Lecture 5 1

Lecture 5 CVEN90016 Concrete Design & Technology
Lecture Content:
Loss of Prestress
• Immediate Losses
• Deferred Losses
• Find losses due to shrinkage, creep and stress relaxation using AS 3600:2018
• Example of calculation of immediate losses and AS3600 calculations of losses

due to shrinkage, creep and stress relaxation
– Finding losses in the prestressed concrete prac beam
• Immediate Losses (𝑷𝒋 − 𝑷𝒊 )
• Deferred or Time-Dependent Losses 𝑷𝒊 − 𝑷𝒆
Where
𝑃𝑗 = prestress force imposed at jack
𝑃𝑖 = prestress force in tendon immediately after transfer
𝑃𝑒 = prestress force in tendon after all losses

Immediate Losses
For post-tensioned members:

• elastic compression of the concrete during sequential stressing.
• movement in the grips as the tendons are anchored.
• friction along the member, between tendon and duct, during

stressing. Hence, prestressing force reduces with distance from
the jacking point.
Immediate Losses
For pre-tensioned members:

• elastic deformation of the concrete
𝜎𝑐𝑖 𝐸𝑝
∆𝜎𝑃 =
𝐸𝑐
Where
∆𝜎𝑃 = loss of stress in prestressing steel
𝜎𝑐𝑖 = concrete compressive stress at the steel level just after transfer
𝐸𝑝 = Young's modulus of prestressing steel
𝐸𝑐 = Young's modulus of concrete
• see others listed in AS3600 which may need to be considered in

special circumstances.
Lecture Content:
Loss of Prestress
• Deferred Losses

Deferred Losses
The prestress force in a tendon decreases gradually over the service

life of structure due to 3 factors:
• shrinkage deformation in the concrete.
• creep deformation in the concrete.
• stress relaxation in the prestressing steel.

Deferred Losses
Deformations of an axial loaded concrete specimen are both

• Instantaneous
• Time-dependent
With sustained load, the deformation of the specimen may eventually be

several times larger than the instantaneous value.
Creep and shrinkage cause the gradual development of strain with time.
Relevance of Creep and Shrinkage to Structural Behaviour

• Loss of prestressing force with time - this lecture.
• Service load behaviour (long-term deflections (both axial and

transverse) and cracking) – Lecture 6.
• Cause volumetric changes that are often restrained, hence they

induce stress and possible cracking.
• Creep causes transfer of load from concrete to the reinforcement
• Beneficial: Creep can relieve stress concentrations.

What is Shrinkage?
• The nominally stress-independent strain which occurs in the

concrete due to loss of water by evaporation or by hydration of
cement, and also by carbonation.
• Shrinkage generally causes a reduction in volume, however in

practice it is measured as a linear strain.
• Units of mm per mm (usually 10−6 , i.e. micro-strain)

Type of Shrinkage
• Autogenous: caused by water being used up in the hydration of the

cement. (approx. 50 to 100 𝜇𝜀)
• Drying shrinkage: Withdrawal of water from hardened concrete

stored in unsaturated air. (approx. 1000 𝜇𝜀)
Factors Influencing Drying Shrinkage
• Ambient temperature and humidity

• The aggregate type and volume proportion
• For a given aggregate content, shrinkage decreases with a lower
water/cement ratio in the cement paste.
• Size and shape of the concrete member
Rule of thumb:
Approx. 50% of shrinkage in the 1st month
Approx. 90% of shrinkage in first 9 months
What is Creep?
• Increase in strain with time under a sustained constant compressive

stress.
• In normal weight concrete, the source of creep is the hardened

cement paste.
• The phenomenon of creep is related to moisture movement and to

the slow growth of micro-cracks in the concrete.
Factors Influencing Creep
Concrete Mix Design:
In general, Creep decreases with increase in concrete quality.
Creep will be smaller for the following:

• Stiffer aggregate (higher E)
• Higher volumetric proportion of aggregate relative to cement paste
• Lower water/cement ratio
Factors Influencing Creep
Environment: Higher creep for lower relative humidity, higher

temperature, and larger surface area to volume ratio (e.g. thin slabs)
Loading History: Higher creep for higher sustained stress and lower age
of loading.
Rule of thumb:
Approx. 50% of final creep in 1st 2-3 months
Approx. 90% of final creep in 1st 2-3 years
Mathematical Models of Creep and Shrinkage
Consider the behaviour of concrete under a constant sustained compressive

stress,𝜎0 , first applied at age 𝑇0 .
At any time 𝑇 > 𝑇0 , the total strain is as follows:

𝜀 𝑇 = 𝜀𝑒 𝑇0 + 𝜀𝑐𝑠 𝑇 + 𝜀𝑐𝑐 𝑇, 𝑇0
• Instantaneous strain, 𝜀𝑒 𝑇0 , depends on the stress 𝜎0 and the elastic modulus
𝐸𝑐 𝑇0 at the time of loading.
Note: See Cl. 3.1.2 of AS 3600:2018 and Table 3.3 of Gilbert Lecture 3 for 𝐸𝑐 𝑇0
• Shrinkage strain, 𝜀𝑐𝑠 𝑇 , depends on age T of concrete as measured from

time of casting or completion of curing.
• Creep strain, 𝜀𝑐𝑐 𝑇, 𝑇0 , depends on the stress, 𝜎0 , and the age, 𝑇0 , at time of
loading as well as on the period of loading (𝑇 − 𝑇0 )
Age of concrete taken at the end

of setting (end of moist curing).
From WRHF
Shrinkage Model
∗
𝜀𝑐𝑠 𝑇 = 𝜀𝑐𝑠 f 𝑇
Where
f 𝑇 = 0 at T= 0
= 1 at large T
∗ = final shrinkage strain
𝜀𝑐𝑠
∗ is approached asymptotically.
𝜀𝑐𝑠
Creep Model
For a condition of constant sustained uniaxial compressive stress, 𝜎0 , acting on

a particular concrete, the creep strain, 𝜀𝑐𝑐 𝑇, 𝑇0 , increases with the time
(measured from first loading 𝑡 = (𝑇 − 𝑇0 )).
t = duration (time)
It gradually approaches a limiting value as 𝑡 approaches infinity. This limiting

∗ (𝑇 ), depends on the age, 𝑇 , when 𝜎 was first applied.
value, 𝜀𝑐𝑐 0 0 0
Creep Function - Definition
This is a stress-independent quantity (for stresses less than 0.5𝑓𝑐′ ):
Creep function = 𝜙𝑐𝑐 𝑇, 𝑇0 = 𝜀𝑐𝑐 𝑇, 𝑇0 /𝜀𝑒 𝑇0

∗
At time infinity the creep function attains its max. value which is written as 𝜙𝑐𝑐
(usually between 1.5 to 4).
∗ g(𝑡)
𝜙𝑐𝑐 𝑇, 𝑇0 = 𝜙𝑐𝑐
where 𝑔(𝑡) is a time function which increases monotonically from zero to
approach unity as 𝑡 approaches infinity.
Lecture Content:
Loss of Prestress
• Deferred Losses

AS 3600: Design Shrinkage Strain
According to Clause 3.1.7.1, the design shrinkage strain of concrete (𝜀𝑐𝑠 ) shall be determined——
(a) from measurement on similar local concrete;
(b) by tests after eight weeks of drying modified for long-term value, in accordance with AS
1012.13; or
(c) by calculation in accordance with Clause 3.1.7.2
Using (c) to find 𝜺𝒄𝒔

The design shrinkage strain (𝜀𝑐𝑠 ) shall be determined as the sum of autogenous (𝜀𝑐𝑠𝑒 ) and
drying shrinkage strains (𝜀𝑐𝑠𝑑 ):
𝜀𝑐𝑠 = 𝜀𝑐𝑠𝑒 + 𝜀𝑐𝑠𝑑

Autogenous Shrinkage Strain
From Clause 3.1.7.2 AS 3600:2018

Drying Shrinkage Strain
From Clause 3.1.7.2 AS 3600:2018

𝐴𝑔
𝑡ℎ = 2
𝑢𝑒
Where
𝑡ℎ = hypothetical thickness
𝐴𝑔 = Cross-sectional area
𝑘1 𝑢𝑒 = Exposed perimeter plus half of the
perimeter of any closed voids
From Figure 3.1.7.2

AS 3600:2018
Basic drying shrinkage strain
From Clause 3.1.7.2 AS 3600:2018

From Table 3.1.7.2 AS 3600:2018

Loss of Prestress Due to Shrinkage of the Concrete
𝜺𝒄𝒔 is found as the sum of the autogenous and the drying shrinkage strains.
AS 3600:2018, Cl. 3.1.7.2: “Consideration shall be given to the fact that 𝜀𝑐𝑠 has a range of ±30%.
Loss of prestress due to shrinkage of the concrete is given in Section 3.4.3.2 of AS3600 as
𝑬𝑷 𝜺𝒄𝒔 modified for the effects of reinforcement.
If, for e.g., reinforcement is distributed throughout the member so that its effect on shrinkage is
mainly axial, the loss of prestress can be reduced by a factor of (1 + 15𝐴𝑠 /𝐴𝑔 ).
AS 3600: Design Creep Strain
From Clause 3.1.8.1 AS 3600:2018

AS 3600: Design Creep Coefficient
From Clause 3.1.8.3 AS 3600:2018

Basic Creep Coefficient
From Clause 3.1.8.2 AS 3600:2018

𝑘2
From Figure 3.1.8.3 AS 3600:2018

𝒌𝟓 & 𝒌𝟔
𝑘5 accounts for the reduced influence of the rel. humidity and the specimen size on
the creep as the concrete strength increases
From Clause 3.1.8.3 AS 3600:2018

Final Design Creep Coefficients

Final Design Creep Coefficients (after 30 years):
∗ for concrete first loaded at 28 days
• Table 3.1.8.3 gives 𝜙𝑐𝑐
∗ (𝑇 ) use 𝜙 ∗ 𝜎 /𝐸
• To find 𝜀𝑐𝑐 0 𝑐𝑐 0 𝑐
From Table 3.1.8.3 AS 3600:2018

Loss of Prestress Due to Creep of the Concrete
From Section 3.4.3.3, provided the sustained stress at the level of the tendons at no time exceeds
0.5𝑓𝑐′ , the loss of prestress due to creep of concrete = 𝐸𝑝 𝜀𝑐𝑐 , where
𝜀𝑐𝑐 = 0.8𝜑𝑐𝑐 (𝜎𝑐𝑖 /𝐸𝑐 )

𝜎𝑐𝑖 = sustained stress in the concrete at the level of the centroid of the tendons calculated using
the initial prestressing force prior to any time-dependent losses, and the sustained portions of all
the service loads.
𝐸𝑐 and 𝜑𝑐𝑐 as defined previously.
Stress Relaxation: Material Behaviour
• Relaxation is the decrease in stress with time in a material which is subjected

to a constant strain.
• The loss of stress in a tendon due to relaxation depends on the level of the
sustained stress in the steel, the temperature and the number of days
since prestressing.
• Creep and shrinkage cause a progressive fall-off in the tendon stress, which,
in turn, decreases the relaxation.
Stress Relaxation: Material Behaviour
From FWF
Loss of Prestress Due to Stress Relaxation
• In AS 3600:2018 (Clause 3.3.4) stress relaxation is dealt with for low-relaxation wire or strand,
and alloy steel bars, by finding a basic relaxation,𝑅𝑏 , for the material under standard
conditions (1000 hours at 20 °C and stress 0.8𝑓𝑝𝑏 following AS/NZS 4672.1).
• This basic value is modified to find the design relaxation, R, by multiplying by factors that
depend on the actual situation, i.e. the time, j, (in days) since prestressing, the actual stress
level, and the average annual temperature.
• The reduction in stress relaxation due to creep and shrinkage is covered in AS 3600:2018
Clause 3.4.3.4.
Lecture Content:
Loss of Prestress
• Deferred Losses

Prac P1: Pre-tensioned Concrete Beam
Beam Dimensions:
Cross section = 150 mm x 200 mm, Span = 2.44 m
Tendon:
One 12.7 mm diameter 7-wire ordinary strand (stress-relieved, low relaxation) placed
at edge of kern of section.
Minimum ultimate tensile strength and area of strand from Table 3.3.1 in AS3600.
Stress relaxation characteristics to AS 3600 and AS/NZS 4672.1.
Tendon stressed to 115 kN using a jack.

Concrete:
Concrete cylinder strengths (Standard cylinder diameter of 150 mm).
(3 results given at each of 7, 28 and 80 days.)
@ transfer 567 kN, 541 kN and 533 kN Age: 7 days

@ 28 days 703 kN, 741 kN and 695 kN Age: 28 days
@ time of testing 852 kN, 879 kN and 837 kN Age: 80 days
Beam is loaded to failure at 80 days.
Problem:
Use AS3600 to estimate the loss of prestress that would have

occurred after 80 days.
Use concrete properties required by AS3600 when estimating the

losses. For example, must obtain an estimate of 𝑓𝑐′ .
Relevance of Creep and Shrinkage to Structural Behaviour

• Loss of prestressing force with time.
• Service load behaviour (long-term deflections (both axial and vertical) and
cracking)
• Cause volumetric changes that are restrained; hence they induce stress and
possible cracking.
• Creep causes transfer of load from concrete to the reo.
• Beneficial: Creep can relieve stress concentrations
Solution Provided (Detailed Calcs of Losses L5)

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Lecture 5 CVEN90016 Concrete Design & Technology

• Example of calculation of immediate losses and AS3600 calculations of losses

• Immediate Losses (𝑷𝒋 − 𝑷𝒊 )

• Deferred or Time-Dependent Losses 𝑷𝒊 − 𝑷𝒆

𝑃𝑗 = prestress force imposed at jack

𝑃𝑖 = prestress force in tendon immediately after transfer

𝑃𝑒 = prestress force in tendon after all losses

For post-tensioned members:

• movement in the grips as the tendons are anchored.

• friction along the member, between tendon and duct, during

For pre-tensioned members:

• see others listed in AS3600 which may need to be considered in

• Example of calculation of immediate losses and AS3600 calculations of losses

The prestress force in a tendon decreases gradually over the service

• shrinkage deformation in the concrete.

• creep deformation in the concrete.

• stress relaxation in the prestressing steel.

Deformations of an axial loaded concrete specimen are both

With sustained load, the deformation of the specimen may eventually be

Relevance of Creep and Shrinkage to Structural Behaviour

• Service load behaviour (long-term deflections (both axial and

• Cause volumetric changes that are often restrained, hence they

• Creep causes transfer of load from concrete to the reinforcement

• Beneficial: Creep can relieve stress concentrations.

• The nominally stress-independent strain which occurs in the

• Shrinkage generally causes a reduction in volume, however in

• Units of mm per mm (usually 10−6 , i.e. micro-strain)

• Autogenous: caused by water being used up in the hydration of the

• Drying shrinkage: Withdrawal of water from hardened concrete

Factors Influencing Drying Shrinkage

• Ambient temperature and humidity

• Increase in strain with time under a sustained constant compressive

• In normal weight concrete, the source of creep is the hardened

• The phenomenon of creep is related to moisture movement and to

Factors Influencing Creep

Concrete Mix Design:

In general, Creep decreases with increase in concrete quality.

Creep will be smaller for the following:

Factors Influencing Creep

Environment: Higher creep for lower relative humidity, higher

Mathematical Models of Creep and Shrinkage

Consider the behaviour of concrete under a constant sustained compressive

At any time 𝑇 > 𝑇0 , the total strain is as follows:

Mathematical Models of Creep and Shrinkage

• Shrinkage strain, 𝜀𝑐𝑠 𝑇 , depends on age T of concrete as measured from

Mathematical Models of Creep and Shrinkage

Age of concrete taken at the end

For a condition of constant sustained uniaxial compressive stress, 𝜎0 , acting on

It gradually approaches a limiting value as 𝑡 approaches infinity. This limiting

Creep Function - Definition

This is a stress-independent quantity (for stresses less than 0.5𝑓𝑐′ ):

Creep function = 𝜙𝑐𝑐 𝑇, 𝑇0 = 𝜀𝑐𝑐 𝑇, 𝑇0 /𝜀𝑒 𝑇0

• Example of calculation of immediate losses and AS3600 calculations of losses

AS 3600: Design Shrinkage Strain

Using (c) to find 𝜺𝒄𝒔

𝜀𝑐𝑠 = 𝜀𝑐𝑠𝑒 + 𝜀𝑐𝑠𝑑

Autogenous Shrinkage Strain

From Clause 3.1.7.2 AS 3600:2018

Drying Shrinkage Strain