Grade 10 Chemical Bonding

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Chemical bonding
A chemical bond is an attraction between atoms.
Electrons are responsible for the reactivity of chemical substances (atoms, molecules, ions).
Specifically, the valence electrons in atoms are the ones that take part in chemical reactions.
Atoms of elements react with each other to achieve a full valence shell of eight electrons (2
electrons for hydrogen) like the Group VIII or Group 0 elements, which are already stable and
unreactive so they do not readily partake in chemical reactions.
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Atoms can form chemical bonds by losing, gaining or sharing electrons.
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Types of chemical bonding .
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There are THREE main types of chemical bonds.
Metallic bonding Ionic bonding

B. Covalent bonding
Atoms involved Within metals only Between a metal and a Between two or more
nonmetal nonmetals OR a
semimetal (metalloid)
by
Main group metals and a nonmetal
(Groups IA, IIA and IIIA)
AND Transition metals Group IVA, VA, VIA
(eg. iron, copper, zinc, and VIIA
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lead, etc)
Nonmetals (Main groups

VA, VIA and VIIA)
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Description Electrostatic attraction Transfer of valence Sharing of valence

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between sea of electrons from metals to electrons between

negatively charged nonmetals atoms
“mobile” or
“delocalized” electrons
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on the shells and

positively charged
protons in the nucleus
of atoms
Chemical Metallic crystals Ionic substances Covalent substances or

substances molecular substances
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Prepared by. B. A. Panton November (2023)
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formed
Smallest unit Atom Formula unit Molecule
Names and Platinum (Pt), gold Sodium chloride (Na+Cl-), Water (H2o), oxygen
chemical (Au), silver (Ag), magnesium oxide (O2), nitrogen (N2),
formulae of mercury (Hg), calcium (Mg2+O2-), aluminum carbon dioxide (CO2)
examples of (Ca), lithium (Li) bromide (Al3+Br3-) silicon dioxide (SiO2),
substances carbon (graphite and
containing diamond)
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bonding
Diagrammatic
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representation
(using an
example)
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B.
More on Covalent Bonding
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Classifications of covalent bonds
1. By types of atoms
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Type 1 Type 2
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Atoms involved Atoms of the SAME Atoms of DIFFERENT

element elements
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Examples There are 7 diatomic Water (H2o), carbon

atomics in the Periodic dioxide (CO2) silicon
Table of Elements. These dioxide (SiO2), glucose
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atoms become stabilized (C6H1206), methane (CH4),

only when they exist as Mothball (naphthalene,
pairs. C10H8), camphor ball
(C10H15O)
Names Mnemonic
Hydrogen Have
2
Nitrogen No
Fluorine Fear
Oxygen Of
Iodine Ice
Chlorine Cold
on
Beer Bromine
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Substances formed Molecular element AND Molecular/Covalent
giant covalent (molecular compound
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substances)
2. By number of bonds
B.
by
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Pr
NB’: Hydrogen has the lowest reactivity but the fastest reactivity. In other words,
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lowest reactivity corresponds to the number of bonds present, while highest
reactivity corresponds to the stability of the bond (s) present.
3. By the electronegativity of atoms
Electronegativity refers to the ability of an atom to attract bonded or shared electron

pairs. Some atoms attract electrons more readily than others, so most of the electron
clouds in bonded pairs are concentrated toward that atom/region of the molecule. This
creates polarity in individual molecules, whereby a slightly negative charge is induced in
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the atom that attracts the electrons more readily and a slightly positive charge in the atom
of a molecule that attracts the electrons less readily. The latter is referred to as the
electropositive atom/element. Comparatively, nonmetals are more electronegative than
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metals, or metals are more electropositive than nonmetals. The polarity in individual
molecules results in polarity in overall covalent substances. If two atoms that withdraw
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electrons equally, or almost equally, are bonded, then none will have more focus of the
electron cloud. In such a case, a nonpolar covalent bond results. Nonpolar covalent
bonds in individual molecules lead to the formation of nonpolar covalent substances.
B.
The polarity/nonpolarity of a covalent bond, and consequently of a covalent substance,
can be determined by calculations and reasoning. Each element is assigned an
electronegativity value, with fluorine at the top of group 7 being the most electronegative
by
atom (its E.N. value is 4.0) and francium at the lowest end of group 1 being the most
electropositive atom (its E.N. value is 0.7). It follows, therefore, that fluorine is the most
reactive nonmetal(easiest to attract electrons)l and francium is the most reactive metal
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(easiest to give away electrons) of the Periodic Table.
The table below displays the assignment of the electronegativity values by the American
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chemist Linus Carl Pauling. The chart is referred to as the Pauling Scale of
Electronegativity or Pauling Electronegativity Scale.
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Electronegativity Type of bond Examples
(E.N.) difference
Less than 0.5 Nonpolar C-H

covalent C-C
X-X (X - halogen atom)
H-H
O=O
Between 0.5 and Polar H-X (X os a halogen
on
1.6 covalent atom)
H-O
N-H
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2.0 and more Ionic Y-Z (Y is any metal
and Z is any nonmetal
atom)
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Na-Cl, Mg-S
B.
by
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Grade 10 Chemical Bonding

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1

A chemical bond is an attraction between atoms.

Metallic bonding Ionic bonding

Nonmetals (Main groups

Description Electrostatic attraction Transfer of valence Sharing of valence

between sea of electrons from metals to electrons between

on the shells and

Chemical Metallic crystals Ionic substances Covalent substances or

Smallest unit Atom Formula unit Molecule

Classifications of covalent bonds

Atoms involved Atoms of the SAME Atoms of DIFFERENT

Examples There are 7 diatomic Water (H2o), carbon

atoms become stabilized (C6H1206), methane (CH4),

3. By the electronegativity of atoms

Electronegativity refers to the ability of an atom to attract bonded or shared electron

(easiest to give away electrons) of the Periodic Table.

Less than 0.5 Nonpolar C-H

Between 0.5 and Polar H-X (X os a halogen

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