English Workbook

English
Workbook
2020-2021
for the I Semester of the
Five-year Integrated BA LLB/BBA LLB Programs
School of Law
CHRIST (Deemed to be University)
Hosur Road, Bengaluru 560 029
Tel: 91+80 40129560
CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore School of Law
English Workbook 2020-2021 for the I Semester of the five-year integrated BA LLB
and BBA LLB Programs, prepared by the School of Law, CHRIST (Deemed to be
University), Hosur Road, Bengaluru 560029, India
Published by the Centre for Publications, CHRIST (Deemed to be University),

Bengaluru 560 029
2020
For academic purpose & private circulation only
2
I Semester BA LLB/BBA LLB English Workbook 2018-19
School of Law
Name
Appana tulasi sanjeeva raya gupta
Roll No
2150411
Course
BBA LLB
Class
1 BBA LLB A
Academic Year
2021
Marks Awarded
3
Syllabus- English- ( 60Hrs )
COURSE OBJECTIVES: To facilitate the students in enhancing their reading,

writing and comprehension skills. The course will also help the students in having a
sound grasp over the language and to clearly and effectively communicate using the
written language.
TEACHING METHODOLOGY: Interactions, discussions, use of audio-

visuals.
UNIT 1 BASIC GRAMMAR 13 Hrs.

Learning Outcome: Students are able to understand the function of each word
within a sentence.
Parts of Speech, Tenses, Subject-Verb Agreement, Articles.
UNIT 2 PRESENTATION SKILLS [practical component] 12 Hrs.

Learning outcome: Students are able to efficiently do power point presentations,
improving on their oral communication skills and body language.
Do’s & Don’ts of presentations, body language and non-verbal communication,

listening skills, impact of oration, role of audience.
UNIT 3 COMPREHENSION PASSAGE 10 Hrs.

Learning outcome: At the end of this module, students are able to read,
comprehend, analyze and write effectively.
UNIT 4: SENTENCES AND PUNCTUATIONS 6Hrs.

Learning outcome: Students are able to use punctuations appropriately, while
writing.
Types of sentences, different types of punctuation marks.
4
UNIT 5: VOCABULARY 6Hrs

Learning Outcome: Students are able to incorporate better vocabulary into their
oral and written communication.
Antonyms, synonyms
UNIT 6: PARAGRAPH WRITING 6 Hrs.

Learning Outcome: Students are able to organize ideas into proper paragraphs.
Expansion of an outline, Precis.
UNIT 7: DESCRIPTIVE WRITING 7 Hrs.

Learning Outcome: Students are able to draft formal letters, write essays and get a
peripheral idea regarding writing of research papers.
Letters, Essays.
SCHEME OF VALUATION
1. CIA I- Class test – 10%

2. CIA II – Mid Semester Examination – 25%
3. CIA III –PPT/Online courses/Creative Writing/Essay/Book or Review/Essay/
Research Paper -10%
4. Attendance – 05%
5. End Semester Examination – 50%
TOTAL 100%
SUGGESTED READINGS
1. English Grammar Composition and Usage- J.C Nesfield. Macmillan India.

2. Objective English – Edgar Thorpe, Showick Thorpe. Pearson Education.
3. Grammar Builder- Amin. A, Eravelly.R, Ibrahim.F.J. CUP
4. Advanced English Grammar- Hewings, Martin.CUP
5. Essential English Grammar- Murphy, Raymond. CUP
6. Effective Presentation skills – Steve Mandel
7. Powerful Presentation skills – Debra Smith
8. Powerful Presentation Skills – Dennis Becker.
9. Communication Skills – Leena Sen
10. English Vocabulary in Use – McCarthy & O’Dell.
11. Explorations –A course in reading, thinking and communication skills –
OraneeJansz
5
12. Writer’s Workplace. Building College Writing skills – Sandra Scarry& John
Scarry.
13. Writing Matters: Writing skills and strategies for students of English.
14. Writing paragraphs and essays, Integrating Reading , Writing and Grammar
skills – BoernerWingersky& Holguin Balogh.
15. College Writing Skills –John Langan
16. Enriching your competence in English – Ashok Thorat
17. Successful Presentation Skills – Andrew Bradbury.
18. Basic Presentation skills – Gary Krochnert.
19. Presentation skills: the essential guide for students – Patsy McCarthy.
20. A Comprehensive Course in English Grammar and Composition – Frank
D’Souza
21. Contemporary English Grammar Structures and Composition – David Green
6
UNIT 1
BASIC GRAMMAR
Learning Objectives: To ensure that the students are strong in their understanding
of the basics of grammar.
Topics:
1. How to identify parts of speech in a sentence?
2. Different types of nouns.
3. Tenses and their use, different types of tenses.
4. Subject – verb agreement and their appropriate use.
5. Different types of articles and their use.
What are parts of speech?
Based on their use and function, words can be classified into several categories or
parts of speech. They are the most fundamental concepts in the study of grammar.
Noun
Interjection Pronoun
Parts of
Conjunction Adjective
speech
Preposition Verb
Adverb
Noun
Words used to refer to the names of persons, places, animals, things, events, ideas,
feelings.
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Noun
Proper Common Abstract Collective
1. Write sentences using the four types of nouns.
Common noun ( I want to sit on a chair and watch TV )

Proper noun ( I have 2 dogs at home and their names are Alvin and Bruno )
Abstract noun ( The blue team is practicing very hard to defeat the red team )
Collective noun ( The Indian army is one of the strongest armies in the world )
Pronoun
A part of speech that can be used instead of a noun.
David is unwell. He cannot write the exam tomorrow.
Adjective
A word that is used to describe a noun or a pronoun.
Eg: John is a good student.
Verb
This word indicates action. A sentence can have just the main verb or auxiliary verb
or both.
Eg: Annie sings well.
Narendra Modi is our Prime Minister.
It is raining heavily.
Adverb
They are used to describe verbs, adjectives or adverbs.
8
2. Write three sentences, where adverbs are used to describe a verb, an adjective
and an adverb.
Verb – He quickly ran across the park.

Adjective – That boy is incredibly fast at math.
Noun – He is running very fast.
Adverb - Time, Manner, Place, Degree.
Preposition
Words that specify location or indicate the relation between two nouns in a
sentence.
Conjunction
A word that joins two words or sentences.
Interjection
Words used to express emotions and are usually followed by an exclamation mark.
3. Make sentences using the following words, as per their function given in
brackets.
a. Like (adjective, preposition, conjunction, noun, verb)
Adjective – I saw spiders and scorpion like creatures at the zoo.

Preposition – What’s the weather like ?
Conjunction – A lot of commitment is required to speak Spanish like he does.
Noun – How many likes do you have on Instagram?
Verb – What would you like for dinner ?
b. Water (Noun, verb, adj)
Noun – There’s water dripping on the floor.

Verb – Just smelling chocolate makes my mouth water.
Adjective – Why do some consumers prefer a strong espresso and others a watery
coffee ?
9
c. Round (Verb, adj, adverb, prep)
Verb – The boat rounded the island.

Adjective – The apples were nice and round.
Adverb – They were dancing in a round circle.
Preposition – He travelled around the world.
4. Identify the parts of speech with respect to the underlined words, in the
paragraph given below.
a. As an elected member of the Bar Council of Tamil Nadu and as the co-chairman of
the Bar Council of India, I come across, on a daily basis, innumerable cases of
misbehavior by some members of the legal fraternity, not only with litigants, but
also with their own brethren, as well as with judges. As a few drops of poison have
the potential of spoiling the entire pot of milk, these lawyers spoil the image of the
profession in entirety. Therefore, the High Court was constrained, in the backdrop of
directions issued by the Supreme Court in the infamous BMW case, to issue the rules
in question.
Elected (verb)
Bar council ( Collective noun)
And (conjunction or noun )
Cases (Adverb or conjunction)
Some (Adverb)
Of (Preposition)
Not only (Correlative conjunction)
But also ( Conjunction, Preposition , Adverb or noun )
As well as ( Conjunction)
Have ( Verb)
Spoiling ( Verb)
Spoil ( Noun)
Entirely ( Adverb)
Therefore ( Verb or Adverb)
10
Question (Interrogative Pronoun)
11
b. The filing of sedition cases by the Delhi Police against those accused of raising
anti-India slogans, at events organized to mark the hanging of Afzal Guru, has led to
an unintended consequence. Although the police action is an unconscionable attack
on the freedom of expression of those who organized the event to mould public
opinion on death penalty, what followed was a healthy discourse on the past,
present and the future of the law of sedition.
Sedition (Noun)
Against (Preposition)
Anti-India (Adjective or Preposition)
Organized (Verb)
Consequence (Noun)
Although (Conjunction)
Police (Collective noun)
Mould (Verb)
Discourse (Noun)
Future (Adjective)
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TENSES
They are used to indicate the tense of the sentence and this function is carried out by
the verb – either the auxiliary or the main verb.
Present Simple
Past Continuous
Future Perfect
Perfect Continuous
13
5. Write a paragraph of 5 sentences, on the topic ‘Environment’, using only the

present tense.
We should keep our environment clean. Clean environment is essential for the
existence of all living beings, the environment comprises of all the natural materials ,
living and non-living. One should never encourage any such activities which harms
the environment. Everyone should know that environment offers enough to satisfy our
needs.
6. Write a paragraph of 5 sentences, on your previous school, using the past tense.
The school where I studied was Sarala Birla Academy, it is located at Bannerghatta,
Bangalore. It was a great school which had 400 students, and all lived like a family. I
studied their from 6th grade till my 12th grade, it was known for very famous things
like it’s discipline, studies and mainly sports. The campus had many lush green trees
and many varieties of flora and fauna.
7. Write a paragraph of 5 sentences on ‘Where I see myself 10 years down the

lane’, using the future tense.
10 years down the lane I would see myself as a singer and animal conservationist.
I love singing and I have participated in many competitions . I see many people
brutally hurting animals and my blood boils whenever I see them doing so , I will
work towards conserving animals and would love to keep some of them as pets and
look after them.
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8. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate tense forms of the words given in
brackets.
a. What_________( come) apparently free generally ____________(come) with strings

attached. When Facebook, the most popular social networking service on the
planet,_________ (launch) internet.org, which later___________ (morph) into Free
Basics in India, last year,_________ (promise) free service, it__________ (raise) the
hackles of Internet activists in the country. Netizens who _________ not aware and
the millions of people without internet access in the country must _________
wondered what the fuss ________ all about. After all, Free Basics___________
(launch) as an answer to overcome the digital divide by offering internet access for
free. A closer look at Facebook’s apparently altruistic offer, in partnership with
Reliance Communications, ________(show) that users _____________(offer) not the
life-enhancing opportunity of roaming the World Wide Web, but the opportunity of
a Facebook-guided walk through a “walled garden”.
Ans: What came ( come) apparently free generally comes (come) with strings
attached. When Facebook, the most popular social networking service on the planet,
launched (launch) internet.org, which later was morphed (morph) into Free Basics
in India, last year, they promised (promise) free service, it raises (raise) the hackles
of Internet activists in the country. Netizens who were not aware and the millions of
people without internet access in the country must be wondered what the fuss was
all about. After all, Free Basics launched (launch) as an answer to overcome the
digital divide by offering internet access for free. A closer look at Facebook’s
apparently altruistic offer, in partnership with Reliance Communications, showed
(show) that users offered (offer) not the life-enhancing opportunity of roaming the
World Wide Web, but the opportunity of a Facebook-guided walk through a
“walled garden”.
b. While India’s economy _______ grown rapidly in recent decades, the gains
__________ unevenly spread, and some regions have fallen further behind the rest of
the country. In particular, India’s seven ‘low-income’ states ---------------(struggle) to
shake off the legacy of high consumption poverty, low per capita incomes, poor
15
human development outcomes and the persistence of poverty among tribal

populations. -------------------- (address) this geographical dimension of poverty and
well-being-----------------( hold) the key to -----------------( improve) the lives of millions
of Indians.
Ans: While India’s economy has grown rapidly in recent decades, the gains were unevenly
spread, and some regions have fallen further behind the rest of the country. In particular,
India’s seven ‘low-income’ states was struggling (struggle) to shake off the legacy of high
consumption poverty, low per capita incomes, poor human development outcomes and the
persistence of poverty among tribal populations. Addressing (address) this geographical
dimension of poverty and well-being holds. ( hold) the key to improving ( improve) the
lives of millions of Indians
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
The verb should agree with the subject, in number and person.
Number indicates the singular /plural status of the subject.
Person indicates first, second and third person.
Rule 1. A subject will come before a phrase beginning with of. This is a key rule for
understanding subjects. The word of is the culprit in many, perhaps most, subject-
verb mistakes.
A bouquet of yellow roses lends color and fragrance to the room.
2.Two singular subjects connected by or, either/or, or neither/nor require a singular

verb.
Examples:
My aunt or my uncle is arriving by train today.
Neither Juan nor Carmen is available.
Either Kiana or Casey is helping today with stage decorations.
3. The verb in an or, either/or, or neither/nor sentence agrees with the noun or
pronoun closest to it.
16
Examples:
Neither the plates nor the serving bowl goes on that shelf.
Neither the serving bowl nor the plates go on that shelf.
4. As a general rule, use a plural verb with two or more subjects when they are
connected by and.
Example: A car and a bike are my means of transportation.
But note these exceptions:
Exceptions:
Breaking and entering s against the law.
The bed and breakfast was charming.
5. Parentheses are not part of the subject.
Example: Joe (and his trusty mutt) was always welcome.
If this seems awkward, try rewriting the sentence.
6. In sentences beginning with here or there, the true subject follows the verb.
Examples:
There are four hurdles to jump.
There is a high hurdle to jump.
Here are the keys.
7. Use a singular verb with distances, periods of time, sums of money, etc., when
considered as a unit.
Examples:
Three miles is too far to walk.
Five years is the maximum sentence for that offense.
Ten dollars is a high price to pay.
Ten dollars (i.e., dollar bills) were scattered on the floor.
8. With words that indicate portions—e.g., a lot, a majority, some, all—Rule 1 given
earlier in this section is reversed, and we are guided by the noun after of. If the noun
after of is singular, use a singular verb. If it is plural, use a plural verb.
17
Examples:
A lot of the pie has disappeared.
A lot of the pies have disappeared.
9. With collective nouns such as group, jury, family, audience, population, the verb
might be singular or plural, depending on the writer's intent.
Examples:
All of my family has arrived OR have arrived.
Most of the jury is here OR are here.
A third of the population was not in favor OR were not in favor of the bill.
Rule 10. The word ‘were’ replaces ‘was’ in sentences that express a wish or are
contrary to fact:
Example: If Joe were here, you'd be sorry.

I wish it were Friday.
She requested that he raise his hand.
9. Choose the correct form of the verb that agrees with the subject.
a. Annie and her brothers (is, are) at school.
b. Either my mother or my father (is, are) coming to the meeting.
c. The dog or the cats (is, are) outside.
d. Either my shoes or your coat (is, are) always on the floor.
e. George and Tamara (doesn't, don't) want to see that movie.
f. Benito (doesn't, don't) know the answer.
g. One of my sisters (is, are) going on a trip to France.
h. The man with all the birds (live, lives) on my street.
i. The movie, including all the previews, (take, takes) about two hours to watch.
j. The players, as well as the captain, (want, wants) to win.
k. Either answer (is, are) acceptable.
l. Every one of those books (is, are) fiction.
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m. Nobody (know, knows) the trouble I've seen.
n. (Is, Are) the news on at five or six?
o. Mathematics (is, are) John's favorite subject, while Civics (is, are) Andrea's favorite
subject.
p. Eight dollars (is, are) the price of a movie these days.
q. (Is, Are) the tweezers in this drawer?
r. Your pants (is, are) at the cleaner's.
s. There (was, were) fifteen candies in that bag. Now there (is, are) only one left!
t. The committee (debates, debate) these questions carefully.
ARTICLES
Definite article – The
Indefinite articles – a, an
10. Fill in the blanks with appropriate articles.
a. Dear Judith,
Sorry that I didn't email you earlier to tell you about ---- trip, but I've had ------ bunch
of things to do since we got back. We had ------ fantastic time in South Africa.
Although this is ------ first time I've ever traveled to ---- foreign country, I feel
confident saying that it's one of----- most beautiful places on ----- planet.
We began ------ trip in Cape Town as you suggested. It's such ----- beautiful city. And
I'm so glad you recommended that we take ------ cable car up Table Mountain. While
we were taking in ------spectacular views, we met ----- man who runs ------ lodge just
outside Kalahari National Park. He invited us to stay in ----- lodge for free, so we
rented ------ car and slowly drove up West Coast to park and spent our time
exploring Kalahari Desert. What adventure!
Take care,
Annie.
19
Ans: Sorry that I didn't email you earlier to tell you about the trip, but I've had a
bunch of things to do since we got back. We had a fantastic time in South Africa.
Although this is the first time I've ever traveled to any foreign country, I feel
confident saying that it's one of the most beautiful places on the planet.
We began the trip in Cape Town as you suggested. It's such a beautiful city. And I'm
so glad you recommended that we take a cable car up Table Mountain. While we
were taking in the spectacular views, we met a man who runs a lodge just outside
Kalahari National Park. He invited us to stay in the lodge for free, so we rented a car
and slowly drove up West Coast to park and spent our time exploring Kalahari
Desert. What adventure!
Take care,
Annie.
b. Prohibition is not ---- new political agenda in India. In his fight against
colonialism, Mahatma Gandhi had addressed it both socially and politically. He had
---- four-pronged strategy. His first aim was to spread social reform consciousness
and make India ---- liquor-free nation by creating awareness. The second was to gain
support for the nationalist cause among the bottom most rungs of society through
issues that impacted their daily life. Third, he tried to create ---- counter-culture
against Western ways. Lastly, he challenged ----- British economic system and
Western food culture by his appeal against liquor consumption. The social reform
movements which emerged during the British Raj, like the Adi Hindu movement of
Swami Achhutanand, popular among ---- AryaSamaj and ----- Dalits, Shivnarayani
sect, Ravidas sect, Kabir sect and other similar popular sects considered liquor as
----- biggest evil in society and tried to liberate people from its clutches through their
preachings. In this way, during ---- colonial period many questions of social reform
and nationalist politics were somewhat intermingled with each other. Keeping in
20
mind this background, Mahatma Gandhi raised ----- ban of liquor as ---- important
cultural and political question.
Ans: Prohibition is not a new political agenda in India. In his fight against
colonialism, Mahatma Gandhi had addressed it both socially and politically. He had
a four-pronged strategy. His first aim was to spread social reform consciousness and
make India a liquor-free nation by creating awareness. The second was to gain
support for the nationalist cause among the bottom most rungs of society through
issues that impacted their daily life. Third, he tried to create a counter-culture
against Western ways. Lastly, he challenged the British economic system and
Western food culture by his appeal against liquor consumption. The social reform
movements which emerged during the British Raj, like the Adi Hindu movement of
Swami Achhutanand, popular among the AryaSamaj and the Dalits, Shivnarayani
sect, Ravidas sect, Kabir sect and other similar popular sects considered liquor as
the biggest evil in society and tried to liberate people from its clutches through their
preachings. In this way, during the colonial period many questions of social reform
and nationalist politics were somewhat intermingled with each other. Keeping in
mind this background, Mahatma Gandhi raised the ban of liquor as an important
cultural and political question.
21
11. Identify the grammatical errors in the following passages and rectify them.
a. The Constitution of India embodied a moment of profound transformation – one

in which the subjects of an alien, colonial regime become the free citizens of a
republic. Yet, this were the story of constitutions the world over. The Indian
Constitution was, however, transforming in a second sense as well; it sought a
thorough reconstructing of State and society itself. It recognized that, unlike in the
West, the State had never been the only power center in India. Deeply pervasive
hierarchies are maintained by structures that take various forms – caste, for instance,
and the State had limited authority to interfere. The Constitution, then, was intended
to transform not just the political status of Indians from subjects to citizens, but also
the social relationships by which legal and political edifices rested.
Ans: The Constitution of India embodied a moment of profound transformation –

one in which the subjects of an alien, colonial regime become the free citizens of a
republic. Yet, this was the story of the constitution’s world over. The Indian
Constitution was, however, transforming in a second sense as well; it sought a
thorough reconstructing of State and society itself. It recognized that, unlike in the
West, the State had never been the only power center in India. Deeply pervasive
hierarchies are maintained by the structures that take various forms – caste, for
instance, and the State had limited authority to interfere. The Constitution then, was
intended to transform not just the political status of Indians from subjects to citizens,
but also the social relationships by which legal and political edifices rested.
22
b. There is something about the debate upon corruption in India that was
distressing. I admit that the powerful drama is unfolding, that TV offered a spectacle
of a “fresh” corruption every week. Yet, what amazes me is that there was really no
sense of scandal. The sense of outrage is at the level of a skit. The reactions seems
surreal. When BJP president Nitin Gadkari is accused of corruption, he is merely
suggesting that corruption is a continuation of politics, and that recruiting his
drivers as directors is a continuation of that. When Robert Vadra’s land deals are
exposed, he receives a clean chit from the Haryana government even before the
probe can be instituted. The gangajal of clarifications and clearances is sprinkled
furiously after every event, even before the public had had time to examine the
event. At another level, the trouble is deeper. There is a problem with a narrative.
Arvind Kejriwal produces tales of corruption as a discontinuous serial, shifting
attention to a new person every week. He never seems to focus on one person or
case, so as to follow it up.
Ans: There is something about the debate upon corruption in India that was
distressing. I admit that the powerful drama is unfolding, that TV offered a spectacle
of a “fresh” corruption every week. Yet, what amazes me is that there was really no
sense of scandal. The sense of outrage is at the level of a skit. The reactions seem
surreal. When BJP president Nitin Gadkari is accused of corruption, he was merely
suggesting that corruption is a continuation of politics, and that recruiting his
drivers as directors is a continuation of that. When Robert Vadra’s land deals were
exposed, he received a clean chit from the Haryana government even before the
probe could be instituted. The gangajal of clarifications and clearances is sprinkled
furiously after every event, even before the public had time to examine the event. At
another level, the trouble is deeper. There is a problem with a narrative. Arvind
Kejriwal produces tales of corruption as a discontinuous serial, shifting attention to a
new person every week. He never seems to focus on one person or case, so as to
follow it up.
23
c. November 25th is the UN-proclaimed International Day of the Elimination of

Violence Against Women. Violence against women is a year-round occurrence
globally and continues on an alarming degree. Such violence was an attack upon
women’s bodily integrity and dignity. We need to place the emphasis in the
universality of violence against women, the multiplicity of its forms and the way in
which violence, discrimination against women, and the broader system of
domination based on subordination and inequality is inter-related. The value of a
special ‘Day’ is that they serve as a time of analysis of the issue and then of re-
dedication to take both short-term and longer-range measures for solutions. Both at
the international UN level and at the national level, there has been programs
devoted to the equality of women and to the promotion of women in all fields.
There has been growing attention to physical violence on women, the creation of
centers for battered women and attention given to the trafficking of women. It has
often been repeated that it is necessary to ensure the education, training, good
health, employment promotion, and integration of women and that they can
participate fully and effectively in the development process.
Ans: November 25th is the UN-proclaimed International Day of the Elimination

of Violence Against Women. Violence against women is a year-round occurrence
globally and continues on an alarming degree. Such violence is an attack upon
women’s bodily integrity and dignity. We need to place the emphasis in the
universality of violence against women, the multiplicity of its forms and the way in
which violence, discrimination against women, and the broader system of
domination based on subordination and inequality are inter-related. The value of a
special ‘Day’ is that they serve as a time for the analysis of the issue and then of re-
dedication to take both short-term and longer-range measures for solutions. Both at
the international UN level and at the national level, there has been programs
devoted to the equality of women and to the promotion of women in all fields.
There has been growing attention to physical violence on women, the creation of
centers for battered women and attention given to the trafficking of women. It has
often been repeated that it is necessary to ensure the education, training, good
health, employment promotion, and integration of women and that they can
participate fully and effectively in the development process.
24
25
REMARKS
26
Marks Awarded
27
UNIT 3
COMPREHENSION PASSAGE
Learning objective: To enable students to read difficult passages quickly,
understand, analyze and write answers.
12. a Read the following passage and answer the questions based on it.
THIRST FOR PROFIT
- P.Sainath
The old man shuffled his feet, acutely embarrassed. No matter which part of India
you're in, the first thing you do is offer your guests a glass of water. And this was
one part of Nallamada in Andhra Pradesh blessed with that element. Things had
changed, though. "Please don't drink it," he said, finally. "See how it is?" he asked,
showing us a tumbler. Tiny blobs of thingummy floated atop a liquid more brown
than transparent. But then he brightened up. "Will you have Coca-Cola instead?
That, this village has." And so it did. As in the Aamir Khan ad. The smaller bottle for
Rs.5.It's also there in countless other villages where a glass of clean water is now
hard to find. And Coca Cola's impact on both drinking and irrigation water sparks
revolts across the country. From Plachimada in Kerala to Kaladera in Rajasthan.
Yet Coca Cola was the leading sponsor of the "World Water Forum" in Mexico this
year. But Coke is not alone in the devastation it inflicts in India. Meet the Real Thing.
Central and state governments in this country are privatizing water. Coke is just one
of the beneficiaries. Oddly, those selling out India's water almost never use the word
'privatization.' They know how discredited that is. So the buzzword is 'efficiency.
The real questions are never raised.
The corporate hijack of water is on worldwide and one of the most important
processes of our time. The World Bank and the IMF help ram it through. Water
privatization has often been shoved into their loan conditionalities in the past
decade. In few nations will the damage be as terrible and complex as in India. Here
water use is already very unequal. Most irrigation and drinking water in India, for
instance, has a clear caste geography. Even the layout of our villages reflects that.
The dalitbasti is always on the outskirts, where there is least access to water. Barring
dalits from the main water sources of the village are not just about the 'social' horror
of untouchability. It is also about curbing their access to this vital resource.
About 118 million households do not have drinking water at home. About five
million Indian families (roughly the population of Canada) still draw water from
ponds, tanks, rivers and springs. The big dams that have displaced millions of
Indians in the past decades have also narrowed control and access to water. Atop
this structured inequity, we now install hyper-inequality.
28
A huge share of India's public health problems are linked to water-borne or water-
related diseases. Diarrhoea alone claims lakhs of lives each year. Further reducing
the access of poor people to clean water will sharply worsen matters. At the same
time as more and more fields run dry, golf courses dripping pesticides and guzzling
over a million litres of water a day come up in regions of high stress. Even in
Rajasthan. (In the Philippines, there have been shootouts between farmers affected
by golf courses and the hired goons of the course owners.)
India is a nation of subsistence farmers. When you privatize the rivers and the
streams, the canals and the dams, you privatize rainfall. And you ask for a social
tsunami. This is also the swiftest route to corporatization of agriculture. In that
sector, we are already forcing out millions of small private owners called farmers.
The task is to hand it all over to large corporations. This policy-engineered agrarian
crisis wracking rural India is also about the greatest planned displacement ever in
our history. Water will be a major weapon used against farmers in this process.
Water shortages in many states have also led to the emergence of 'water lords' who
make a fortune by selling the liquid. In Anantapur, some of these are former farmers
who find this more lucrative than agriculture ever was. In the cities, millions dwell
in slums where they might pay the same rates others do for water. But they get far
less and spend far more time in getting it. Against this deadly backdrop comes water
privatization.
But people, world over, are protesting against privatization of water. Meanwhile, in
India, the battles have begun. Protests across the country show that people will not
take it lying down. Still, with so much money to be made, the privatizers will not
just go away. The waters have just begun to get choppy. And we're in at the deep
end.
1. Mention one social issue that Sainath refers to, through this article.
2. Why is the word ‘privatization’ never used by those selling water?
29
3. What is sarcastic about the statement that Coco-Cola was the leading sponsor of
the World Water Forum in Mexico?
4. Mention some of the health hazards that might occur due to water shortage.
30
5. How does privatization affect the farmers?
6. What does the phrase ‘social tsunami’ mean in this context? Mention one social
tsunami referred to in the passage.
31
7. How can water be used as a weapon against farmers?
8. Mention two devastations that Coke inflicts on India.
32
9. The two International Organizations referred to in the passage are---------
10. What is the agrarian-crisis that the author refers to?
33
11. Who are waterlords? How do they benefit from privatization?
12. “Water as a commodity flows from poor to rich areas”. Evaluate this statement.
Water is the backbone of our planet. We depend on it for our

wellbeing, food, fabricating, energy, agribusiness, transportation,
and that's just the beginning. Water additionally has a gigantic
natural worth. Water permits plants, mangroves and peatlands to
channel water, purge air, store carbon, decrease soil disintegration,
sustain biodiversity and proposition assurance from tempests and
dry spells. Individuals and organizations utilize and depend on
these regular administrations, "free of charge".
34
The commodification of water alludes to the method involved with

changing water, particularly freshwater, from a public decent into a
tradable product otherwise called a financial decent. This change
acquaints water with already unrestricted market influences in the
expectation of being overseen all the more proficiently as an asset.
So water flows from poor to rich regions as nations create, their

water use increments. Individuals in more well off countries have
water conveyed into their homes through pipeline. Current
apparatuses, like dishwashers and clothes washers, utilize a ton of
water. The water impression of HICs is a lot higher than low pay
nations (LICs) .
35
THE MEDIUM, MESSAGE AND THE MONEY(2009)
-P.Sainath
b. The Assembly elections saw the culture of “coverage packages” explode across
Maharashtra. C. Ram Pandit can now resume his weekly column. Dr. Pandit (name
changed) had long been writing for a well-known Indian language newspaper in
Maharashtra. On the last day for the withdrawal of nominations to the recent State
Assembly elections, he found himself sidelined. An editor at the paper apologized to
him saying: “Panditji, your columns will resume after October 13. Till then, every
page in this paper is sold.” The editor, himself an honest man, was simply speaking
the truth.
In the financial orgy that marked the Maharashtra elections, the media were never
far behind the moneybags. Not all sections of the media were in this mode, but quite
a few. Not just small local outlets, but powerful newspapers and television channels,
too. Many candidates complained of “extortion” but were not willing to make an
issue of it for fear of drawing media fire. Some senior journalists and editors found
themselves profoundly embarrassed by their managements. “The media have been
the biggest winners in these polls,” says one ruefully. “In this period alone,” says
another, “they’ve more than bounced back from the blows of the ‘slowdown’ and
done so in style.” Their poll-period take is estimated to be in hundreds of millions of
rupees. Quite a bit of this did not come as direct advertising but in packaging a
candidate’s propaganda as “news.”
The Assembly elections saw the culture of “coverage packages” explode across the
State. In many cases, a candidate just had to pay for almost any kind of coverage.
Issues didn’t come into it. No money, no news. This effectively shut out smaller
parties and independent voices with low assets and resources. It also misled viewers
and readers by denying them any mention of the real issues some of these smaller
forces raised. None of this, as some editors point out, is new. However, the scale is
new and stunning. The brazenness of it is (both ways) quite alarming. And the game
has moved from the petty personal corruption of a handful of journalists to the
structured extraction of huge sums of money by media outfits
The deals were many and varied. A candidate had to pay different rates for
‘profiles,’ interviews, a list of ‘achievements,’ or even a trashing of his rival in some
cases. (With the channels, it was “live” coverage, a ‘special focus,’ or even a team
tracking you for hours in a day.) Let alone bad-mouthing your rival, this “pay-per”
culture also ensures that the paper or channel will not tell its audience that you have
a criminal record. At the top end of the spectrum, “special supplements” cost a
bomb. One put out by one of the State’s most important politicians — celebrating his
“era” — cost an estimated Rs.1.5 crore. That is, just this single media insertion cost 15
times what he is totally allowed to spend as a candidate. He has won more than the
election, by the way.
36
There are the standard arguments in defense of the whole process. Advertising
packages are the bread and butter of the industry. What’s wrong with that? “We
have packages for the festive season. Diwali packages, or for the Ganesh puja days.”
Only, the falsehoods often disguised as “news” affect an exercise central to India’s
electoral democracy. And are outrageously unfair to candidates with less or no
money. They also amount to exerting undue influence on the electorate. There is
another poorly assessed — media-related — dimension to this. Many celebrities may
have come out in May to exhort people to vote. This time, several of them appear to
have been hired by campaign managers to drum up crowds for their candidate.
Rates unknown.
All of this goes hand in hand with the stunning rise of money power among
candidates. More so among those who made it the last time and have amassed huge
amounts of wealth since 2004. With the media and money power wrapped like two
peas in a pod, this completely shuts out smaller, or less expensive, voices. It just
prices the aam aadmi out of the polls. Never mind they are contested in his name.
Each time a giant poll exercise is gone through in this most complex of electoral
democracies, we congratulate the Election Commission on a fine job. Rightly so, in
most cases. For, many times, its interventions and activism have curbed rigging,
booth capturing and ballot stuffing. On the money power front, though — and the
media’s packaging of big money interests as “news” — it is hard to find a single
significant instance of rigorous or deterrent action. These too, after all, are serious
threats. More structured, much more insidious than crude ballot stuffing. Far more
threatening to the basics, of not just elections, but democracy itself.
1. What is the issue that the author is trying to highlight through this passage?
2. Why were some of the candidates hesitant to complain about ‘extortion’?
37
3. What is the ‘slowdown’ indicated in the passage?
4. “It also misled viewers and readers”. How?
38
5. “He has won more than the election”. What does the author mean by this
statement?
6. How does the media try to justify itself?
39
7. Mention two consequences of ‘paid news’, as highlighted by the author.
8. According to the passage, what is the activity, that forms the nucleus of India’s
electoral democracy?
40
9. What is ‘ironical’ about the situation of the ‘aam aadmi’?
10. Identify the word in the passage which means ‘shameless’.
41
11. In the light of the arguments presented in this passage, examine the role of media
in society.
The real role of media in society is to keep the society informed about the real
issues taking place in the society and ensure that the people are aware. It is ironic
that the same media has started extorting the concerned and fixing a price, to tell
the truth. It’s the media on which people depend to make their judgements on any
aspect. So, the role of media is to ensure that they imbibe some ethics and make
sure that they are keeping the society transparent.
42
FOOD SECURITY – OF APL,BPL& IPL (2010)

-P.Sainath.
c. There was irony in the timing of the petrol price decontrol order. The decision,
which also covered major hikes in diesel and kerosene prices, and affects hundreds
of millions of people, came even as Manmohan Singh advised world leaders in
Toronto on the need for “inclusive growth.” And while we are still debating “food
security” and how best that should be achieved in law. It came while food price
inflation edges towards 17 per cent and general inflation is in double digits. Who are
we trying to “include” in that growth? No less tragic was the media's reaction to the
price decontrol. Even as Cabinet Ministers sought to distance themselves from it, the
editorials mostly reeked of triumphalism: “Free at Last,” screamed one. “A bold,
welcome move,” shrilled another headline. With rare exceptions, the edits — in
contrast to the response of millions to Monday's bandh — showed yet again how far
the mass media are from mass reality.
Most of the time, as the late Murray Kempton used to say, the job editorial writers
do, is to “come down from the hills after the battle is over and shoot the wounded.”
The media have done that definition proud. There's even been an editorial on Bhopal
in the same month that didn't wait for that battle to be over. It finds the villains of
Bhopal to be the “activist industry that continues to milk the tragedy.” And mourns
the real tragedy: that “any corporation, across the world, would be forced to think
twice before proudly announcing to its shareholders that it has set up an ancillary
unit in Bhopal.” It does not once mention the words “Union Carbide.” Roll over
Kempton. The shooting's on.
The early protests against the price rise got short shrift in the media. In the largest
English daily, it earned a couple of stories spanning a modest few inches across three
or four columns. The same daily twice devoted a full page — without an ad — on
successive days to the death by suicide of a fashion model in Mumbai. Also, passing
off without much comment this week — the elevation of our Food and Agriculture
Minister to the post of president of the International Cricket Council. At a time when
the entire nation is focused on the issue of food prices and food security.
Mr. Pawar is quoted as saying (AFP, New Delhi, July 2) that he would request the
Prime Minister to lessen his ministerial workload. “I may suggest having more
hands to help me. I had asked for three Ministers but they have given me only one,”
he told journalists. “... If I request to reduce some of my work, we may find some
solution.” However, he does promise us that “I won't allow my work in the
government to suffer.” That's reassuring. Maybe it's time for the Prime Minister to
extend inclusive growth to bring the Food and Agriculture Minister into food and
agriculture. (Or we could include cricket in that sector.) Four Ministers in the same
field would be truly inclusive. Yet the fuel price decontrol will profoundly affect the
prices of just about everything. At a time of already spiraling food costs. Punctuated
by periodic claims that “it should come down within a couple of months,” from
Ministers and UPA hacks.
Now comes the news that the food security bill may be set for a radical overhaul. I
guess that is welcome — it can't be worse than the early attempts at drafting one.
43
Take for instance the meeting of the Empowered Group of Ministers held in
February. They were to “discuss the enactment of the proposed National Food
Security Bill.” The first thing the EGoM came up with was this gem. 2.1 (a) “The
definition of Food Security should be limited to the specific issue of food grains
(wheat and rice) and be delinked from the larger issue of nutritional security.”
Food security delinked from nutritional security? Note that the same line concedes
nutritional security is “the larger issue.” Why then the need to delink the two? Is 35
kg of rice at Rs. 3 a kilo (for a section of the population) food security? Are there no
other determinants of food security? Like health, nutrition, livelihoods, jobs, food
prices? Can we even delink the fuel price hike from discussions on food security? Or
from the willful gutting of the public distribution system? Or from the havoc
wrought by the ever-growing futures trade in wheat, pulses, edible oils and more?
The truth is the government seeks ways to spend less and less on the very food
security it talks about. Hunger is defined not by how many people suffer it, but by
how many the government is willing to pay for. Hence the endless search for a lower
BPL figure. To the government's great dismay, all three officially-constituted
committees have turned up estimates of poverty higher than its own. Even the
Tendulkar committee, closest to the ruling elite's worldview, raises the estimate of
rural poverty to 42 per cent. (On a weak and fragile basis, it is true. But still higher
than the government's count.)
The BPL Expert group headed by N.C. Saxena raises that to around 50 per cent.
While the report of the National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganized
Sector states on its first page that 836 million Indians (77 per cent of our people) live
on Rs. 20 a day or less. Accepting that, for instance, would mean a few thousand
crores more in spending on the hungry. The official line is simple. Since we cannot
afford to feed all the hungry, there must only be as many hungry as we can afford to
feed.
Most dishonest of all is the “there-is-no-money” line. The country spends Rs. 10,000
crore on a new airport. There's Rs. 40,000 crore or more for the Commonwealth
Games. There's Rs. 60,000 crore happily lost in the spectrum scam. There's Rs.
500,000 crore in write-offs under just three heads for the super-rich and the corporate
sector in the current Union budget. But funds for the hungry are hard to come by.
What would it cost to universalize the PDS? Pravin Jha and Nilachal Acharya
estimate that if rice/wheat were made available to all Indians at Rs. 3 a kilo, it would
add Rs.84,399 crore to the food subsidy in coming budgets. That's about one-sixth of
the tax write-offs for the wealthy in this year's budget. (Other estimates place the
added expenditure each year at no more than Rs. 45,000 crore).
What will be the costs of not finding the money — in a country which ranks at 66
among 88 in the Global Hunger Index? In a nation whose child malnourishment
record is worse than that of sub-Saharan Africa? A country now ranking 134 in the
United Nations Human Development Index below Bhutan and Laos? The same
country that has 49 dollar billionaires in the Forbes list. (Many of whom receive
government freebies in diverse forms. Some for their IPL involvements). If a
government will not even try to ensure that no citizen goes hungry, should it remain
44
in power? Or should it, at the very least, state honestly that the food security of
every Indian is neither its aim nor its intent? Why tag ‘food security' to a bill that will
legitimize the opposite? How can we call something a ‘right', if everyone does not
have it?
A disclosure: I was a member of the BPL Expert Group. In a note annexed to that
report, I argued that in four sectors — food, healthcare, education and decent work
— access had to be universal. That flows from the Directive Principles of State Policy
of the Constitution. The rights of our people are based on their being citizens. Not on
their ability to pay. Not on their being BPL or APL (or even IPL). Rights, by
definition, are universal and indivisible. Will the features of the government's
proposed food security bill take the Directive Principles forward? Or will it weaken
them? Diluting constitutional rights and presenting the watered down mix as
progressive legislation is fraud. The only PDS that will work is a universal one. It is
only in those States that have the closest thing to a universal system — Kerala and
Tamil Nadu — where the PDS has functioned best. Now there's talk of an
“experiment” making access to food (that is, mainly wheat and rice) “universal” in
about 150 districts. While this might be a step forward in thinking, it could prove a
misstep in practice. This is “targeting” in other clothes. It could collapse as food
grain from districts that are “universal” migrate to districts that are not. Better to go
that final mile. Universalize.
1. What do you understand by the term ‘inclusive growth’?
2. Why does the author say that the ‘mass media are far from mass reality’?
45
3. What is the significance of Murray Kempton’s quote and its relevance to the
passage?
4. Why is the author unhappy about the fact that Union Carbide’s name has not been
mentioned even once?
46
5. “Four ministers in the same field would be truly inclusive”. Explain the sarcasm in
this statement.
6. Explain Sainath’s idea of food security.
7. How does the government define hunger?
47
8. “This is targeting in other clothes”. What does this statement mean?
9. What are Sainath’s arguments for universalizing food security?
48
10. “Why tag food security to a bill that will legitimize the opposite”. What is the
opposite referred to here?
11. Explain your views on food security.
49
REMARKS
50
Marks Awarded
51
UNIT 4
SENTENCES
Learning Objective: To help students in understanding the different types of
sentences and the importance of punctuations and their need in effective writing.
This module also would lay stress on how to organize ideas into proper paragraphs.
Types
SENTENCES
INTERROGATIV
DECLARATIVE IMPERATIVE EXCLAMATORY
E
Declarative sentences make a statement to relay information or ideas.
Imperative sentences issue commands or requests or they can express a desire or

wish
Exclamatory sentences express strong emotion. They are followed by an exclamatory

mark.
Interrogative sentences ask questions and are followed by a question mark.
13.a. Identify the sentences in the following paragraph.
Do you have a favorite sport? I do and it’s baseball. There is a reason baseball is
America’s favorite past time. It’s on-the- edge-of- your- seat, biting your fingernails
exciting! If I could watch baseball 24 hours a day, life would be complete. Actually, I
have “Memorable Moments in Baseball” recorded on my DVR. I think I’ll watch it
right now and get in the baseball spirit, even though baseball season is months
away!
ANS: do you have a favorite sport:- interrogative sentence

I do and it’s baseball, there is a reason baseball is America’s favorite pastime.:- declarative
sentence
52
It’s on the edge of your seat, biting your fingernails exciting!.: exclamatory sentence
If I could watch baseball 24 hours a day, life would be complete, Actually, I have
“Memorable Moments in Baseball” recorded on my DVR.:- declarative sentence
I think I’ll watch it right now and get in the baseball spirit, even though baseball season is
months away!:- exclamatory sentence
b.
Q 1: I am ten years old. Q 2: I love you so much!

Imperative Interrogative
Exclamatory Imperative
Interrogative Declarative
Declarative Exclamatory
Q 3: Why didn't you come to school Q 4: Please pass the salt.

today?
Imperative
Declarative
Declarative
Imperative
Interrogative
Interrogative
Exclamatory
Exclamatory
Q 5: Wow! Those fireworks are Q 6: Stay in your seat.

beautiful!
Interrogative
Exclamatory
Declarative
Declarative
Imperative
Imperative
Exclamatory
Interrogative
Q 7: Harry, try the other door. Q 8: What a beautiful painting!

Interrogative Imperative
Imperative Exclamatory
Declarative Interrogative
Exclamatory Declarative
Q 9: Pick up the book. Q 10: It’s a beautiful day!
53
Interrogative
Declarative
Declarative
Imperative
Imperative
Interrogative
Exclamatory
Exclamatory
ANS :b) Q 1: I am ten years old.

Declarative sentence
Q 2: I love you so much!
Exclamatory sentence
Q 3: Why didn’t you come to school today?
Interrogative sentence
Q 4: Please pass the salt.
Imperative sentence
Q 5: Wow! Those fireworks are beautiful!
Q 6: Stay in your seat.
Imperative sentence
Q 7: Harry, try the other door.
Imperative sentence
Q 8: What a beautiful painting!
Q 9: Pick up the book.
Imperative sentence
Q 10: It’s a beautiful day!
14a. Rearrange the following sentences into a proper paragraph.
A. On the other hand, a larger country obviously can manufacture a very wide
variety of products for the home market without high cost of production.
B. If the country is small, the opportunities to manufacture for the local market will
be very few.
C. The answer depends entirely on the size of the local market.
D. With all the potential disadvantages, is it wise for a country to assign industry a
place of importance?
54
E. It is the medium sized countries which should avoid total concentration on local
market as this might discourage development of more beneficial export industries.
Ans: With all the potential disadvantages, is it wise for a country to assign industry a
place of importance? The answer depends entirely on the size of the local market. It is the
medium-sized countries which should avoid total concentration on the local market as this
might discourage the development of more beneficial export industries. If the country is
small, the opportunities to manufacture for the local market will be very few. On the
other hand, a larger country obviously can manufacture a very wide variety of products
for the home market without the high cost of production.
b.
A.The massive problems of widespread and chronic unemployment and

underemployment in less developed nations will remain among the most serious
challenges to development policy during the next several decades.
B. Although the linkages between and education and employment are complex and,
in the past, often analysed with simplistic notions of causality, recent research results
have yielded new insights about the nature of these linkages.
C. The following represents a condensed statement of what we think we now know

about the relationship between education and employment.
D. In the interests of brevity, the argument is put forward as a series of major

propositions and derivative strategies relating to the education-employment nexus.
E. Intensive research efforts are currently being supported throughout the

developing world by both national governments and international donor agencies in
the hope of improving understanding of the nature and causes of unemployment.
Ans: The massive problems of widespread and chronic unemployment and

underemployment in less developed nations will remain among the most serious
challenges to development policy during the next several decades. The following
represents a condensed statement of what we think we now know about the relationship
between education and employment. Although the linkages between and education and
employment are complex and, in the past, often analysed with simplistic notions of
causality, recent research results have yielded new insights about the nature of these
linkages. In the interests of brevity, the argument is put forward as a series of major
55
propositions and derivative strategies relating to the education-employment nexus.

Intensive research efforts are currently being supported throughout the developing
world by both national governments and international donor agencies in the hope of
improving understanding of the nature and causes of unemployment.
c.
A. Although the lives of millions of people around the globe have been improved by
the bank’s activities, it is now under fire.
B. For all its faults, critics, however, concede that the bank remains a relatively
efficient instrument for distribution of development-aid money.
C. Critics decry the fact that a major development institution appears to absorb more
capital than it distributes to the borrowers.
D. A case in point is the programme involving the Sarovar Dam which would
displace about two lakh people.
E. The bank is also being blamed for large-scale involuntary resettlement to make
way for dams and other construction projects.
Ans: Critics decry the fact that a major development institution appears to absorb more
capital than it distributes to the borrowers. Although the lives of millions of people
around the globe have been improved by the bank’s activities, it is now under fire. The
bank is also being blamed for large-scale involuntary resettlement to make way for dams
and other construction projects. A case in point is the programme involving the Sarovar
Dam which would displace
about two lakh people. For all its faults, critics, however, concede that the bank remains a
relatively efficient instrument for distribution of development-aid money.
d.
A. According to the dictionary, this means one person authorizing another to act on
his/her behalf.
B. Needless to say this is a sweeping statement about the women who have become
elected representatives under the 73rd Amendment and various State Acts.
56
C. Academics, activists and the average person-in-the-street seem to have joined

together in an outcry against the role given to women in panchayats.
D. The term bears insinuations of total passivity on the part of women

representatives.
E. The number of those serving as members and chairpersons of rural councils at

various levels is about one million.
F. Their participation is increasingly being described as rule by ‘proxy’.
Ans: The number of those serving as members and chairpersons of rural councils at
various levels is about one million. The term bears insinuations of total passivity on the
part of women representatives. Academics, activists and the average person-in-the-street
seem to have joined together in an outcry against the role given to women in panchayats.
Their participation is increasingly being described as rule by ‘proxy’.According to the
dictionary, this means one person authorizing another to act on his/her behalf. Needless
to say this is a sweeping statement about the women who have become elected
representatives under the 73 rd Amendment and various State Acts.
e.
A. Alongside the regional differences in levels of food insecurity, within the

vulnerable regions the causes of this condition also vary considerably.
B. On the other hand, in countries like Bangladesh, the majority of the poor are in
fact net sellers of food.
C. A major feature of the global food security scenario is that marked imbalances
exist across regions.
D. What is needed in this context are steps to increase domestic supplies and
stabilize prices at reasonable levels.
E. Policies are needed to promote food production to serve the public distribution
system.
F. In certain countries, of which India is an example, the poor are largely net buyers
of food.
57
Ans: A major feature of the global food security scenario is that marked imbalances
exist across regions.What is needed in this context are steps to increase domestic supplies
and stabilize prices at reasonable levels. Policies are needed to promote food production
to serve the public distribution system. Alongside the regional differences in levels of food
insecurity, within the vulnerable regions the causes of this condition also vary
considerably. In certain countries, of which India is an example, the poor are largely net
buyers of food. On the other hand, in countries like Bangladesh, the majority of the poor
are in fact net sellers of food.
PUNCTUATION
Punctuation marks are used to create sense, clarity and stress in sentences. They are
also used to structure and organize our writing.
15. a. Punctuate the following paragraph.
perhaps you dont always need to use commas periods colons etc to make sentences
clear when i am in a hurry tired cold lazy or angry i sometimes leave out
punctuation marks grammar is stupid i can write without it and dont need it my
uncle Harry once said he was not very clever and i never understood a word he
wrote to me i think ill learn some punctuation not too much enough to write to
Uncle Harry he needs some help
TYPES
Period / full stop (.)
Comma (,)
Exclamation mark (!)
Question mark (?)
Colon (:)
Semicolon (;)
58
Quotation mark (“”)

Apostrophe (‘)
Hyphen (-)
Dash ( _)
Parentheses/ Brackets ( )
Ellipsis (…)
59
a. We had a great time in France the kids really enjoyed it
We had a great time in France, the kids really enjoyed it!
b. Some people work best in the mornings others do better in the evenings
Some people work best in the mornings, others do better in the evenings.
c. we shall come tomorrow was the reply
We shall come tomorrow was the reply.
60
d. govind bring me a pen
Govind bring me a pen!
e. keep to the right was printed in large letters
“keep to the right”, was printed in large letters.
f. It is a fine idea let us hope that it is going to work
It is a fine idea, let us hope that it is going to work.
g. we will be arriving on Monday morning at least I think so
We will be arriving on Monday morning... at least I think so.
61
h. the storm having blown over the ship made good progress
The storm, having blown over the ship made good progress.
i. the sun having set we all went home
The sun, having set - we all went home.
j. in the words of murphys law Anything that can go wrong will go wrong
In the words of murphy’s law,” Anything that can go wrong, will go wrong.”
c. my heart leaps up when i behold a rainbow in the sky wrote william wordsworth
the famous poet and most of us share his feelings when we are lucky enough to see a
rainbow there is an old saying that a pot of gold is buried at the end of the rainbow
but have you ever tried to reach a rainbows end of course its impossible because a
rainbow is really just the result of the raindrops refracting and reflecting light from
our sun there are seven colors in the rainbow red orange yellow green blue indigo
and violet
62
“My heart leaps up when I behold a rainbow in the sky,” wrote William Wordsworth, the
famous poet, and most of us share his feelings when we are lucky enough to see a
rainbow. There is an old saying that a pot of gold is buried at the end of the rainbow, but
have you ever tried to reach a rainbow’s end. Of course, it is impossible because a
rainbow is really just the result of raindrops refracting and reflecting light from our sun.
There are seven colors in the rainbow, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet.
d. justice krishna iyer imparted a literary touch to the writing of judgments ignoring
the traditional pattern he tried to democratize judicial remedies and brought into
vogue public interest litigation (PIL) and epistolary jurisdiction a letter complaining
of injury being received as a petition he believed that procedural lissomness and
informality were aspects of access to justice in a poor country he paid tribute to
human rights by introducing the values of international covenants into indian law
by hermeneutic humanism he tried with some measure of success to liberalize
prisons to sensitize sentencing to enliven liberties and to pragmatize gender justice
and dalit equality life especially the right to life claimed his judicial reverence and
so he gave life saving parameters high priority judicial sanction which made capital
punishment the rarest of rare verdicts from his bench
Justice Krishna Iyer imparted a literary touch to the writing of judgments, ignoring the
traditional pattern. He tried to democratize judicial remedies and brought into vogue
public interest litigation (PIL) and “epistolary” jurisdiction—a letter complaining of injury
being received as a petition. He believed that procedural lissomness and informality were
aspects of access to justice in a poor country. He paid tribute to human rights by
introducing the values of international covenants into Indian law by hermeneutic
humanism. He tried, with some measure of success, to liberalize prisons, to sensitize
sentencing correctionally, to enliven liberties, and to pragmatize gender justice and Dalit
equality. Life, especially the right to life, claimed his judicial reverence, and so he gave life-
saving parameters high-priority judicial sanction, which made capital punishment the
rarest of rare verdicts from his bench.
63
REMARKS
64
Marks Awarded
65
UNIT 5
VOCABULARY
Learning Objective: To help students build a strong vocabulary, which would be

of use to them in oral and written communication.
16. a. Fill in the blanks by choosing the appropriate word from the options given.
a. The flood damaged the books so much that it was impossible to ----------- them.
Retrieve
(Retrieve, retrace, retract, retreat)
b. Two of the representatives abstained -------------- voting on the issue.
from
(of, against, from, out)
c. We have no objection --------------------- the seminar in Brunei.
To attending
(attending, to attend, having attended, to attending)
d. The accused was not guilty and was ——————.
Acquitted
(removed, acquitted, punished, discharged)
e. The government policy gave rise to vigorous ———————.
Protests
(proposals, protestations, protests, provocations)
f. I would have given him the notes, if he ------------------------ to me yesterday.
Had come
(came, would come, had come, would have come)
g. His appointment may -------------- some new life into the committee.
Inject
(inject, increase, insure, infect)
h. Many people in Delhi celebrated Diwali in a grand way ------------------ the high
prices.
In spite of
66
(even though, in spite of, because of , even if)

i. Why did you ------------------ from duty yesterday, when there was urgent work to
be done?
Abscond
(abstain, absent, absolve , abscond)
j. After a long discussion I prevailed -------------- him to accept the proposal.
Upon
(upon, at, against, on,)
k. We lost confidence in him because he never -------------- the grandiose promises he
had made.
Delivered on
(played with, performed, retreated from, delivered on)
l. She ---------------- his forgiveness.
besought
(bestowed, besotted, besought, bestirred)
m. Your ----------- tactics may compel me to cancel the contract as the job must be
finished on time.
repugnant
(lukewarm, offensive, dilatory, repugnant)
n. If you are seeking ----------------- that will resolve all your ailments, you are trying
to achieve the impossible.
Panacea
(a direction, a precedent, a panacea)
b. Fill in the blanks using the most appropriate words from among the options
given below.
a. This simplified guide to the decision-making process is a must read for anyone
facing important real estate, personal or professional decisions.
(1.Primer, maximizing 2. Introduction, under. 3. Tract, enacting 4. Guide, facing)
b. The internet is a medium where users have unlimited choices and minimal
constraints about where to go and what to do.
67
(1. Embarrassing, no 2. Unbalanced, non-existent 3. Choking, shocking 4.

Unlimited, minimal)
c. Since her face was free of expression there was no way to ascertain if she
appreciated what had happened.
(1.Make-up, realize 2. Expression, ascertain 3. Emotion, diagnose 4. Scars,
understand)
d. A key factor in achieving an effective and fulfilling life in our complex society is
the ability to exert control over our actions.
(1. Achieving, exert 2. Providing, admonish 3. Projecting, restrain 4. Obtaining,
energize)
e. It is not in the nature of autocratic rulers to consult servants and underlings or to
weigh up their preferences when distributing duties and responsibilities.
(1. Reproach, evolving 2. Consult, distributing 3. Involve, patronizing 4. Discuss,
positioning)
c. Choose the right word from the bracket and fill in the blanks.
1. Police have arrested a suspect in the murder of a local convenience store owner.
2. The police are looking for people who may have witnessed a traffic accident
which occurred yesterday at Douglas and Yates.
3. He is the main suspect in the murder of his wife.
68
4. He is on trial for the murder of his business partner.
5. The judge will hand down his verdict tomorrow morning at 10:00.
6. David Milgard, Donald Marshall, and Guy-Paul Morin were three innocent men
who spent years in prison in Canada for murders they didn't commit.
7. The police decided not to prosecute because they didn't have enough evidence.
8. He was convicted of the murder of his business partner, and sentenced to 10
69
years in prison.
9. During the trial, the woman testified that her husband was asleep in bed at the
time the murder occurred.
10. He was sentenced to death for the murder of his wife and children.
11. The judge sentenced the murderer to life in prison.
12. In our court system, a person is presumed to be innocent unless guilty is

proven beyond all reasonable doubt.
70
13. The victim sat down and cried after the man hit her.
71
14. Police have charged him with theft after he was found in possession of a stolen
car.
(Judge, Suspect, Verdict, Testified, Convicted, Sentenced, Witnessed, Trial,

Charged, Guilt, Arrested, Victim, Innocent, Prosecute.
72
Remarks
73
74
UNIT 6
PARAGRAPH WRITING
Learning Objective: To help students in organizing ideas into paragraphs, in a

systematic way and also improve their editing skills.
Topics:
1. What is a paragraph?
2. What is a précis?
1. A paragraph is a group of sentences that focuses on a single idea. To be effective,

a paragraph must have a topic sentence and sentences that support the main idea,
with a consistent flow. The four essentials of paragraph writing are:
Unity: A paragraph should stay unified around a main idea.
Order: The way supporting arguments are organized.
Coherence: Makes the arguments understandable
Completeness: Paragraph has to be well developed, having expressed the points

pertaining to the main idea.
75
17. Develop the following outline into a short paragraph.
a. The importance of education - benefits - national development.
Both men and women benefit from

education since both play a vital part in
the development of a healthy and
intelligent society. Education is both a
crucial component of ensuring a bright
future and the most significant
contributor to the nation's growth and
development. The citizens of the country
are accountable for the country's larger
future and prosperity. Extremely
educated citizens form the foundation of
a developed nation. Hence, decent
education builds a brilliant tomorrow for
both the individual and the nation.
b. Health, a neglected sector for the marginalized – why it is important – Health is

wealth
The saying "Health is Wealth" refers to one's health as the most

valuable asset. The state of a person's physical, mental, emotional,
and social well-being is defined as health.Everyone must take care
of their health. It makes people happy and optimistic.A healthy and
active mind is important to balance our everyday goals. It is highly
relevant to balance one's work and life at all times. In today's
world, the greed for luxury and wealth creation has caused health-
related hazards.
c. Freedom of speech and expression – why it is important for a country like India –
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to what extent.
Every Indian, regardless of gender, caste, creed, or religion, is

guaranteed freedom of expression under the Indian constitution.
This is a guaranteed basic freedom that characterizes a country's
democratic principles. The freedom to practice religion, the right to
show love and compassion, and the freedom to voice our beliefs
and dissident views without hurting feelings or inciting violence
are all vital components of India. India and Indians are recognized
across the world for its secular fabric and for spreading
democratic ideas. As a result, in order to sustain and celebrate our
democracy, it is vital to enforce freedom of expression in India.
2.A precis is like a miniature portrait of the passage and retains the essential points
77
accompanied with the mood and tone of the author of the passage. One should not
add one’s subjective interpretation or comments to the précis but should try to
retain the author’s opinions. The writing has to be clear and effective and one has
to be precise and to the point in one’s approach. Unnecessary long sentences or
rambling thoughts need to be avoided and the précis should make sense and be
logical in its presentation
A good Precis:
is marked by clarity, brevity and precision.
should retain the ideas of the original writer.
is a miniature version of the original passage.
must have a logical order and be well connected.
must have coherence and must follow the order of ideas of the original.
must have a title.
must not contain any details not found in the original.
18. Write a précis of the following passage.
a. The era of the privatization of everything has made the Indian economy one of
the fastest growing in the world. However, like any good old-fashioned colony, one
of its main exports is its minerals. India's new mega-corporations are those who
have managed to muscle their way to the head of the spigot that is spewing money
extracted from deep inside the earth. It's a dream come true for businessmen – to be
able to sell what they don't have to buy. Of late, the main mining conglomerates
have embraced the arts – film, art installations and the rush of literary festivals that
have replaced the 1990s obsession with beauty contests. Vedanta, currently mining
the heart out of the homelands of the ancient DongriaKond tribe for bauxite, is
sponsoring a "Creating Happiness" film competition for young film students who
they have commissioned to make films on sustainable development. Vedanta's
tagline is "Mining Happiness". The Jindal Group brings out a contemporary art
magazine and supports some of India's major artists (who naturally work with
stainless steel). Essar was the principal sponsor of the Tehelka Newsweek Think
Fest that promised "high-octane debates" by the foremost thinkers from around the
world, which included major writers, activists and even the architect Frank Gehry.
Tata Steel and Rio Tinto (which has a sordid track record of its own) were among
the chief sponsors of the Jaipur literary festival. . Many of the world's best and
brightest writers gathered to discuss love, literature, politics and Sufi poetry. Some
tried to defend Salman Rushdie's right to free speech by reading from his proscribed
book, The Satanic Verses. In every TV frame and newspaper photograph the logo of
78
Tata Steel (and its tagline, "Values Stronger Than Steel") loomed, a benign,
benevolent host. (292)
ANSWER a): Privatisation has given India a strong foothold as one of the fastest growing
economies of the world with one of the main exports being minerals which is done
through mining had one of the wishes of every businessman as they do not have to spend
on this good which they will sell. Films, art installations and literary festivals gained
popularity over the years and the corporate giants are sponsoring young filmmakers to
make movies on the theme of sustainable development. They support major artists and
organise debates among the brightest minds of the world. Tata steel and Rio Tinto
organised the Jaipur Literary Festival which was attended by writers who discussed love,
literature and Sufi poetry.
79
b. Ever since the Great Depression, the manufacture of weapons and the export of
war have been key ways in which the United States has stimulated its economy. It
has sold $5bn-worth of military aircraft to my country, India, which has more poor
people than all the poorest countries of Africa put together. All these wars, from the
bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki to Vietnam, Korea, Latin America, have
claimed millions of lives – all of them fought to secure the "American way of life".
Today, we know that the "American way of life" – the model that the rest of the
world is meant to aspire towards – has resulted in 400 people owning the wealth of
half of the population of the United States. It has meant thousands of people being
turned out of their homes and jobs while the US government bailed out banks and
corporations. The Indian government worships US economic policy. As a result of
20 years of the free market economy, today, 100 of India's richest people own assets
worth one-fourth of the country's GDP, while more 250,000 farmers have committed
suicide. We call this progress, and now think of ourselves as a superpower. Like
America, we are well-qualified: we have nuclear bombs and obscene inequality.
(209)
80
ANSWER b): A major source of income and a boost of their economy has been through
manufacture and sale of weapons, with India being one of their largest buyers in the
global market. America has engaged in war with various countries just to establish
dominance and spread the American culture. This has resulted in the wealth being owned
by a few people who tend to control the markets. This trend has been followed by the
Indians causing the suicide of large no. of farmers.
81
82
c. What are the elements of professional attitude? It has to do with sensitivity to

professional responsibility, due diligence in handling clients’ affairs, loyalty to the
profession, orderliness in management of tasks and commitment to quality in all
circumstances. These are not inherited but learnt and cultivated. Continued self-
education is the attribute of a professional. Values too are learnt and cultivated by
professionals by deliberate application of mind. Competent legal practitioners who
have won public esteem have a keen sense of personal and professional ethics.
Competence and its continued maintenance is itself a professional value. Integrity
and honesty always pay in a profession. Respect for the rule of law is another value
which no professional can ignore at any time. Obligation to serve the cause of justice
or fight injustice is an abiding value of a legal practitioner. (138)
83
REMARKS
84
Marks Awarded
85
UNIT 7
DESCRIPTIVE WRITING
Learning Objective: To help students in efficiently drafting letters and write

essays.
Topics:
1. What is an essay?
2. How to draft formal letters?
1. An essay is a piece of writing that methodically analyses and evaluates a topic or

issue. Fundamentally, an essay is designed to get your academic opinion on a
particular matter.
An essay should have three parts: Introduction, Body/Content, Conclusion.
The introduction should contain some comment on the topic of the essay - perhaps
definitions are needed, or some explanation of what you understand by the title.
This section should also state what aspects of the topic you intend to deal with and
why. The introduction should consist of a guide to the essay giving the reader a
clear idea of what will follow.
The body of the essay will take each of these main points and develop them with
examples and illustrations, using clearly defined paragraphs. This is where you will
need to think about the structure of your essay and make sure you follow a clear
path leading to the conclusion.
The conclusion will summarize the main ideas. It might also be appropriate to give
a firm or tentative answer to the question or suggest wider implications, or future
trends. Areas worthy of further consideration can also be highlighted in the
conclusion. One’s own views can also be introduced, as long as they are based on
the arguments developed earlier.
19. a. Write an essay of about 900 words on the topic ‘Animal testing should be
banned”.
Animals are used in research to develop new medicines and for scientists to test the
safety of the medicines. This animal testing is called vivisection. Research is being
carried out at universities, medical schools and even in primary and elementary
schools as well as in commercial facilities which provide animal experiments to
industry. (UK Parliament) In addition, animals are also used in cosmetic testing,
toxicology tests, “defense research” and “xenotransplantation”. All around the
world, a huge amount of animals are sentenced to life in a laboratory cage and they
are obliged to feel loneliness and pain. In addition scientists causing pain, most
86
drugs that pas successfully in animals fail in humans. It is qualified as a bad

science. Above all, animals have rights not to be harmed even though the Animal
Welfare Act does not provide them even with minimal protection. The law does
not find it necessary to use current alternatives to animals, even if they are
obtainable. Animal testing should be banned due to animal rights, ethical issues,
alternative ways and the unreliability of test results in humans.
First of all, animal testing should be banned in order to protect the rights of
animals. In other words, animals’ rights are infringed by experimenting on them.
Animals and humans are similar in many ways. To begin with, they have similar
levels of biological complexity. They both are aware that they exist and they both
make conscious choices. Philosophy professor at North Carolina State University
Tom Regan points out "Animals have a basic moral right to respectful treatment.
This inherent value is not respected when animals are reduced to being mere tools
in a scientific experiment."
When it comes to the needless torture of animals that we claim to benefit, the
animals lives need to be taken into consideration. S. F. Sapontzis gives his theory
as to why animals should not be used in testing. To start with, animals are not
capable of giving their consent to be used as subjects in an experiment. Secondly,
"experiments can only be performed on an individual who is willing, morally
speaking. Therefore it is immoral to use animals in experiments.
87
b. Write an essay of about 900 words on the ‘Impact of Social Media on Youth’.
The impact of social media on youth is vital. These impacts include various things,
the negative as well as the positive aspects. Social media is a platform which
allows people from around the world to interact and share their thoughts about
particular things etc. A few examples of the applications used commonly are,
Instagram, Facebook, What’s app, Snap chat etc. In the course of recent many
years, social media have acquired such a lot of development and distinction
worldwide to a degree that numerous specialists are currently keen on diving
deeper into these social stages and their consequences for the local area. In spite of
the way that nearly everybody locally is associated with no less than one social
media stage, the young and teens are the main and generally fascinated of these
social stages to the point that they are informal while in class or even in a public
gathering.
The young generation who are addicted to social media can live in a virtual world
that is disconnected from reality. They won't have time for out-of-door exercise
similar to sports or camping because they will be on their phones all day .Instead
of going out to meet friends or talking to their parents, these people choose to
spend their time on social media speaking with their buddies. They will simply
stay at home and update their social media accounts. They use social media to
exchange status updates or images with their friends. They will eventually only
exist in a virtual world .
On the whole, we can say that social media is a boon as well as a bane. The way it
is utilised is what is important. The right usage of social media platforms is always
fruitful. It is our duty to keep ourselves safe in these platforms. This is because,
even if we are careful others may take advantage and it may lead to unnecessary
things.
Social media addiction can lead to sadness among young people. When young
people use social media, they will notice that other individuals are also using it.
When young individuals observe others who are more attractive or talented than
they are, they may feel inadequate. These young people can feel both envious of
and humiliated of those who are more renowned or intellectual than them. They are
continually perplexed as to why they cannot be as good, talented, or attractive as
others. As a result, they feel compelled, stressed, and depressed. These mental
difficulties are extremely harmful to young people because they drive them to lose
their brains and, as a result, choose death.
88
c. Write an essay of about 900 words on ‘Sustainable Development’.
89
2.Letter Writing
Letters can be formal and informal. They should have the desired effect on the
reader. In order to achieve this, they should be:
In the correct format
Short and to the point
Relevant
Free from grammatical errors or spelling mistakes
Polite, even if it is a complaint letter
Well presented
90
Sample 1
From Address
Date
Sender’s address
Salutation
Sub:
Body/Content
Yours Sincerely,
Signature of the sender
91
Sample 2
From address
To address
Date
Salutation
Sub:
Body/content
Yours Faithfully,
Signature
92
20.a. Draft a letter to your class teacher, seeking permission to attend a moot court
competition in GNLU, because of which, you will be missing classes for a week.
93
b. Draft a letter to the BBMP commissioner complaining about the dog menace in
your locality.
Resume Writing
94
The purpose of a resume is to provide a summary of one’s skills, abilities and

accomplishments. It is a quick advertisement of who one is.
A resume is a marketing tool and it needs to demonstrate:
That you are employable
How you meet the job and the organization’s requirements
That you have the right qualifications and education
That you have the right experience and skills
That you have the right level of professionalism for the job
Contents of the resume should comprise of the following information:
Contact details
Opening statement /Objective
Personal attributes
Educational qualifications
List of key skills
List of technical/software skills
Employment history/volunteering/work placements
References/referees
95
20. c. Draft a letter to Trilegal, enquiring whether you can intern with them during
the summer break. Resume to be attached.
96
REMARKS
97
MARKS AWARDED
98
REFERENCES
Articles by Sainath from The Hindu
Articles by Shiv Vishvanathan & Arundathi Roy from The Social Science Collective
www.socialsciencecollective.org
English and logical Reasoning. ParadygM A&R
English idioms and Vocabulary. ParadygM A&R
Objective English. Edgar Thorpe & Showick Thorpe
Paragraphs from Frontline dated. March 15,2016
Paragraphs from Gautam Bhatia’s book, The Transformative Constitution (2019)
99

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English

Published by the Centre for Publications, CHRIST (Deemed to be University),

For academic purpose & private circulation only

Syllabus- English- ( 60Hrs )

COURSE OBJECTIVES: To facilitate the students in enhancing their reading,

TEACHING METHODOLOGY: Interactions, discussions, use of audio-

UNIT 1 BASIC GRAMMAR 13 Hrs.

Parts of Speech, Tenses, Subject-Verb Agreement, Articles.

UNIT 2 PRESENTATION SKILLS [practical component] 12 Hrs.

Do’s & Don’ts of presentations, body language and non-verbal communication,

UNIT 3 COMPREHENSION PASSAGE 10 Hrs.

UNIT 4: SENTENCES AND PUNCTUATIONS 6Hrs.

Types of sentences, different types of punctuation marks.

UNIT 5: VOCABULARY 6Hrs

UNIT 6: PARAGRAPH WRITING 6 Hrs.

UNIT 7: DESCRIPTIVE WRITING 7 Hrs.

1. CIA I- Class test – 10%

1. English Grammar Composition and Usage- J.C Nesfield. Macmillan India.

2. Different types of nouns.

3. Tenses and their use, different types of tenses.

4. Subject – verb agreement and their appropriate use.

5. Different types of articles and their use.

What are parts of speech?

Proper Common Abstract Collective

1. Write sentences using the four types of nouns.

Common noun ( I want to sit on a chair and watch TV )

A part of speech that can be used instead of a noun.

David is unwell. He cannot write the exam tomorrow.

A word that is used to describe a noun or a pronoun.

Eg: John is a good student.

Eg: Annie sings well.

Narendra Modi is our Prime Minister.

They are used to describe verbs, adjectives or adverbs.

Verb – He quickly ran across the park.

Adverb - Time, Manner, Place, Degree.

A word that joins two words or sentences.

a. Like (adjective, preposition, conjunction, noun, verb)

Adjective – I saw spiders and scorpion like creatures at the zoo.

b. Water (Noun, verb, adj)

Noun – There’s water dripping on the floor.

c. Round (Verb, adj, adverb, prep)

Verb – The boat rounded the island.

Question (Interrogative Pronoun)

5. Write a paragraph of 5 sentences, on the topic ‘Environment’, using only the

7. Write a paragraph of 5 sentences on ‘Where I see myself 10 years down the

a. What_________( come) apparently free generally ____________(come) with strings

human development outcomes and the persistence of poverty among tribal

Number indicates the singular /plural status of the subject.

Person indicates first, second and third person.

A bouquet of yellow roses lends color and fragrance to the room.

2.Two singular subjects connected by or, either/or, or neither/nor require a singular

Example: A car and a bike are my means of transportation.

But note these exceptions:

5. Parentheses are not part of the subject.

Example: Joe (and his trusty mutt) was always welcome.

If this seems awkward, try rewriting the sentence.

Example: If Joe were here, you'd be sorry.

a. Annie and her brothers (is, are) at school.

b. Either my mother or my father (is, are) coming to the meeting.

c. The dog or the cats (is, are) outside.

a. What_( come) apparently free generally ____(come) with strings