1

‫ه لوحات تاريخية تحمل قصص الزمن بأجمل تفاصيله تشكلت‬ ‫الصخور الرسوبية ي‬
‫عب رفبات طويلة من البسب حيث تحتضن يف طياتها لحظات االمطار‬
‫ر‬
‫هذه الصخور ر‬
‫وبباكم الرواسب ابدعت الطبيعة بلوحات فنية من‬ ‫الرقيقة وجريان األنهار الهادئة ر‬
‫الحجارة تحمل يف تكوينها ذكريات البيئات القديمة واألحداث الجيولوجية‪ .‬جمالها‬
‫يكمن يف تنوع األلوان والطبيعة ‪ ,‬صممتها الطبيعة بأناقة فنية تظهر يف تفاصيلها‬
‫فتكون لوحة جمالية تعكس تفاوت الزمن وتطور البيئة عىل مر العصور‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الدقيقة‪،‬‬

‫نرفق لكم يف طيات هذه االوراق‬

‫ر‬
‫اكب من ‪ 100‬سؤال وجواب عن الصخور الرسوبية‬

‫‪2‬‬
 ‫االجتماع‬
‫ي‬ ‫تابع صفحاتنا عىل مواقع التواصل‬

‫حقوق الطبع محفوظة ‪ :‬ال يسمح ر‬

‫بنشها او إعادة طبعها دون اذن ‪.‬‬

‫‪3‬‬
Shale refers to a rock formed from:
 sand sized material
 plant remains
 clay minerals
 carbonate
Which one of the following is a biochemical sedimentary rock?
 sand sized material
 coal
 shale
 conglomerate
A clastic rock is;
 a rock formed from the cementation of transported grains
 a rock formed from evaporation of sea water
 transformed by heat into limestone
 transformed by pressure into limestone
Which one of the following features is NOT associated with
sedimentary rocks?
 bedding
 foliation
 fossils
 all may be associated with sedimentary rocks
Which of the following types of sediments are most abundant?
 coarse clastics
 fine clastics
 chemical
 brochemical
The tendency for variations in current velocity to segregate sediments
on the basis of particle size is called
 lilthification
 compaction
 metamorphism
 sorting

4
Which of the following types of currents can transport sand grains?
 rivers
 wind
 ocean waves
 all of these
In which of the following sedimentary environments would you expect
the sand deposits to be poorly sorted?
 alluvial
 beach
 desert
 glacial
Which of the following environments is an example of a
shoreline/transitional environment?
 alluvial
 continental shelf
 deltaic
 organic reef
Most shells of marine organisms are composed of
 silica
 calcium carbonate
 calcium phosphate
 calcium sulfate
Coarse clastic material can be transported into a deep marine
environment by
 rivers
 wind
 turbidity currents
 all of these
Marine sediments deposited in water depths greater than about
12,000 feet usually lack
 carbonate shells
 silica-rich shells
 fine grained material transported by the wind
 all of these
5
In which of the following environments would you expect to find
oscillation ripples?
 alluvial
 beach
 deep-sea
 desert
Which of the following processes is not an important cause of
subsidence during the development of a sedimentary basın?
 cooling and contraction of the crust
 deposition of sediments
 erosion of sediments
 tectonic down faulting
Which of the following lists is written in order of decreasing particle
size?
 sandstone, siltstone, conglomerate
 sandstone, conglomerate, siltstone
 conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone
 siltstone, sandstone, conglomerate
What is the difference between a breccia and a conglomerate?
 breccias are coarse grained and conglomerates are fine grained
 conglomerates are coarse grained and breccias are fine grained
 breccias have rounded fragments and conglomerates have
angular fragments
 breccias have angular fragments and conglomerates have
rounded fragments
feldspar-rich sandstone is called a(n)
 arkose
 litharenite
 quartz arenite
 shale

6
Which of the following rocks is deposited only by non-biological,
chemical precipitation?
 halite
 limestone
 chert arenite
 coal
The most common lithification process for fine clastics is
 cementation
 compaction
Which of the following lists is written in the order of increasing
temperature?
 sedimentation, metamorphism, diagenesis
 diagenesis, sedimentation, metamorphism
 sedimentation, diagenesis, metamorphism
 metamorphism, diagenesis, sedimentation
Which of the following processes does not occur during diagenesis?
 compaction
 cementation
 lithification
 metamorphism
The term "aeolian" refers to transport and deposition by
 the wind
 streams
 ocean waves
 pocket gophers
With time, sediment transported by a fluvial system
 becomes rounded
 becomes smaller
 becomes rounded and smaller
 none of these

7
Coal is formed from
 natural gas
 Coil
 limestone
 preserved plant material
which of the following sedimentary environments would you least
expect to find gravel
 active margin beach
 alluvial fans
 glacial
 deep marine
Which of the following sedimentary environments is characterized by
sand, gravel and mud?
 active margın beach
 alluvial fans
 glacial
 deep marine
Which of the following sedimentary environments is dominated by
waves and tidal currents?
 Oglacial
 alluvial fans
 deltaic
 deep marine
Siliceous environments, named for the silica-rich shells deposited in
them, occur
 in an evaporite environment
 in a swamp environment in a reef environment
 in a deep-sea environment
What is the most abundant biochemical precipitate in the oceans?
 halite
 limestone
 chert
 coal

8
Ripples occur;
 on sand beneath the waves at beaches
 on underwater sandbars in streams
 on the surface of windswept dunes
 all of these can have ripples
In which of the following environments would you expect to find
symmetrical ripples"
 Calluvial
 beach
 deep-sea
 desert
Which of the following processes occurs during lithification?
 recrystallization
 compaction
 cementation
 all may occur
Which of the following is an example of a physical, as opposed to a
chemical, diagenetic process?
 recrystallization
 compaction
 cementation
 all are physical in nature
Which of the following groups represent the most abundant
sedimentary rocks?
 limestones and dolomites
 sandstones and conglomerates
 cherts and evaporites
 mudstones and shales
Which of the following sandstone types is most likely to form by the
mechanical weathering of a granite?
 quartz arenite
 htharenite
 arkose
 shale

9
Which of the following sandstone types is most likely to form by the
mechanical and intense chemical weathering of a granite?
 quartz arenite
 litharenite
 arkose
 shale
The type of sandstone where cementing material is clay is __
 Siliceous sandstone
 Calcareous sandstone
 Argillaceous sandstone
 Ferruginous sandstone
The term quartzite is associated with which type of sandstone?
 Siliceous sandstone
 Calcareous sandstone
 Argillaceous sandstone
 Ferruginous sandstone
Red Fort in India is built using which sedimentary rock?
 Shale
 White Sandstone
 Red sandstone
 Breccia
Shales are generally characterized with distinct ____________
 Cleavage
 Fracture
 Specific gravity
 Parting
The mineralogical composition of shale is clearly understood.
 True
 False

10
The tendency of a rock to split into flat, shell-like fragments parallel
to bedding is called ________
 Cleavage
 Fracture
 Specific gravity
 Fissility
Which type of shale involves both clastic and non-clastic sources?
 Residual shales
 Transported shales
 Hybrid shales
 Quartz shales
Name the type of shale involving decay and decomposition.
 Residual shales
 Transported shales
 Hybrid shales
 Quartz shales
Which sedimentary rock is present in majority on earth?
 Shale
 Sandstone
 Breccia
 Conglomerate
Which among the following is not a use of shale?
 Used in manufacture of bricks and tiles
 Used as source of alumina
 Used as paraffin
 Used as precious gemstone
Which among the following is NOT a sedimentary rock?
 Limestones
 Quartz
 Iron ores
 Slate

Rock gypsum is used in the making of ______

11
  Cement
 Steel
 Plaster
 Option a and c
Chalk is a type of _____

 Coal
 Dolomites
 Limestones
 Quartz
Which of the following is a sedimentary rock?

 Granite
 Schist
 Quartzite
 Sandstone

Which of the following is responsible for creating sedimentary

rocks?

 Erosion
 Weathering and lithification
 Precipitation
 All the above options

How are chemical sedimentary rocks formed?

Chemical sedimentary rocks are formed when dissolved materials

precipitate from the solution. Example: limestones, rock salt, and iron
ore.
Natural gas, oil, coal, uranium, and other energy resources are
formed from sedimentary rocks.
 TRUE
 FALSE
Is halite a sedimentary rock?
 YES
 NO

12
Give three examples of clastic sedimentary rocks.
Three examples of clastic sedimentary rocks are shale, sandstone,
and siltstone.
Small, solid pieces of materials from rocks or living things
 sediment
 clastic rock
 organic rock
 deposition
The process by which running water, wind, or ice carry away bits of
broken-up rock
 weathering
 erosion
 sediment
 cememtation
Which of the following sedimentary rocks is used in the
manufacturing of cement?
 Coal
 Dolomites
 Limestones
 Quartz
Which is the rock present in the majority on the surface of earth?
 Igneous rock
 Sedimentary rock
 Metamorphic rock
 No class of rock in particular
What are the mechanically formed sedimentary rocks also called?
 Clastic rocks
 Non-clastic rocks
 Elite rocks
 Mech rocks

13
Detrital rocks refer to which type of sedimentary rocks?
 Mechanically formed
 Organically formed
 Chemically formed
 Residual
The important phenomenon that happens during deposition is
 Settling
 Erosion
 Sorting
 Blowing
Deposition takes place in which conditions?
 Ordinary pressure and temperature
 High temperature and low pressure
 High pressure and low temperature
 High pressure and high temperature
The process not associated with diagenesis is
 Sediments get gradually converted to cohesive material
 Sediments get gradually converted to hard material
 Decaying occurs basically
 Might occur due to pressure or cementing material
The process which involves pressure exerted by the load is
 Loading
 Welding
 Cementation
 Unloading
The process other than welding which is studied under diagenesis is
 Co-welding
 Cementation
 Pressurising
 Unloading

14
Rock salt may be formed by
 Erosion
 Winds
 Continued evaporation
 Continued precipitation
Example of chemically formed sedimentary rocks is
 Gypsum
 Sandstone
 Shale
 Breccia
Pick the organically formed sedimentary rock.
 Shale
 Sandstone
 Breccia
 Limestone
How is the degree of packing in welding related to load of overlying
sediments?
 Directly related
 Inversely related
 Not related at all
 Totally independent
Conglomerate is:
 Clastic supported
 Matrix supported
 Both A and B
 None
If roundness is 1 then, the sphericity of rock is:
 Sub-rounded
 Angular rounded
 Rounded
 None

15
Ferruginous sandstone is
 Calcite
 Quartz
 Hematite
 None
Oligomictic conglomerate defined as:
 Clasts represents only one rock type
 Clasts represents more than one rock type
 Clasts doesn't represents rock type
 None
The process of reducing pore space by depositing younger
sediments on top of older material is referred is to as
 Contraction
 Dilation
 Reduction
 Compaction
Oolitic limestone is an example of
 Carbonate rocks
 Siliceous rock
 Argillaceous rock
 Calcareous rocks
Microfossils found in chalk are:
 Radiolaria
 Coccilithosphore
 Porifera
 Foraminifera
An example of a siliceous chemical sedimentary rock is:
 Quartz limestone
 Siliceous argillite
 Chert
 Quartz mudstone

16
What is the main difference between Breccia and Conglomerate?
 Breccias are coarse grained and conglomerates are fine
grained
 Conglomerates are coarse grained and breccias are fine
grained
 Breccias have rounded fragments and conglomerates have
angular fragments
 Breccias have angular fragments and conglomerates have
rounded fragments
Ripples occur:
 On sand beneath the waves at beaches
 On underwater sandbars in streams
 On the surface of windswept dunes
 All of these can have ripples
Which of the following sandstone types is most likely to form by the
mechanical weathering of a granite?
 Quartz arenite
 Arkose
 Shale
 Litharenite
Which rock is also called secondary rocks?
 Metamorphic
 Sedimentary
 Igneous
 Both 'B' and 'C'
Which is chemical sedimentary rock
 Salt
 Gypsum
 Anhydrite
 All of the above
Gneiss which is originated from sedimentary rocks
 Augen gneiss
 Orthogneiss
 Paragneiss
 None
17
Marl is :
 Sandstone
 Mudstone
 Both
 None
Fragment of detritus called
 Matrix
 Clast
 Paleosol
 None
What is not a type of sedimentary rock?
 extrusive
 chemical
 organic
 fragmental (clastic)
What is the layering of sediments in sedimentary rock called?
 stractification
 foliation
 Csiltation
 conglomerate
What is not an example of a fragmental sedimentary rock?
 conglomerate
 shale
 gneiss
 sandstone
The texture of a sedimentary rock is not described by what feature of
its particles?
 shape
 size
 density
 Darrangement

18
If you found some sandstone in an ancient river bed, which of these
conditions at the time that the sandstone was formed would be easiest
to understand?
 how old the particles were
 when the particles were deposited
 how fast the river was flowing
 what the climate was like
How are organic sedimentary rocks different from other sedimentary
rocks?
 They are formed from the fragments of worn-down rocks
 They are made from chemical reactions or by evaporation
 They are formed from lava
 They are made up of once-living things, like shells
What is not a common organic sedimentary rock?
 sandstone
 chert
 coal
 limestone
While looking at a rock under a microscope you observed bits of shell.
What organic sedimentary rock might you have been looking at?
 chert
 coal
 limestone
 quartz
Which rock cannot be found as a chemical sedimentary rock?
 limestone
 sandstone
 chert
 rock gypsum
What sedimentary rock is formed by evaporation of seawater?
 chert
 halite
 shale
 sandstone

19
Sedimentary Rocks are often made up of other rocks and minerals.
 False
 True
Small pieces of rock, sand, silt is called?
 weathering
 sediment
Small pebbles, pieces of other rock, and sand are called?
 weathering
 sediment
he kind, size and color of a sediment differs the sedimentary rock's
 Composition
 Strata
 Texture
 Formation
The process in which sedimentary rocks are arranged in layers is
known as
 Stratification
 Composition
 Deposition
 Erosion
When fine-grained sediments at the bottom of shallow water are
exposed to air, they dry out to form structures known as
 Ripple cracks
 Water marks
 Ripple marks
 Mud cracks
The formation of sedimentary rock can be identified by its
 shape
 texture
 grains
 features
Sedimentary rocks form as _____ are cemented (glued) together.
 Sediments
20
  Magmas
 Solutions
 Layers
Chemical sedimentary rock begins as a _____ of water and
sediments.
 Reservoir
 Mixture
 Solution
 Separation
Limestone often exhibits fossils of shells because it commonly forms
in _____.
 Deserts
 Oceans
 Rainforests
 Plains
. Which type of sedimentary rock is formed when dissolved minerals
come out of water?
 clastic
 chemical
 organic
 sedimentary
The layers in sedimentary rocks are called _____.
 compression
 gypsum
 lithification
 strata
What is a property?
 a characteristic
 a plot of land
 a kind of rock
 a kind of mineral
What is luster?
 color
 size
 shininess
21
  hardness
What is streak?
 the colored lines in a rock
 the color of a rock after it is ground into a powder
 the feel of a rock after it is ground into powder
 the hardness of a rock
Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning detrital
sedimentary rocks?
 They are composed of rock fragments that have been
weathered from pre-existing rocks.
 They are the most common rocks on the earth's surface.
 They accumulate to form layers called strata.
 They precipitate out of solution when water evaporates.
Which sedimentary rock forms when clay-sized grains are cemented
together?
 Shale
 Siltstone
 Breccia
 Conglomerate
 Gypsum
Coals and petroleum found in
 Granite rock
 Igneous rock
 Metamorphic rock
 Sedimentary rock
When molten rock comes out the surface of earth, it is known as -
 Lava
 a Magma
 Laccolith
 Metamorphic
How the Himalayas are formed?
 due to pressure of two large land form
 due to weakness of the earth crust
 due to folding of the earth crust
 due to folding of the geosyncline named Tethys
22
predominantly acts as the agent of chemical erosion of soil.
 Seawave
 Wind
 Underground water
 Glacier
Process of chemical weathering is represented by-
 expansion and contraction due to heat
 Mass exfolation
 growth of crystal and frost action
 Hydration and Hydrolysis
The climate condition which conduct mechanical weathering is/are
i) hot ii) cold iii) wet iv) dry
 options i) and ii)
 option iii) only
 options iii and iv
 options i) and iii)
Why the denudational processes have not reduced the land masses to
a level surface?
 Because the earth movements have uplifted the land mass
 Because of changing sea level
 Because lack of time
 None Of The
The breakdown of minerals due to the decaying vegetation producing
organic acid is called-
 Biological weathering
 Degradational weathering
 Chemical weathering
 Physical weathering
Wadi a kind of valley is occurred
 at hot desert with occasional heavy rainfall
 at high mountain range where precipitation is high
 at the beach where enough sand exists
 None of the Above
23
Which one among the following rocks does not belong to the same
group?
 Shale
 Limestone
 Slate
 Sandstone
In which among the following terrains the bore wells and canals can
be dug easily?
 Gneiss, granites and basaltic terrain of Peninsular India Rolling
and dotted hilly terrain of North-east India
 Soft alluvium of the Northern Plains
 Confined aquifer below the normal water table
Which of the following statements is/are correct?
The major constituent mineral of granite rock is quartz. 2. The major
constituent mineral of sandstone rock is feldspar. 3. The major
constituent mineral of limestone rock is dolomite.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
 1, 2 and 3
 3 only
 1 and 2 only
 2 and 3 only
Which one among the following is a primary rock?
 A Sedimentary
 Igneous
 Metamorphic
 None of the above
Consider the following statements about rocks:
1. Shale becomes Slate through metamorphosis 2. Shale is converted
to Slate when it is subjected to tremendous pressure and high
temperature
Which of statements given above is/are correct?
 1 only
 2 only
24
  Both 1 and 2
 Neither 1 nor 2

Which one of the following is generally found in sedimentary rocks?

 Basalt
 Silica
 Shale
 Magnesium
The earth's crust is the thinnest
 under the mountain ranges
 under continental masses
 at ocean bottoms
 None of the above
Which of these is not responsible for the formation of igneous rock?
 A sediments
 Bliquid rock
 magma
 lava
Magma that cools slowly beneath the earth's surface produces
marble
 intrusive igneous rocks
 fine-grained metamorphic rocks
 extrusive igneous rocks
Which process is necessary for the formation of igneous rocks?
 erosion
 deposition
 metamorphism
 solidification
In which type of rock would you expect to find fossils?
 granite
 obsidian
 shale
 marble

25
Which characteristic of rocks tends to increase as the rocks are
metamorphosed?
 density
 porosity
 permeability
 number of fossils present
Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks are usually composed
of
 intergrown crystals
 minerals
 fossils
 sediments
Which of the following rocks is different from others?
 marble
 Bgypsum
 sandstone
 limestone
Which is the principle cause of exposure of rock to the changes of
temperature?
 Mechanical weathering
 Chemical weathering
 Biological weathering
 Mortification weathering
Which of the following is an example of potholes in river beds?
 corrosion
 erosion
 oxidation
 hydration
How the soil erosion can be prevented?
 Growing plants on a large-scale
 Increasing cohesive force between the molecule by adding
chemicals
 Making the land incline
 Deforestation

26
Which of the following condition is most ideal for chemical
weathering?
 Cold and dry
 Cold and humid
 hot and humid
 None of the above

Which process in known as chemical weathering process?

 Expansion due to thermal energy
 Frost action
 Oxidation and Reduction
 Hydraulic action
What the molten rock is known when it stay under the surface of
earth?
 Lava
 magma
 Basalt
 Ignite
Which metal is the most abundant in the earth crust?
 Iron
 Zinc
 Aluminium
 None of the above
Sediment that causes and moves as strong particles resulting from
both mechanical and chemical weathering and sediment qualities -
 Clastic
 Organic
 Chemical
 Clay
The beginning of the formation of sedimentary rocks is a process
 Weathering
 Transfer
 erosion
 deposition

27
Deposition of raw materials in sedimentary rocks occurs when...
 Increased wind speed
 Storms occur
 Wind direction changes
 Low wind speed
The two main components of most mechanical (clastic) sedimentary
rocks are:
 Clay minerals and quartz
 Clay minerals and carbonates
 Carbonates and quartz
 Calcite and quartz
One of the following types of sedimentary grains requires more
energy to transport than another:
 Gravel
 sand
 clay
The next smallest sedimentary grain in terms of size
 Conglomerates
 Breccia
 Clay
 Sandstone
 Sheet clay
Dolomite rock is distinguished from limestone rock in that:
 Heavier and more solid
 Lighter and less rigid
 It consists of sodium and calcium carbonate
 Rapid reaction with dilute hydrochloric acid
Which of the following rocks is not considered an evaporite?
 Gypsum
 Guano
 Anhydrite

28
A rock formed by the precipitation of calcium carbonate dissolved in
solutions
 Gypsum
 Limestone
 Rock salt
Which of the following rocks is not considered an organic rock?
 Juano
 chalk
 Flint
If the sea recedes, sediment layers are deposited from oldest to
youngest as follows
 Marine - transitional - continental
 Marine-continental-marine
 Continental - marine – continental
When the size of the grains within a single sedimentary layer
gradually changes from coarse at the base to fine, this is indicated
 Cross layering
 Gradual stratification
 Oblique stratification
Coral sediments indicate that the environment was marine with water
 Shallow and warm
 Shallow and cold
 Deep and warm
Sediments that indicate a deep marine environment are
 Clay
 Carbonate
 Saltiness

29
Dissolved materials, components, and solid particles are transported
by erosion factors. 
The cementation process means the cementation of sediments by a
cementing material and the formation of sedimentary rock from the
sediments. 
Quartz is a common mineral abundant in sedimentary rocks because
it is very resistant to chemical weathering. 
When a water stream loses energy rapidly, the smallest grains settle
first.
Water and air currents sort the granules according to their chemical
composition.
Clay minerals are the most abundant product of chemical weathering
of feldspar minerals.
The presence of feldspar and mica minerals in sedimentary rocks
indicates the speed of the process of erosion and sedimentation.
The metal that precipitates first from saturated chemical solutions is
the least soluble.
During the formation of carbonate sedimentary rocks, aragonite is
formed and then transformed into calcite.
Dolomite differs from limestone in its high hardness and does not
react with acids quickly.
The proportion of argonite in nature increases over calcite over
time.
Organic limestone is formed by the activity of living organisms and
the accumulation of their remains such as bones and snails.
Phosphate rocks are produced from the skeletons of single-celled
marine animals.
Each stratigraphic level represents the end of a depositional era and
the beginning of a new era.
Geodes are rock cavities containing internal crystalline formations.
Studying sedimentary rocks enables us to learn about the Earth's
history.
All depositional environments are characterized by the same physical
and chemical conditions
30
A process whereby ancient sediments are buried beneath modern
layers and gradually transform into sedimentary rock due to
compaction and cementation . Fossils

Materials that arise and are transported as solid particles resulting

from both mechanical and chemical weathering. Clastic sediments

Sediments resulting from the deposition of dissolved materials

resulting in large quantities from chemical weathering. Chemical
sediments

The thickness of a homogeneous rock characterized by two defined,

parallel surfaces. Layer

Small ripples in the sand that appear on the surfaces of sedimentary

layers due to the movement of water or air (‫)عالمات النيم‬

The place where sediments accumulate. Depositional environment

Volcanic rocks are rock cavities with internal crystalline formations.

Geode

Geological rock formations formed in sedimentary rocks and some

igneous igneous rocks. They are rock cavities with internal crystalline
formations. Cross layering

Layers of flakes inclined relative to the main stratification planes.

Levels separating Layers.‫مستويات تطبق‬

31
1- Silica is a substance that is poorly soluble in water.

2- It can be seen that erosion and deposition are rapid by the presence
of feldspar and mica minerals

3- The first criterion for distinguishing clastic sedimentary rocks is

grain size

4- The grains of the tangerine rock are often held together by a

calcareous cement

5- In the case of maritime dominance, the continental area decreases.

32
Clay minerals and quartz are abundant in clastic sedimentary rocks?
 Due to the chemical weathering of silicate minerals and the
resistance of quartz to chemical weathering.

The absence of large pebbles within the components of the sand

dunes?
 Transporting it requires more energy, unlike sand, which
requires less energy.

Gypsum has a lower hardness than anhydrite?

 Because gypsum contains water, which is hydrated calcium
sulfate, which reduces its hardness.

Formation of carbonate rocks?

 The result of calcium carbonate precipitation from lime
solutions containing dissolved calcium carbonate.

Mud cracks occur in some environments?

 This indicates that the sediments that formed were alternately
wet and dry, and when exposed to air, the wet clay dries
completely and shrinks, forming cracks.

The phenomenon of skipping occurs on the beach environment.

 Because when sea levels rise, new marine sediments are
deposited on top of the older succession, crossing it into the area
that was continental shore.

The presence of gradual stratification in the rocks of an area.

 Because gradual stratification is what most characterizes rapid
sedimentation from water containing sediments of different
sizes, when the water stream quickly loses energy, the larger
particles settle first, followed by smaller and smaller ones.

33
Structures in sedimentary rocks are very important for interpreting
Earth's history.
 Textures in sedimentary rocks provide additional information
to interpret Earth's history and reflect the different conditions
under which each layer was deposited.

Levels of stratification are used to study Earth's history

 Because the layer levels represent the end of the era of
deposition and the beginning of a new era.

Sometimes a temporary cessation of sedimentation leads to the

formation of stratification levels
 Because the chances of the precipitate being the same again are
slim

34
 ‫كيف تتكون الصخور الرسوبية ؟‬
‫لتكون الصخور الرسوبية يجب ان تمر بأرب ع مراحل ( التجوية ‪ ,‬النقل ‪ ,‬ر‬
‫البسيب والتحجر )‬
‫تأثب عوامل الجو ( االمطار ‪ ,‬الرياح ) عىل الصخور فتتفتت الصخور ‪.‬‬
‫ه ر‬ ‫التجوية ‪ :‬ي‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫البسيب ‪.‬‬‫النقل ‪ :‬تقوم عوامل الطبيعة بنقل الفتات من أماكن التفتيت اىل احواض ر‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫البسيب ‪.‬‬‫البسيب عىل هيئة طبقات متوازية يزداد سمكها كلما زاد ر‬‫البسيب ‪ :‬يحدث ر‬ ‫ر‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫التحجر ‪ :‬يتحول الفتات اىل صخور رسوبية عندما تضغط الطبقات عىل بعضها رتبسب‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫المادة الالحمة فتتكون الصخور الرسوبية ‪.‬‬

‫من ما تتكون الصخور الرسوبية ؟‬

‫تتكون من ترسيب نواتج عملية التجوية سواء الصلبة او الذائبة ( مثل االمالح الذائبة يف البحار )‬
‫البسيب ‪.‬‬‫والت نقلتها عوامل النقل ثم رسبتها ف احواض ر‬
‫ر‬
‫ي‬ ‫ي‬
‫علل للصخور الرسوبية أهمية جيولوجية واهمية اقتصادية ؟‬
‫تغط ثالث أرباع من سطح األرض يف طبقات رقيقة حيث انها التمثل ‪ %5‬من حجم صخور‬
‫ي‬ ‫ألنها‬
‫ر‬
‫القشة األرضية ‪.‬‬
‫ر‬
‫لباف الصخور ما تتعدى ‪) %5‬‬
‫يعت تمثل ‪ %75‬من سطح األرض بس حجمها بالنسبة ي‬ ‫( ي‬

‫أنواع الصخور الرسوبية قليلة مقارنة بالصخور النارية والمتحولة‬

‫ر‬
‫والت‬
‫والجبية ي‬
‫ر‬ ‫ه الصخور الطينية والرملية‬
‫يمكن تقسيمها اىل عدد محدود جدا تسود ثالثة منها ي‬
‫حواىل ‪ %90‬من صخور الرسوبية ‪.‬‬
‫ي‬ ‫تكون‬
‫الطبيع‬
‫ي‬ ‫وجي ( النفط) والغاز‬
‫الكب ر‬
‫للكثب منها أهمية اقتصادية مثل الصخور الطينية يتكون فيها ر‬
‫ر‬

‫ما هو تقسيم الصخور الرسوبية حسب طريقة تكونها ؟‬

‫‪ -1‬صخور رسوبية فتاتية ‪ :‬تتكون نتيجة تفتيت الصخور القديمة ثم نقل الفتات ثم ر‬
‫البسيب ثم‬
‫التماسك‪ .‬وقسمت إىل ثالثة أقسام عىل أساس حجم الحبيبات إىل خشنة ومتوسطة ودقيقة‬
‫التحبب‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬الصخور الرسوبية كيميائية النشأة ‪ :‬يتكون هذا النوع نتيجة ر‬

‫تبخب المحاليل الملحية وترسيب‬
‫األمالح‬
‫ً‬
‫عىل حسب درجة ذوبانها حيث رتبسب األمالح ذات درجة الذوبان األقل أوال‪ .‬وتنقسم عىل حسب‬
‫جبية وسيليكية ومتبخرات‬ ‫ر‬
‫الكيميائ إىل ثالثة أقسام ر‬
‫ي‬ ‫البكيب‬

‫‪35‬‬
 ‫ر‬
‫والبكبيا‬ ‫‪ -3‬الصخور الرسوبية عضوية النشأة ‪ :‬تنتج عن تراكم وتحلل البقايا الحية بفعل الفطريات‬
‫ثم تتماسك بفعل الضغط الواقع عليها ؛ وقد تتكون بفعل ر‬
‫اخبال أو تفحم البقايا النباتية‪ ،‬ومن‬
‫الجبي العضوي‬‫الطباشب ‪ ,‬الفوسفات والحجر ر‬
‫ر‬ ‫الصخور العضوية مثل‬
‫عىل حسب دراستك ألنواع الصخور الرسوبية‪ .‬أي مما يىل ال ينتىم للمجموعة مع ذكر السبب‪:‬‬
‫البافر رتي ‪ -‬الجوانو)‬‫(الكوكينا ‪ -‬الفوسفات ‪ -‬ر‬
‫‪ ‬البند الذي ال ينتىم ‪ :‬ر‬
‫البافر رتي‬ ‫ي‬
‫ر‬
‫والباف ‪ .....‬من الصخور الرسوبية العضوية ‪..‬‬ ‫الكيميائية‬ ‫الرسوبية‬ ‫الصخور‬ ‫‪ ‬السبب‪ ,‬من‬
‫ي‬

‫الطيت)‬
‫ي‬ ‫الجبي ‪ -‬الحجر‬
‫الرمىل ‪ -‬الحجر ر‬
‫ي‬ ‫البيشيا ‪ -‬الحجر‬
‫الكونجلومبات ‪ -‬ر‬
‫ر‬ ‫(‬

‫ينتىم ‪ :‬الحجر ر‬
‫الجبي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫‪ ‬البند الذي ال‬
‫ر‬
‫والباف ‪ ....‬من الصخور الرسوبية‬ ‫‪ ‬السبب‪ ,‬من الصخور الرسوبية الكيميائية‪...........‬‬
‫ي‬
‫الميكانيكية‬

‫(الملح الصخري ‪ -‬األنهيدريت ‪ -‬الجبس الفحم الحجري)‬

‫ينتىم ‪ :‬الفحم الحجري‬
‫ي‬ ‫‪ ‬البند الذي ال‬
‫ر‬
‫والباف ‪ ....‬من الصخور الرسوبية‬ ‫‪ ‬السبب ‪ ,‬من الصخور الرسوبية العضوية‪..........‬‬
‫ي‬
‫الكيميائية‬

‫ماه اهم العوامل الرئيسة المسؤولة عن تكون الصخور الرسوبية فتاتية االصل؟‬
‫ي‬
‫‪ ‬ترسيب بعض المواد ربي حبيبات الراسب (اللصق) ‪cementation‬‬
‫‪ ‬التماسك والتجفيف بالضغط الواقع عىل الراسب (االحكام) ‪compaction‬‬
‫التاثب الحراري عىل الراسب‬
‫ر‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫والجريواك؟‬
‫ي‬ ‫نمب ربي صخور االرينايت‬
‫كيف ر‬
‫ه احد انواع الصخور الرسوبية الرملية تكون فيها نسبة ال ‪ matric‬قليلة والحبيبات‬ ‫االرينايت ي‬
‫اكب وتحوي عىل رمل ناضج كيميائيا وتتواجد يف البيئات البحرية قليلة العمق والبيئات النهرية‬ ‫ر‬
‫وتكون جيدة الفرز والتصنيف‪.‬‬
‫ه احد انواع الصخور الرسوبية الرملية ذات حبيبات زاوية الشكل ورديئة التصنيف‬ ‫الجريواك ي‬
‫ي‬
‫كثبة والحبيبات قليلة وتحوي رمل‬
‫وتتواجد يف بيئات رواسب العكورة وتكون نسبة ال ‪ matric‬ر‬
‫غب ناضج كيميائيا‪.‬‬
‫ر‬

‫‪36‬‬
 ‫الجبية؟‬
‫ماه اهم العوامل المؤثرة يف ترسيب الصخور ر‬
‫ي‬
‫الكيميائ ‪chemical compaction‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ر‬
‫البكيب‬
‫ي‬
‫‪ ‬االنسجة ‪fabric texture‬‬
‫‪ ‬الخواص ر‬
‫الفبيائية ‪special physical parameter‬‬
‫اذكر مبدا تصنيف دنهام للصخور الكاربونية؟‬
‫الت ترتبط خالل عملية ر‬
‫البسيب‬ ‫ر‬
‫هذا التقسيم يستند اىل نسيج الحبيبات ونوعها اي نوع الحبيبات ي‬
‫البسيبية‬‫شكليا فان االختالف والتباين قد وضع بي نوعي من االنسجة ر‬
‫ر‬ ‫ر‬
‫بالطي‬
‫ر‬ ‫‪ Mud sported texture‬نسيج مدعم‬
‫‪ Grain supported texture‬نسيج مدعم بالحبيبات‬
‫استخدم دنهام عام ‪ 1962‬هذخ التسمية وذلك من خالل الربط ربي نوع النسيج واسم الحبيبات‬
‫‪particles ___ mudstone %10-1‬‬
‫‪particles __ wack stone %50-10‬‬
‫‪particles__ packstone%75-50‬‬
‫‪particles___ Grainstone< %75‬‬

‫ر‬
‫الباكيب الرسوبية‬
‫التطبق ‪ :stratification or Bedding‬تدع الصخور الرسوبية احيانا بالصخور المتطبقة النه‬
‫من خصائصها التطبق حيث انها رتبسب عىل شكل طبقات مختلفة السمك ‪.‬ان مصطلح مستوى‬
‫البسيب وبداية‬‫الطبقة يطلق عىل الحد الفاصل بي طبقتي ‪.‬وحدود الطبقة تدل عىل انتهاء رفبة ر‬
‫ر‬ ‫ر‬
‫رفبة اخرى‪.‬‬
‫والطي والمشبعة بالماء‬
‫ر‬ ‫الشقوق الطينية‪ : mud cracks‬عند ترسيب المواد الدقيقة كالسلت‬
‫نالحظ بعد رفبة زمنية عند فقدانها للماء كليا او جزئيا يتقلص حجمها فتنكمش ونتيجة النكماشها‬
‫كثب من االحيان رتبسب مواد اخري‬
‫وف ر‬‫تتشقق عىل شكل مضلعات عادة تكون خماسية االوجه ي‬
‫فوق تلك الشقوق وعند انكشافها نجد اثار هذه الشقوق‪.‬‬
‫التموجات ‪ : Ripple Marks‬تكون هذه التموجات عادة نتيجة حركة المياه ونالحظ هذه الظاهرة‬
‫قرب الساحل البحري او عىل جوانب االنهار ‪.‬التموجات المتكونه عىل سواحل البحر تكون متناظرة‬
‫بسبب ارتطام االمواج بالسواحل فتتحرك المياه عىل الساحل اىل االعىل ثم ترجع اىل البحر مرة‬
‫يسب باتجاه واحد‬‫غب متناظرة بسبب التيار ر‬ ‫ثانية اما المتكونة يف مياه االنهار او الهواء فتكون عادة ر‬
‫االخب ذو فائدة لمعرفة اتجاه التيار‪.‬‬
‫ر‬ ‫والنوع‬
‫التطبق المتقاطع ‪ :cross bedding‬ر‬
‫تكب يف قنوات االنهار الحفر والتعرجات وعند مرور تيار الماء‬
‫يف تلك الحفر فانه رتبسب الحبيبات بصورة متوازية فيما بينها وبزاوية مع سطح الماء وبعد مرور‬

‫‪37‬‬
‫االصىل ‪.‬ويمكن مالحضتها‬ ‫ر‬
‫الطبق‬ ‫الزمن يتكون طبقات الواحدة فوق االخرى والمقطوعة بمستوى‬
‫ي‬
‫البسبات البحرية وكذلك ترسبات الرياح خاصة يف الكثبان الرملية ‪.‬‬ ‫ف بعض ر‬
‫ي‬
‫الطبق ‪ : graded bedding‬تحمل المياه حجوما مختلفة من الحبيبات الرسوبية وكلما‬ ‫ر‬ ‫التدرج‬
‫ي‬
‫اكبوعندما تقل رسعة المياهتقل طاقتها لحمل المواد‬ ‫كانت المياه رسيعة كلما كان حجم الحبيبات ر‬
‫وف بعض االحيان تقل رسعة المياه بصورة مفاجئة‬ ‫ر‬
‫الكببة وتليها االصغر حجما ي‬
‫فتبسب المواد ر‬
‫الكببة وتليها االصغر يف نفس المكان بالتدرج واحسن مثال لها هو ترسبات ما يعرف‬ ‫ر‬
‫فبسب المواد ر‬
‫بالتيارات الخابطة ‪ turbidity‬يف البحار‪.‬‬

‫الكونكلومبات؟‬
‫ر‬ ‫ما اسباب تكون‬
‫كببة ذات حافات منحنية ت ر‬
‫كوني نتيجة اقالع تيارات‬ ‫ه عبارة عن كتل صخرية ر‬ ‫الكونكلمبات ي‬
‫ر‬
‫البحر للرواسب ثم عن طريق التجوية ويحدث بها عمليات التواء ولف ثم تحدث عمليات ترسيب‬
‫ثن تقوم مياه البحر بعمليات تجوية جديدة عليها‬
‫دفع االمواج البحرية‬
‫االنهيارات الجليدية‬

‫والكونكلومبات المنقول اىل الحوض‬ ‫كيف نمب بي الكونكلومبات المتكون ف الحوض ر‬

‫البسي ر يت‬
‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ر ر‬
‫سيت؟‬ ‫ر‬
‫الب ر ي‬
‫سيت والذي يسىم ‪intraformational conglomerate‬‬ ‫ر‬
‫الكونكلومبات المتكون يف الحوض الب ر ي‬
‫ر‬
‫تكون حبيباته من رواسب الحوض نفسه دون ان تنقل‬
‫الكونكلومبات المنقول والذي يسىم ‪ Extraformational‬تكون حبيباته من خارج الحوض‬
‫ر‬ ‫اما‬
‫الرسوئ جائت من مصادر اخرى‪.‬‬
‫ري‬

‫‪38‬‬