Encoding Schemes
What is Encoding?
Process of converting data from one form to another form is
called encoding. In Computer Science encoding is converting
data (numbers, alphabets, symbols, spaces, graphics etc.) into
binary codes.
Why Encoding?
Platform Independency
Internationalization
Security
Effective Communication
There are various standard encoding schemes each part of
data is assigned a unique code. Some of the popular encoding
schemes are mentioned below:
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information
Interchange)
Formally began in 1960 and later promoted by ANSI
Standard common way to encode and represent keys of
keyboard understood by every computer.
It Uses 7-bits to represent any character.
It represents (encodes) total 27= 128 characters.
(Because of 7-bit representation)
It can represent (encode) character set of English
language only.
ASCII Table
Character Decimal Value Character Decimal Value
Space 32 @ 64
! 33 A 65
“ 34 B 66
# 35 C 67
$ 36 D 68
% 37 E 69
& 38 F 70
‘ 39 G 71
( 40 H 72
) 41 I 73
ISCII (Indian Standard Code for Information Interchange)
Introduced by Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) in 1991.
Standard encoding scheme to represent Indian Scripts.
It uses 8-bits to represent characters.
8
It represents total 2 = 256 characters.
It supports 10 different Indian languages which are:
Devanagari, Punjabi, Bengali, Gujarati, Oriya, Telugu,
Assamese, Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil and Roman.
UNICODE
It has been developed to represent all the characters of
every written language of world.
It can represent near about 1,000,000 characters
It may be 8-bit, 16-bit or 32-bit
It is superset of ASCII
UTF-8, UTF-16 and UTF-32 are some common Unicode
encodings among which UTF-8 is most commonly used.
Number System
Number system is mathematical way to represent
numbers using literals such as digits, characters or
symbols.
It is also known as Positional Number System because
value of each literal (digit, character or symbol) in a
number depends upon its position within number.
There are different number system and all have their
own set of unique literals.
The count of literals of number system is called Base or
Radix.
The value of each literal in a number is calculated using-
The literal itself
Position of the literal
Base of the number system
There are four number systems used in the context
computer-
Decimal Number System
Binary Number System
Octal Number System
Hexadecimal Number System
Decimal Number System
It is used by humans
It uses 10 different digits from 0 to 9 to represent
numbers.
Decimal number system has base 10
Each place to the left is ten times greater than the place
to its right which means each place represent a specific
power of the base (10).
Following figure represents the Integer and fractional part of
decimal number 1253.76 alongwith calculation of the decimal
number using positional values-
Positional Value Representation of Decimal Number
Binary Number System
It is used by Computer and other Digital devices.
It uses two different digits 0 and 1 called as bit to
represent any information
Binary number system has base 2
Each place in a binary code represents a specific power
of the base (2).
Binary Number System is also referred as Machine
Language.
Application of Binary Number System
Used as Machine Language for Computer Hardware and
other Electronic Devices.
Used in ASCII Code and Unicode
Used in Internet Protocols.
Used in Image processing, High-end audio recordings, HD
Videos recordings and data processing and storage.
Used in Boolean algebra that is a branch of Mathematics.
Octal Number System
It is used to represent large and complex binary codes
into concise manner.
It uses 8 different digits from 0 to 7 to represent
information.
Octal Number System has base 8.
Each place in Octal code represents a specific power of
the base (8).
Applications of Octal Number System
It is used in register and flip flop of Computer
Motherboards.
It is used in Mainframe such as UNIVAC, PDP etc.
Hexadecimal Number System
It is used to represent large and complex binary codes
into concise manner.
It uses 16 different literals which are
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F to represent information.
Hexadecimal Number System has base 16.
Each place in a Hexadecimal code represents a specific
power of the base (16).
Applications of Hexadecimal Number System
It is used to represent Memory Address for storage
devices used in computers.
It is used to describe colors in the Web Pages.
It is used to represent Media Access Control (MAC)
addresses.
It is used to display error messages.
Conversion Between Number System
Decimal to Binary Conversion
Following are the steps to convert Decimal Number System to
Binary Number System:
Divide the number by the base value of the Binary
Number System i.e. 2 you want to convert it from
Note the remainder
Keep dividing the quotient by the base value 2 untill it
becomes zero and note the remainder of each division
Write all noted remainders in reverse order (bottom to
top)
Example 1: Convert (45)10 to Binary Number.
Decimal
to Binary Conversion
Example 2: Convert (234)10 to Binary Number
Example of Decimal to Binary
Conversion
Decimal to Octal Conversion
Following are the steps to convert Decimal Number System to
Octal Number System:
Divide the number by the base value of the Octal
Number System i.e. 8 you want to convert it from
Note the remainder
Keep dividing the quotient by the base value 8 until it
becomes zero and note the remainder of each division
Write all noted remainders in reverse order (bottom to
top)
Example 1: Convert (186)10 to Octal Number.
Decimal to Octal Conversion
Example 2: Convert (1683)10 to Octal Number.
Example of Decimal to Octal
Conversion
Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion
Following are the steps to convert Decimal Number System to
Hexadecimal Number System:
Divide the number by the base value of the Hexadecimal
Number System i.e. 16 you want to convert it from
Note the remainder
Keep dividing the quotient by the base value 16 untill it
becomes zero and note the remainder of each division
Write all noted remainders in reverse order (bottom to
top)
Example 1: Convert (763)10 to Hexadecimal Number.
Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion
Example 2: Convert (2940)10 to Hexadecimal Number.
Example Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion
Binary to decimal Conversion
Following are the steps for converting Binary to Decimal
number:
1. Write down binary number
2. Starting from right to left, Write position number of
each bit of given binary code
3. Find positional value of each bit by raising its position
number as power to the base 2
4. Multiply each bit with its positional value and find its
corresponding decimal number
5. Add all these decimal numbers to find equivalent Decimal
number of given Binary Number.
Example 1: Convert (10011)2 to Decimal Number
Binary to
Decimal Conversion
Example 2: Convert (111100)2 to Decimal Number
1 x 25 + 1 x 2 4 + 1 x 23 + 1 x 2 2 + 0 x 2 1 + 0 x 20
= 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 0 + 0
= (61)10
Octal to decimal Conversion
Following are the steps for converting octal to decimal
number:
1. Write down octal number
2. Starting from right to left, Write position number of
each digit of given octal code
3. Find positional value of each bit by raising its position
number as power to the base 8
4. Multiply each bit with its positional value and find its
corresponding decimal number
5. Add all these decimal numbers to find equivalent Decimal
number of given Octal Number.
Example 1: Convert (336)8 to Decimal Number
Octal to decimal
conversion
Example 2: Convert (1325)8 to Decimal Number
1 x 83 + 3 x 8 2 + 2 x 81 + 5 x 80
= 512 + 192 + 16 + 5
= (725)10
Hexadecimal to decimal Conversion
Following are the steps for converting Hexadecimal to Decimal
number:
1. Write down Hexadecimal number
2. Starting from right to left, Write position number of
each symbol (digit or character) of given hexadecimal
code
3. Find positional value of each symbol (digit or character)
by raising its position number as power to the base 16
4. Multiply each bit with its positional value and find its
corresponding decimal number
5. Add all these decimal numbers to find equivalent Decimal
number of given Hexadecimal Number.
Example 1: Convert (7AC)16 to Decimal Number
Hexadecimal to
decimal conversion
Example 2: Convert (1BF6)16 to Decimal Number
1 x 163 + 11 x 162 + 15 x 161 + 6 x 80
= 4096 + 2816 + 240 + 6
= (7158)10
Binary to Octal Conversion
1. Write Binary Number
2. From right to left, group all the bits of binary in the set
of three
3. Add 0 to the left of the last bit of given binary number
incase set of 3 bit is not formed
4. Write octal no for each corresponding set of 3 bits
5. Group these octal digits together to form equivalent
octal number
Example 1: Convert (100110101)2 in Octal Number
Binary to octal
conversion
Example 2: Convert (1011)2 in Octal Number
1 0 1 1
001 011
13
=(13)8
Octal to Binary Conversion
1. Write octal
number
2. Replace each digit of octal number with its equivalent set
of 3-bit
3. From left to write Arrange and write all 3-bit sets
together and form binary equivalent of given given octal
number.
Example 1: convert (745)8 into binary number
Octal to binary conversion
Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion
1. Write Binary Number
2. From right to left, group all the bits of binary in the set
of four
3. Add 0 to the left of the last bit of given binary number
incase set of 4 bit is not formed
4. Write hexdecimal no for each corresponding set of 4 bits
5. Group these hexadecimal digits together to form
equivalent octal number
Example 1: Convert (1100110101)2 in hexadecimal Number
Binary to
hexadecimal conversion
Example 2: Convert (11101001101)2 in Hexadecimal no
1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
0111 0100 1101
7 4 D
= (74D)16
Hexadecimal to binary conversion
1. Write hexadecimal
number
2. Replace each digit of hexadecimal number with its
equivalent set of 4-bit
3. From left to write Arrange and write all 4-bit sets
together and form binary equivalent of given hexadecimal
number.
Example 1: convert (CA12)16 into binary number
Hexadecimal to
binary conversion
Conversion of Decimal Number with fractional part to
Binary number
Following are the steps to convert the fractional part of a
decimal number to binary number system:
multiply the fractional part by the base value 2
repeatedly till the fractional part becomes 0.
from top to bottom, Write integer part of the number to
get equivlent binary number.
If the fractional part does not become 0 in successive
multiplication, then stop after 10 multiplications. In some
cases, fractional part may start repeating, then stop
further calculation.
Example 1: convert (0.625)10 to binary number.
Decimal with fractional part to binary
conversion
Example 2: convert (.36)10 to binary number
Example of Decimal number with fractional
part to binary number conversion
Conversion of Decimal Number with fractional part to
Octal number
Following are the steps to convert the fractional part of a
decimal number to Octal number system:
multiply the fractional part by the base value 8
repeatedly till the fractional part becomes 0.
from top to bottom, Write integer part of the number to
get equivlent Octal number.
If the fractional part does not become 0 in successive
multiplication, then stop after 10 multiplications. In some
cases, fractional part may start repeating, then stop
further calculation.
Example 1: convert (0.175)10 to Octal number.
Conversion of Decimal no with fractional part to
Octal no
Example 2: convert (0.345)10 to octal number
Example of Conversion of Decimal no with
fractional part to Octal no
Conversion of Decimal Number with fractional part to
Hexadecimal number
Following are the steps to convert the fractional part of a
decimal number to Hexadecimal number system:
multiply the fractional part by the base value 16
repeatedly till the fractional part becomes 0.
from top to bottom, Write integer part of the number to
get equivlent Hexadecimal number.
If the fractional part does not become 0 in successive
multiplication, then stop after 10 multiplications. In some
cases, fractional part may start repeating, then stop
further calculation.
Example 1: convert (0.175)10 to Hexadecimal number.
conversion of decimal no with fractional part
to hexadecimal no
