KOÇ UNIVERSITY – ELC SPRING 2024

REVISION OF UPPER INTERMEDIATE GRAMMAR

A. Use correct present tense form (simple present or present progressive)
1. Let me (explain) explain what you have to do. First you (take) take the photos and (sort) sort them into categories.
Then, you (file) file them according to subject.
2. From a letter
We (hope) ___hope ___________ you (enjoy) __enjoy _________ this marvellous weather as much as we are. We
(sunbathe) ___sunbathe ___________ and (go) _go __________ swimming every day. Next week, we (go) are going
___________ snorkelling.
3. Description of a scene in a play
The play is set in London in 1890. The action (take)____takes ________ place in Sir Don Wyatt’s mansion. When the
curtain (go) ___goes_______ up, the hero and heroine (sit) __are sitting ___________ in the lounge. They (argue)
__are arguing __________ .
4. An email to a friend
Dear Jane,
Sorry to hear about your problem at work. I (think) _think __________ you (do) __are doing _________ the right
thing, but I (doubt) ___doubt ________ whether your boss really (know) _knows_________ his job from what you
(tell)__tell_______ me!
5. Reporting news of a football match on TV
Pym (pass) ___is passing _________ to Smith, who (run) __is running ___________ straight at the central defence
and (shoot) __is shooting __________, and Gomez (push) __is pushing ___________ it over the bar for a corner.
B. Rewrite the sentences by using the given words in parenthesis.
1. Unless it rains, children won’t go out, play in muddy puddles. (if not)
_if not raining, children won’t go out, play in muddy puddles
_________________________________________________________
2. If you don’t save money, you won't be able to buy a car. (unless)
__unless you save money, you will not be able to buy a car
________________________________________________________
3. Unless you use public transportation, you won’t make it to the meeting on time. (if not)
___if not using public transportation, you won’t make it to the meeting on time
______________________________________________________
4. Unless you set your alarm on your phone, you won’t wake up early! (If)
___if you do not set your alarm on your phone, you won’t wake up early
_____________________________________________________
5. If you expose your skin to the sun for too long, you get sunburned. (when)
___when you expose your skin to the sun for too long, you get sunburned
____________________________________________________________

C. Complete the passage with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses. Be sure that you’re using the correct
tense in each gap.
Goldilocks is probably the most famous and most charming “squatter” of all times. While the Bear family ___looked
_________ (look) for breakfast, Goldilocks ____broke into_________ (break into) their house and ___made
____________(make) herself at home. The first thing she __saw_______ (see) when she
___entered___________(enter) the house was food on the table. This made her happy because she ___had been
walking _______________ (walk) in the woods for several hours and was very hungry. Goldilocks immediately ___sat

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down ____________ (sit down) at the table to eat. When she __finished _____________ (finish) the meal, she __felt
__________(feel) very tired and _decided _____________(decide) to look for a comfortable place to rest.
By the time the bears ___have returned_____________ (return) from their hunt, Goldilocks __have already
left ____________ (already leave). To this day they do not know who the “squatter” was.

D. Put each verb in brackets into a suitable future form.

Have you ever wondered what exactly (1) ..you will be doing... (you do) in ten years time? Well, according to
computer expert Tom Vincent, computers (2)___will soon be able _____________ (soon be able) to make
accurate predictions about the future. Professor Vincent, from Cambridge, (3) _will hold
______________(hold) a press conference next week to describe the computer which he calls
'Computafuture'. 'This computer can tell us what life (4) ___will be ____________ (be) like, based on data
describing past events,' explains Professor Vincent. For example, Computafuture can predict how many
people (5)____will live ____________ (live) in a particular area, or whether there (6) _will be _____________
(be) a lot of rain during a particular period. Professor Vincent also believes that by the year 2050, computers
(7) ___will replace ____________ (replace) teachers, and (8) __will also do ____________(also do) most of
the jobs now being done by the police. 'Computers are becoming more intelligent all the time,' says Professor
Vincent. 'Soon they (9) __will direct ______________ (direct) traffic and (10) ___will teach _____________
(teach) our children. And telling us about the future.'

E. Put each verb in brackets into a suitable future form. More than one answer may be possible.

a) By the time we reach home, the rain (stop) ...will have stopped
b) This time next week I (lie) will be lying ___________ on the beach in Spain.
c) In ten years' time I (work)_will work _____________ for a different company.
d) If we don't get there by 6.00, Jack (leave) _will leave____________ .
e) In July they (be married) __will have been married ______________ for twenty years.
f) In the year 2500 a lot of people (live) __will live _____________ on the Moon.
g) When you get to the station, I (wait) _will be waiting ______________ for you outside.
h) Don't worry! The plane (land) _will land ______________ in a moment.
i) By the time you come home, I __will have finished ___________(finish) the decorating.
j) Come round between eight and nine. We (watch) _will be watching ______________ the match on television
then.

F. Complete each sentence with suitable forms of ought to, need and need to.
1. Tom ought to have checked the weather forecast before leaving the house this morning.

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2. They needn’t have spent so much money on the hotel room. They found out later that there were cheaper
options available nearby.
3. He ________________ (bring) an umbrella with him, and then he wouldn't be soaking wet now.
4. He _______________ (ask) twice, I heard him the first time.
5. Sarah ________________ (eat) that much candy before bedtime.
6. You ________________ (worried) about the test so much. You knew the material well and ended up acing it.
7. I _______________ (remind)her about the appointment because she had already set an alarm for it.
8. She _________________ (stay up) so late, or she wouldn't be feeling sick today.
9. He _______________ (buy) so many groceries, we won't be able to finish them all.
10. He __ought to have apologized _____________ (apologize) for his mistake, but he didn't want to admit that
he was wrong.
G. Read the sentences below and choose the best option to complete the gaps. Pay attention to the meaning each
modal brings to the sentence.
1. You ____ read the entire book if you don't like it.
a. mustn’t
b. don’t have to
c. aren’t supposed to
d. should have

2. We took too much risk and failed. We ____ more careful.

a. should have been
b. mustn’t be
c. don’t have to be
d. ought not to have been

3. Look, the lights of his house are on. He ____ be at home, let's go and knock on his door.
a. can
b. must
c. had to
d. might

4. When I was 10 years old, I ____ sing Bohemian Rhapsody.

a. could have
b. can
c. am able to
d. could

5. Before you enter the exam room, you ____ leave your bag and cell phone in your locker as per the school
rules.
a. had to
b. don’t have to
c. can
d. must

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6. I didn't know you needed help. Why didn't you call me? I ____ come and help you.
a. must have
b. ought to
c. could have
d. was able to

7. Watch out for the cat! You ____ look what is behind you before you drive the car in reverse.
a. are able to
b. ought not to
c. are not supposed to
d. should

8. Please remember that this is a library and you _____ listen to music loudly with your cell phone.
a. might not
b. are not able to
c. must
d. can’t

9. You are late because you did not leave your house on time. You ____ earlier.
a. should wake up
b. should have woken up
c. have to get up
d. must have woken up

10. When I was a kid, I ____ go to bed at 9pm. My parents did not allow me to stay later than that.
a. must
b. must have
c. had to
d. could

11. Jane bought a really nice birthday gift for me last year. Now I ____ buy her something nice as well this year.
a. have to
b. don’t need to
c. must have
d. should have

12. If you are ill and don’t come to work, you ____ submit a health report to the administration.
a. needn’t
b. must
c. should have
d. could

13. Jane ____ come here as soon as possible or she will miss the beginning of the show.
a. can
b. might
c. should have
d. had better

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14. Jack fell down the stairs in the morning. He is fine but he ____ hurt himself badly.
a. should have
b. might
c. could have
d. mustn’t have

15. When you meet somebody for the first time, you ____ introduce yourself and say your name.
a. ought to
b. are able to
c. could have
d. had to

16. This is the last time I am warning you. You ____ listen to me or you will regret it.
a. should
b. can
c. might
d. had better

17. Can you wait for a minute for me here? I ____ stop by the bookstore and get something very quickly.
a. can
b. need to
c. mustn’t
d. had better

18. You ____ Jane on campus yesterday. She is out of town.

a. cannot see
b. might have seen
c. shouldn’t have seen
d. couldn’t have seen

19. No one has ever answered this question so quickly. You ____ be really smart.
a. must
b. can
c. are able to
d. might

20. Thank you for coming, but you ____ any food, we already have a lot.
a. should have brought
b. mustn’t bring
c. didn’t need to bring
d. had to bring
H. Each of the following sentences has a passive voice verb structure. Unscramble the words and write a complete
sentence. No changes to any words are required.
Example:
songs / of / were / over / ago / many / years / these / written / twenty → → →
Many of these songs were written over twenty years ago.

1. a / by / was / he / the / of / majority / elected / just / large / voters

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____he was elected by a large majority of the voters

______________________________________________________________
2. Vitamin D / strength / is / bone / known / it / that / and / promotes / density
____it is known that vitamin D strength bone and promotes density
_______________________________________________________________
3. for / rice / is / in / that / believed / been / it / Japan / has / cultivated / 2,500 / than / more / years
____it is believed that in Japan has cultivated_rice for more than 2,500 years
_____________________________________________________________
4. while / talking / driving / was / the / Euros / for / driver / phone / fined / 300 / on / his
___while Euros was talking ________________________________________________________________
5. officers / child / healthy / small / and / safe / found / by / the / police / the / was
___________________________________________________________________
6. be / minimize / toxic / effects / harmful / products / must / to / of / their / disposed / properly
___________________________________________________________________
7. sentence / he / by / age / judge / given / of / his / was / because / the / a / light
___________________________________________________________________
8. the / the / exams / university / be / may / by / final / postponed
___________________________________________________________________
9. praised / has / the / its / for / author’s / critics / latest / been / honesty / the / novel / by
___________________________________________________________________
10. referred / today / the / the / behavior / and / of / psychology / is / as / to / study / mind
___________________________________________________________________
I. Complete the sentences with the suitable forms of modal verbs. Use the correct tense depending on the context
in each sentence.
1. The door should have been locked last night, but someone forgot to do it.
2. The building _________________ (construct) in the early 1900s, judging by its architecture.
3. The package _________________ (deliver) yet, it usually takes a few days to arrive.
4. The car _______________ (steal) from the parking lot, we should report it to the police.
5. The cake ______________ (throw) away, it was still fresh and edible.
6. The road ______________ (close) due to the heavy snowfall, it was impossible to drive on it.
7. The flight _______________ (delay) due to the bad weather conditions, we should check the status.
8. The song ______________ (write) by a famous composer, it has a similar style to their work.
9. The mistake ________________(make), it caused a lot of problems and delays.
10. The project _____________ (complete) on time thanks to the dedication and hard work of the team.
J. Rewrite the sentences as in the example.
1. They expect he is going to deliver the keynote speech at the conference next week.
a) It is expected that he is going to deliver the keynote speech at the conference next week.
b) He is expected to deliver the keynote speech at the conference next week.
2. Everybody believes that they have gone on a trip to Europe last summer.
a) ___________________________________________________________ .
b) ___________________________________________________________ .

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3. Most people think that it is the largest waterfall in the world.

a) ___________________________________________________________ .
b) ___________________________________________________________ .

4. They say she has an incredible talent for playing the piano.
a) ___________________________________________________________ .
b) ___________________________________________________________ .

5. They consider him as one of the most successful entrepreneurs of his generation.
a) ____________________________________________________________ .
b) ____________________________________________________________ .
,

K. Read the text below and complete the sentences with the correct forms of the verbs in parentheses and use the
correct relative pronouns.
Veganism is an attitude and a way of life 1) _______________(reject) the exploitation of and harm to animals
(human and nonhuman). Vegans, those 2) ________________(practice) veganism, avoid consuming products,
services, and activities 3 )_____________ (be) the result of the exploitation of or intentional harm to sentient beings
(both human and nonhuman animals) as far as is practical and possible without severe self-harm. Since nonhuman
animals cannot give consent to humans to use their bodies and bodily secretions for human consumption or
scientific testing, taking these things from them can be considered exploitation, in the same way it would be
considered exploitation if we used the bodies and bodily secretions of humans 4) __________________ (not give)
consent for us to do so.
Veganism is not just a static practice but also a vision and goal for the future – a future in which all sentient beings
live free from exploitation and intentional harm. For those 5) _____________(live) in the modern world at the
present time, it is nearly impossible to avoid all products of animal exploitation. Animal by-products exist in cars,
some housing materials, some glues and inks used in books, etc. However, there are a multitude of choices made in
daily life – in diet, clothing, entertainment, and more –where an option 6) __________________ (not be) a result of
animal exploitation is available. It is the hope of vegans that in time, it will be possible to be a functional member of
modern society without ever having to purchase or use products 7) ___________________(be) a result of animal
exploitation. Furthermore, it is our hope that eventually none of these products will even exist and will be thought of
abominations of the past, in the same way most humans now view consuming human flesh or milk or wearing
clothing made from human skin.

L. Choose the correct option.

1. The football star and coach Rund Gullit says that he thinks football is like a fast-moving game of chess, in .........
you're required to think two or three steps ahead.

a) that
b) whom
c) which

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2. The primary school period is the time ......... parents should begin to teach their children to make some decisions
on their own.
a) who
b) when
c) that
3. I had never had any health problems until last July, ........ I was taken to hospital with a very high fever.
a) where
b) when
c) that
4. The 9th century Greek missionary St Cyril, with .......... the Cyrillic alphabet is associated, probably did not develop
this alphabet himself, but it was more likely devised later by his followers.
a) whom
b) which
c) who
5. The German town Regensburg, .......... lies at the point ........... the river Regen flows into the river Danube, is
famous for its sausages.
a) which/where
b) where/which
c) which/whose
6. He is a talented cricket player ..... abilities include fast bowling and powerful batting.
a) who
b) when
c) whose
7. 20th June, Midsummer's day, ......... is the longest day of the year, is one of the days on ......... religious leaders
called Druids meet and pray at ancient stone circles.
a) which/when
b) where/when
c) when/which

M. Combine each pair of sentences using an adjective clause with a quantifier. Choose the appropriate quantifier
based on the context of the sentences.
1. John has three dogs. All of his dogs are friendly.
John has three dogs, all of which are friendly.
2. The store has many apples. Only a few of them are ripe.
___the store has many apples a few of which are ripe __________________________________________________ .

3. The book has several chapters. Each chapter covers a different topic.
___the book has several chapters each which covers a different topic
__________________________________________________ .

4. The hotel has plenty of rooms. None of them have a view.

____the hotel has plenty of rooms none of which have a view
_________________________________________________ .

5. Mary has a collection of stamps. Most of them are from Europe.

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____mary has a collection of stamps most of which are from Europe

_________________________________________________ .

6. The restaurant serves many dishes. Few of them are vegetarian.

The restaurant servers many dishes few of which are vegetarian

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