HISTORY OF

EGYPTIAN
PEOPLE SETTLED IN EGYPT AS
EARLY AS 6000 B.C. OVER TIME,
SMALL VILLAGES JOINED
TOGETHER TO BECOME STATES
UNTIL TWO KINGDOMS EMERGED:
LOWER EGYPT, WHICH COVERS THE
NILE RIVER DELTA UP TO THE
MEDITERRANEAN SEA IN THE
NORTH, AND UPPER EGYPT, WHICH
COVERS THE NILE VALLEY IN THE
SOUTH.
TYPES OF EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

NEW PREHISTORI
KINGDOM CEGYPT
THE OLD
KINGDOM

EARLY
MIDDLE LATE DYNASTIC
KINGDOM PERIOD PERIOD
OF EGYPT
THE OLD KINGDOM THE MIDDLE NEW KINGDOM OF EGYPT
KINGDOM OF EGYPT
THE OLD KINGDOM . RHE MIDDLE KINGDOM The New Kingdom of Egypt,
ABOUT 300 YEARS REFERS TO THE YEARS also referred to as the
AFTER MENES UNITED AROUND 2030 BCE TO Egyptian Empire, is the
EGYPT . IT BEGINS period in ancient Egyptian
1640 BCE DURING THIS
WITH THE REGION TIME PERIOD BUILDING history between 1550-1070
IOF SNEFRU. REMAINED POPULAR BCE, covering the
Eighteenth, Nineteenth,
and Twentieth Dynasties of
Egypt.
EARLY DYNASTIC PREHISTORIC LATE EGYPT
PERIOD EGYPT
The Early Dynastic The prehistory of
The Late Period is the
Period, also known Egypt spans from early
name given to the last
as Archaic Period or human settlements to the
era of native ancient
the Thinite Period beginning of the Early
Egyptian rulers, from 664
(from Thinis, the Dynastic Period of
BCE to the campaigns of
hometown of its Egypt (c. 3100 BCE), and
Alexander the Great in
rulers), is the era of is equivalent to the
332 BCE.
ancient Egypt that Neolithic period. The Late
immediately follows Paleolithic in Egypt began
the unification of around 30,000 BCE, and
Upper and Lower featured mobile buildings
Egypt in c. 3150 BC. and tool-making industry.
WHAT IS EGYTIAN MASTABA
Mastabas evolved over the early dynastic period (c. 3100-2686 BCE).
During the 1st Dynasty, a mastaba was constructed simulating house
plans of several rooms, a central one containing the sarcophagus and
others surrounding it to receive the abundant funerary offerings.
MATERIAL USED IN CONSTRUCTION OF
MASTBAS

The exterior building materials were initially bricks made of

the sun-dried mud readily available from the Nile River. Even
after more durable materials such as stone came into use, the
majority were built from mudbricks. Monumental mastabas,
such as those at Saqqara, were often constructed out of
limestone .
HISTORY OF MASTBA STRUCTURE

Mastabas evolved over The term mastaba comes from the Arabic word for "a
the early dynastic bench of mud". When seen from a distance, a flat-
period (c. 3100-2686 BCE).
topped mastaba does resemble a bench. Historians
During the 1st Dynasty, a speculate that the Egyptians may have borrowed
mastaba was constructed architectural ideas from Mesopotamia, since at the
simulating house plans of time they were both building similar structures. The
several rooms, a central one above-ground structure of a mastaba is rectangular in
containing the sarcophagus shape with inward-sloping sides and a flat roof. The
and others surrounding it to exterior building materials were initially bricks made of
receive the abundant the sun-dried mud readily available from the Nile
funerary offerings. River.
INTERRIOR OF MASTABA ARCHITECTURE EVOLUTION
A mastaba was essentially meant to
The mastaba was the standard
provide the ba with a house in the
type of tomb in pre-dynastic
afterlife, and they were laid out
and early dynastic Egypt for
accordingly. Some would be used to
both the pharaoh and the
house families, rather than individuals,
social elite. The ancient city
with several burial shafts acting as
of Abydos was the location
"rooms’’ The burial chambers were cut
chosen for many of
deep, into the bedrock, and were lined
the cenotaphs. The royal
with wood.A second hidden chamber
cemetery was at Saqqara,
called a serdab ( ,)‫سرداب‬from the Persian
overlooking the capital of early
word for "cellar’’ was used to store
times, Memphis.
anything that may have been
considered essential for the comfort of
the deceased in the afterlife, such as
beer, grain, clothes and precious items

Map of the Giza Plateau,

showing the mastabas
constructed within the complex
 SOME EXAMPLES OF MASTBAS
1-The Mastaba of Hesy-re is an ancient Egyptian tomb complex in
the great necropolis of Saqqara in Egypt. It is the final resting place
of the high official Hesy-re, who served in office during the Third
Dynasty under King Djoser (Netjerikhet). His large mastaba is
renowned for its well-preserved wall paintings and relief panels
made from imported Lebanese cedar, which are today considered
masterpieces of Old Kingdom wood carving. The mastaba itself is
the earliest example of a painted tomb from the Old Kingdom and
the only known example from the Third Dynasty. The tomb was
excavated by the Egyptologists Auguste Mariette and James
Edward Quibell.
The Mastaba of Kaninisut (or Ka-ni-nisut [Ka-nj-nswt]), or
Mastaba G 2155, is an ancient Egyptian mastaba tomb,
located at Giza in the West field of the Great Pyramid of
Giza. The cult chamber of the mastaba is now on display in
the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna with inventory
number 8006. Kaninisut was a high state official in the Fourth
dynasty or early Fifth dynasty in the Old Kingdom (c. 2500
BC), as demonstrated by the location and size of his tomb
and his numerous honorific titles. The cult chamber of
Kaninisut was built of the best quality white Tura limestone
 The Mastaba of Seshemnefer IV is a mastaba
tomb in Cemetery GIS of the Giza Necropolis in
Egypt. It dates from the early Sixth Dynasty (c.
2340 BC), and was built for the official
Seshemnefer IV (LG 53). Five reliefs from the
mastaba of Seshemnefer IV are on display in the
Egyptian collection of the Roemer- und
Pelizaeus-Museum Hildesheim.

Mastaba S3503 (Saqqara Tomb No.

3503) is a large mastaba tomb at
the Saqqara necropolis in Lower
Egypt. The burial was constructed
around 3000 BC during the 1st
Dynasty of Ancient Egypt.
The Mastabat al- Firaun (Arabic: ,‫ مصطبة الفرعون‬also referred to in
Egyptological literature as the Mastaba el- Faraun , Mastabat el-
Faraun or Mastabat Faraun, and meaning "Bench of the Pharaoh") is
the grave monument of the ancient Egyptian king Shepseskaf (reign
c. 2510–2503 BC), the last king of the Fourth Dynasty documented to
date. It is located in South Saqqara halfway between the Pyramid of
Djoser at Saqqara and the pyramids of Sneferu, the founder of the
Fourth Dynasty, at Dahshur. The structure is located close to the
pyramid of Pepi II, a ruler of the Sixth Dynasty. The stone quarry for
the structure is located west of the Red Pyramid of Sneferu
 WHAT IS PYRAMIDS

1.The pyramids are mostly solid masses of stone with very little
to be found inside. Like many ancient Egyptian pyramids, those
of Khafre and Menkaure have passageways at their base that
lead to small subterranean burial chambers underneath each
pyramid. The Egyptian pyramids are ancient masonry structures
located in Egypt. Sources cite at least 118 identified "Egyptian"
pyramids. Approximately 80 pyramids were built within the
Kingdom of Kush, now located in the modern country of Sudan.
Of those located in modern Egypt, most were built as tombs for
the country's pharaohs and their consorts during the Old and
Middle Kingdom periods.`
MATERIAL USED IN
CONSTRUCTION OF PYRAMIDS
Around 5.5 million tonnes of
limestone, 8,000 tonnes of granite
(transported from Aswan, 800km
away), and 500,000 tonnes of
mortar were used to build the Great
Pyramid. This mighty stone formed
part of an outer layer of fine white
limestone that would have made the
sides completely smooth .
 Number and location of pyramids

Many pyramids are in a poor state of • Abu Rawash

preservation or buried by desert sands. If visible • Giza
at all, they may appear as little more than • Zawyet el-Aryan
mounds of rubble. As a consequence, • Abusir
archaeologists are continuing to identify and • Saqqara
study previously unknown pyramid structures. • Dahshur
• Mazghuna
• Lisht
The most recent pyramid to be discovered was
• Meidum
that of Neith, a wife of Teti.[24] • Hawara
El Lahun
All of Egypt's pyramids, except the small Third • El- Kurru
Dynasty pyramid at Zawyet el- Maiyitin, are • Nuri
sited on the west bank of the Nile, and most are
grouped together in a number of pyramid
fields. The most important of these are listed
geographically, from north to south, below.
 ABU RAWASH PYRAMID OF GIZA
Abū Ruwaysh, ancient
Egyptian site of a 4th- Great Pyramid of Giza,
dynasty (c. 2575–c. ancient Egyptian
2465 bce) pyramid pyramid that is the
built by Redjedef, largest of the three
usually considered the Pyramids of Giza,
third of the seven kings located on a rocky
of that dynasty. The plateau on the west
site is about 5 miles (8 bank of the Nile River
km) northwest of the in northern Egypt. It
Pyramids of Giza was built by Khufu
(Cheops), the second
king of Egypt's 4th
dynasty [c. 2575–c]

Map of the Giza pyramid complex

 Zawyet el-Aryan Saqqara
Zawyet el Aryan Major pyramids located here include the Pyramid of Djoser—
contains the remains generally identified as the world's oldest substantial
of two Egyptian monumental structure to be built of dressed stone—the
pyramids, the Layer Pyramid of Userkaf, the Pyramid of Teti and the Pyramid of
Pyramid and the Merikare, dating to the First Intermediate Period of Egypt. Also
Unfinished Pyramid. It is at Saqqara is the Pyramid of Unas, which retains a pyramid
thought they were causeway that is one of the best-preserved in Egypt
both built around 2700-
2600BC.

The Pyramid of Djoser

 SOME OTHER EXAMPLES OF PYRAMIDS OF EGYPT
• Dahshur
• Mazghuna
• Lisht
• Meidum
• Hawara
• El Lahun
• El- Kurru
• Nuri
Sneferu's Red Pyramid The Pyramid of Amenemhet I at Lisht

The Pyramid of Amenemhet at

The Pyramid of Senusret II
The pyramid at Meidum Hawara
THANK YOU
SUBMITTED TO :- AR. JASPREET KAUR

SUBMITTED BY :- ADITYA KUMAR GUPTA [2399001]

AMAN SINGH [2399041]

TISHU [2399038 ]

LALIT [2399022 ]