuyển dịch của các dòng sông biên giới
Căn cứ xđ vị trí và chiều rộng các vùng biển- đg cơ sở
Ba loại đường cơ sở chính
- Thông thg
- Thẳng
- Quần đảo

- Từ điều 17- 25he

DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR LAW

- Diplomatic Law
Concerned with state to state political relations
- Consular law
Deals with the relationship between individuals
I. INTRODUCTION
1. Definition
Diplomatic and consular relations are relations which are established by States
in thr national level to maintain official relatinship between state with other
state or with other subject of PIL
II. Diplomatic relations
1. Diplomatic mission

1.1. The establishment of diplomatic relations and permanent diplomatic

missions
Article 2 Convention 1961:
“The establishment of diplomatic relations between States, and of permanent
diplomatic missions, takes place by mputual consent”
 The consent of both States

1.3 . The funtions of a diplomatic mission

- Representing the sending State in the receiving State ;

- Protecting in the receiving State the interests of the sending State and of its
nationals . within the limits permitted by international law

- Negotiating with the Government of the receiving State

- Ascertaining by all lawful means conditions and developments in the receiving

State , and reporting thereon to the Government of the sending state

- Promoting friendly relations between the sending State and the receiving
State , and developing their economic , cultural and scientific relations

1.4 . Members of Diplomatic mission

- The members of diplomatic staff
- The members of the administrative and technical staff
- The members of the service staff

Diplomat / Diplomatic envoys / Diplomatic agents

A commissioned public officer , to supervise and transact the affairs ( conduct
official negotiations and maintain political , economic , and social relations ) of
the government which has employed them , in a foreign state . International
treaties are usually negotiated by diplomats prior to endorsement by national
politicians .

2. Diplomatic privileges and immunities

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