Name: Yousef Elshahat

Id: 202101088

Textbook: Modern Physics, 2nd ed, Randy Harris; 2007

Problem(14)

Ignoring the multiplicative constant, and putting the spectiral density to maximum
ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐
∗ exp ( ) 1 1 5
𝑘𝐵 𝑇𝜆2 𝜆𝑘𝐵 𝑇
2 ∗ 𝜆5 + ℎ𝑐
∗− 6 =0
𝜆
ℎ𝑐 exp ( )−1
(exp ( ) − 1) 𝜆𝑘 𝑇
𝜆𝑘𝐵 𝑇 𝐵

Multiplying by
2
ℎ𝑐
𝜆6 (exp ( ) − 1)
𝜆𝑘𝐵 𝑇
We obtain
ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐
2
𝜆 exp ( ) − 5 (exp ( ) − 1) = 0
𝑘𝐵 𝑇𝜆 𝜆𝑘𝐵 𝑇 𝜆𝑘𝐵 𝑇
Then we need to multiply again by
ℎ𝑐
exp ( )
𝜆𝑘𝐵 𝑇
We obtain
ℎ𝑐 −ℎ𝑐
− 5 + 5 exp ( )=0
𝜆𝑘𝐵 𝑇 𝜆𝑘𝐵 𝑇
ℎ𝑐
Plogging = 0.01439 we find it that the solution for this equation will be:
𝑘𝐵

𝜆𝑇 = 0.002898
Problem(15)

We know from basic calculus

∞
𝑑𝑈 ℎ𝑓 8𝜋𝑉 8𝜋𝑉ℎ ∞ 𝑓3
𝑈=∫ ∗ 𝑑𝑓 = ∫ ∗ 3 𝑓 2 𝑑𝑓 = ( 3 ) ∫ 𝑑𝑓
𝑑𝑓 ℎ𝑓 ℎ𝑓
0 exp ( )−1 𝑐 𝑐 0 exp ( ) −1
𝑘𝐵 𝑇 𝑘𝐵 𝑇
ℎ𝑓
Using integration by parts with 𝑥 = (𝑘 𝑇)
𝐵

8𝜋𝑉ℎ 𝑘𝐵 𝑇 4 ∞ 𝑥 3 8𝜋 5 𝑘𝐵4 𝑉𝑇 4
𝑈= 3 ( ) ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑐 ℎ 0 𝑒 −1 15ℎ3 𝑐 3
Dividing by V and multiplying by c/4, the intensity is therefore:
 𝑈 𝑐 𝑤
∗ = 5.67 ∗ 10−8 ( 2 ) 𝑇4
𝑉 4 𝑚 ∗ 𝑘4
Problem(17)

(a)

1 3 ∗ 108
𝐾𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ℎ𝑓 − 𝜙 ⇒ (9.11 ∗ 10−31 )(0.002 ∗ 3 ∗ 108 )2 = 6.63 ∗ 10−34 ∗ −𝜙
2 300 ∗ 10−9
𝑣
Since 𝑐 ≪ 1 this expression is ok and we get 𝜙

𝜙 = 3.12𝑒𝑉
(b) the cutoff wavelength is the longest wavelength that can eject electrons with no kinetic energy to
spare

3 ∗ 108
𝐾𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ℎ𝑓 − 𝜙 ⇒ 0 = 6.63 ∗ 10−34 𝑓 − 4.99 ∗ 10−19 , 𝑓 = 7.53 ∗ 1014 , 𝜆=
7.53 ∗ 1014
Problem(39)

Using this formula:

ℎ
(𝜆′ − 𝜆 = (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
𝑚𝑒 𝑐
We need to eliminate two elements 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜆′
ℎ ℎ
− 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝛾𝑢 𝑚𝑒 𝑢 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙
𝜆 𝜆′
plogging
ℎ
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝛾𝑢 𝑚𝑒 𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙
𝜆′
It becomes
1 1 1
(( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)/(( ) − ( ′ ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜙
𝜆 𝜆 𝜆
Which becomes
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜙
𝜆′
− 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝜆
By plogging it in our original formula we obtains:
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ℎ
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜙 → =( + 1) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜙
ℎ 1 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑚𝑐𝜆
(𝜆 + (𝑚 𝑐) (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)) 𝜆 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑒

Since:
 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 2 sin ( ) cos ( ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 2 sin2( )
2 2 2
It becomes:
𝜃 ℎ
cot ( ) = ( + 1) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜙
2 𝑚𝑐𝜆

Textbook: Modern Physics, 6th ed, Paul A. Tipler and Ralph A. Llewellyn, 2012

Problem(25)

(a) The energy of a photon is:

ℎ𝑐
ℎ𝑓 = = 0.47𝑒𝑉
𝜆
ℎ𝑐
𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 2.55 ∗ 10−7 𝑚
4.87𝑒𝑉
(b) It is the fraction of the total solar power with wavelengths less than 255nm, i.e., the
area under the Planck curve up to 255nm divided by the total area
𝑅 = 𝜎𝑇 4 = (5.67 ∗ 10−8 ∗ (5800)4 = 6.42 ∗ 107
Approximating the former with 𝑢(𝜆)Δ𝜆 with 𝜆 = 127𝑛𝑚 and𝜆 = 255𝑛𝑚:

8𝜋ℎ𝑐(127 ∗ 10−9 )−5 𝐽

𝑢(127) ∗ 255 = ( ) (255 ∗ 10−9 ) = 1.23 ∗ 10−4 3
ℎ𝑐 𝑚
exp ( )−1
𝑘𝑇(127 ∗ 10−9 )
𝑐 𝐽 𝑅(255 ∗ 10−9 )
𝑅(255 ∗ 10−9 ) = (1.23 ∗ 10−4 ) ( 3 ) → ( ) = 1.4 ∗ 10−4
4 𝑚 𝑅

Problem(43)

The photon energy is:

ℎ𝑐
𝐸 = ℎ𝑓 =
𝜆
Rewrite it:
ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐 ℎ
− = (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙)
𝐸2 𝐸1 𝑚𝑐
Rearranging:
ℎ𝑐 ℎ ℎ𝑐
= (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙) +
𝐸2 𝑚𝑐 𝐸1
𝐸1
1 1 1 𝑚𝑐 2 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙) + 1
= 2
(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙) + =
𝐸2 𝑚𝑐 𝐸1 𝐸1
𝐸1
𝐸2 =
𝐸1
(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙) + 1
𝑚𝑐 2
Problem(50)

(a) We know that the energy is:

𝐸 = 100𝑊 ∗ 104𝑠 = 106 𝐽
The absorbed momentum is:
𝐸 106
𝑝=
= = 3.33 ∗ 10−3
𝑐 3 ∗ 108
(b) Calculating the change in momentum
𝑠
Δ𝑝 = 𝑚(𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 ) = 2 ∗ 10−3 (𝑣𝑓 − 0) = 3.3 ∗ 10−3 𝐽.
𝑚
Δ𝑝 3.33 ∗ 10−3 𝑚
𝑣= = −3
= 1.67 ( )
𝑚 2 ∗ 10 𝑠
(c) The kinetic energy;
1
𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓2 = 10−3 ∗ 1.672 = 2.78 ∗ 10−3 𝐽
2
Problem(51)

𝐸1 + 𝑚𝑐 2 = 𝐸2 + 𝐸𝑘 + 𝑚𝑐 2 , 𝐸𝑘 = 𝐸1 − 𝐸2 = ℎ𝑓1 − ℎ𝑓2
Using the compton’s equation:
ℎ
𝜆2 − 𝜆1 = (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
𝑚𝑐
Thus:

1 1 ℎ 𝑓1 𝑚𝑐 2
− = (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) , 𝑓2 =
𝑓2 𝑓1 𝑚𝑐2 𝑚𝑐2 + ℎ𝑓1 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
Substituting 𝑓2 equation in 𝐸𝑘 equation:
ℎ𝑓𝑚2 ℎ𝑓
𝐸𝑘 = ℎ𝑓 − =
𝑚𝑐2 + ℎ𝑓(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) 1 + ( 𝑚𝑐2
)
ℎ𝑓(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
ℎ𝑓
𝐸𝑘 has it is maximum value when 𝜃 = 𝜋 so 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = −1 and 𝐸𝑘 = 𝑚𝑐2
1+
2ℎ𝑓
Problem(55)

(a)

Using the equation:

8𝜋ℎ𝑐𝜆−5
𝑢(𝜆) =
ℎ𝑐
exp ( − 1) − 1
𝜆𝑘𝑇
ℎ𝑐
And putting 𝐶 = 8𝜋ℎ𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 = gives us
𝑘𝑇

𝐶𝜆−5
𝑢(𝜆) = 𝑎
𝑒𝜆 − 1
(b)
𝑎
𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝐶𝜆−5 𝐶𝜆−6 𝑒 𝜆 𝑎 𝑎
( )
= ( 𝑎 )= 𝑎 2 ∗ ( − 5 (1 − 𝑒 𝜆 )) = 0
𝑑𝜆 𝑑𝜆 𝑒 𝜆 − 1 𝜆
(𝑒 𝜆 − 1)

The maximum corresponds to the vanishing of the quantity in brackets Thus

𝑎
−
5𝜆 (1 − 𝑒 𝜆) =𝑎

(c) E

This equation is most efficiently solved by trial and error; i.e., guess at a value for
( )
a / in the expression 5 1 a / e a   − − = , solve for a better value of a / ; substitute
the new value to get an even better value, and so on. Repeat the process until the
calculated value no longer changes. One succession of values is 5, 4.966310,
4.965156, 4.965116, 4.965114, 4.965114. Further iterations repeat the same value (to
seven digits), so we have
𝑎 ℎ𝑐
= 4.965114 = ( )
𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑑𝑎 𝜆𝑚 𝑘𝑇
(d) E
ℎ𝑐
𝜆𝑚 𝑇 = = 2.898 ∗ 10−3
(4.965114)𝑘
Textbook: Modern Physics, 3rd ed, Raymond A. Serway, Clement J. Moses, and Curt A. Moyer, 2004
Problem(15)
ℎ𝑐
(a) At the cut off 𝜆, 𝐾 = 0 𝑠𝑜 𝜆
− 𝜙 = 0 and:
ℎ𝑐 1240
𝜆= = = 300𝑛𝑚
𝜙 4.2
𝑐 3 ∗ 108
𝑓0 = = = 1015 𝐻𝑧
𝜆𝑐𝑢𝑡−𝑜𝑓𝑓 3 ∗ 102 ∗ 10−9
(b) W
ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐 𝜙
𝑒𝑉𝑠 = 𝐾 = ℎ𝑓 − 𝜙 = − 𝜙 , 𝑉𝑠 = − = 2𝑉
𝜆 𝜆𝑒 𝑒
Problem(38)
(a)

From Δ𝑎𝑏𝑠, the angle 𝜙2 = 45 ,

From the triangle efg
𝑑0 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙2 = =
√𝑑02 + (2𝑑0 )2 √5
𝑑0
𝑑1 = 𝑑0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙1 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝜙 = 45 , 𝑑1 =
√2
1 𝑑0
𝑑2 = 𝑑0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙2 , 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙2 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ , 𝑑2 =
√5 √5
(b)

Using Bragg’s law:

𝑑0
2𝑑1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑛𝜆 , 𝑑1 =
√2
√2𝑛1 𝜆
𝜃 = sin−1 , 𝜆 = 0.626 𝐴 , 𝑑0 = 4𝐴 , 𝑛 = 1,2,3, …
2𝑑0

√2 ∗ 0.626
𝜃1 = 𝜃𝑛=1 = sin−1 ( ) = 6.37°
2∗4
√2 ∗ 0.626 ∗ 2
𝜃2 = sin−1 ( ) = 12.8°
2∗4

𝜃3 = 19.4°
And so on
Plane A-A makes angle 45 with P-P or PP-PP then angle 𝜙 with respect to A-A which corresponds to the
first three maxima,
𝜙1 = 𝜃1 + 45° = 6.37° + 45° = 51.7°
𝜙2 = 𝜃2 + 45° = 57.8° , 𝜙3 = 64.4°
Problem(39)
Using the Bragg diffraction law and assuming n =1
𝜆 0.626𝐴
𝑑= = = 2.8𝐴
2𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) 2 sin(6.41°)

1 1
From this figure there are 4 ∗ (8) 𝐶𝑙 − 𝑎𝑛𝑑 4 ∗ (8) 𝑁𝑎+ and the formula weight of NaCl is 58.4 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒

And the density equal:

58.4 58.4
𝜌=( ) , 𝑁𝐴 = , 𝑁𝐴 = 6.13 ∗ 1023
2𝑑3 𝑁𝐴 2𝑑3
Problem (42)
ℎ𝑐
𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ℎ𝑓 − 𝜙 , 𝜙 = − 𝑘𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1.629𝑒𝑉
𝜆
If our new light is 662𝑛𝑚 then the stopping potential will be:
ℎ𝑐
𝑘𝑚𝑎𝑥 = − 𝜙 = 0.2445𝑒𝑉
𝜆
Problem(48)
(a)
ℎ
𝜆′ − 𝜆 = (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) = 0.0243 ∗ 10−10 ∗ (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠17.4°) = 1.11 ∗ 10−13
𝑚𝑒 𝑐
1 1 1
( − ′) = = 1.09 ∗ 107 , 𝜆 = 0.101𝑛𝑚
𝜆 𝜆
ℎ 1
(𝑚 𝑐) −1
𝑒 𝑣 2
√1 − 2
( 𝑐 )
(b)e
𝑝𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙 = 𝑝𝑝ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑝𝑝ℎ
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑝𝑒
ℎ
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙 = 𝜆 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 , 𝜙 = 81°
𝑚𝑒 𝑣