Biomass For Electric Generation - Final 1

DESIGN OF MINI-SCALE BIOMASS POWER PLANT FOR ELECTRICITY
GENERATION
JEFFREY E. IBARRA
REGIE R. TEJADA
DENNIS G. ISIDRO
ISHI MAY T. MAGNO
ANGELO L. ORDONEZ
ELLA C. FERNANDEZ
Republic of the Philippines

TARLAC AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
Camiling, Tarlac
May 2024
DESIGN OF MINI-SCALE BIOMASS POWER PLANT FOR ELECTRICITY
GENERATION
JEFFREY E. IBARRA
REGIE R. TEJADA
DENNIS G. ISIDRO
ISHI MAY T. MAGNO
ANGELO L. ORDONEZ
ELLA C. FERNANDEZ
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING
May 2024
INTRODUCTION
Energy supplied across the globe is gained from both renewable and non-
renewable sources. The non-renewable energy source commonly known as fossil fuel
contributes to about 80 percent of the total energy consumed globally. Fossil fuels are
relatively cheap and are easily identified and transported. The increase in energy demand
in recent times has caused a rapid scarce in fossil fuel since it is non-renewable and
cannot be replaced over time. However, the non-renewability of these sources of energy
at a point in the future can cause an increase in energy prices where they are not
economically feasible.
Some environmental scientist have predicted that, coal, oil and natural gas will be
scarce in the future. The scarcity will cause a rise in energy prices which will eventually
lead to a shift to the use of renewable energy sources. The major downside of using fossil
fuel is the cause of environmental pollution. Burning fossil fuel releases carbon dioxide
(CO2) into the atmosphere, which causes a greenhouse effect. The emissions that are
released has been a major factor behind global warming. The burning of coal also
releases sulphur dioxide (SO2) into the atmosphere which creates harmful acid rain.
Crude oil on the other hand contains toxic chemicals that pollute the air when combusted
and are dangerous to human health. The fumes from vehicles and industries using heavy
machinery also release carbon monoxide, which replaces the oxygen in the blood when
inhaled. The uneven distribution of some fossil fuel energy has contributed to political
tensions and other national problems regarding its availability. (Kartha S. et al. 2000)
Considering the numerous shortcomings of the use of fossil fuel energy, it has
become necessary to find an alternative source of fuel that is free from CO2, Carbon
Monoxide (CO) and Sulphur dioxide for a safe and cleaner environment and the
promotion of quality health for the people as well. (Murphy et al. 2006)
Biomass can be considered as a reliable and renewable source of energy to replace
conventional fossil fuels in local industries and it can be expected to minimize the
dependency of the overloaded national electricity grids. Solid biomass such as fuel fire
(fire-wood), charcoal, agricultural and forest residues and animal dung have traditionally
been utilized as a source of energy in the rural areas in most developing countries. In
view of this, many medium - to - large agricultural, food processing or wood processing
local industries in most developing countries and emerging economies are well placed to
benefit from successful development of biomass to energy. Not ending there both
agricultural and forest-based industries in developing and emerging economies also
generate a substantial amount of biomass residue and waste that could, in principle, be
used for energy production. (Murphy et al. 2006)
These few factors are some reasons for the strong call for the development of
most renewable energy source such as solar energy system which is most common and
the back bone of all source of energy system and another source of energy system is the
biomass energy system which is the main focus in this research.
Biomass is an abundant resource: organic matter surrounds us, from forests and
croplands to waste and landfills. All biomass initially gets its energy from the sun –
thanks to photosynthesis, biomass resources regrow in a relatively short time span
compared to fossil fuel resources that take hundreds of millions of years to replenish. As
such, we won't run out of biomass for energy production.

Biomass is a reliable source of electricity. Biomass energy plants are often
dispatchable, meaning they can easily be turned on or off. This allows electricity grid
operators to use electricity from these plants during times of peak demand. Bioenergy is
not intermittent or variable, unlike other renewable energy sources like solar and wind:
the sun isn't always shining, and the wind isn't always blowing. Without storage
technologies, you can't always use solar or wind energy when you need it. In comparison,
while the availability of some biomass resources may be susceptible to seasonality,
biomass energy plants can always turn on to provide power, regardless of the weather
outside.
The main motive behind this research is to find out the energy potential from
biomass resources in Philippines with the aim of this biomass energy potential to serve as
an alternative source of energy which can provide a potential benefit to the country’s
energy sector and the development of both environmental and economic growth. Biomass
is the dominant energy sources contributing over 50% of the total energy consumed in the
country in 2011 From the start of civilization, biomass fuel was unquestionably being
utilized for the generation of energy. The outcome of these researches were great. Studies
show that biomass has many benefits over fossil fuels and helps to minimize the emission
of greenhouse gas.
Significance of the Study
Energy is a key factor for the growth and development of a country. From energy
and waste treatment, management crisis, these has attributed to depletion of locally
available energy resources, high dependency on fossil fuel and environmental
destruction. As more and more waste generated through kitchen and agricultural activities
are disposed in an uncontrollable manner, the impact on the environment like pollution
and increase of global temperature. In the proposed system, we can reduce our
dependency on fossil fuel for electric generation by using an alternative source which is
the rice hull. Due its abundance, rice hull can be collected and bought from the farmers
during harvesting season at significant amount to produce electricity that can used by the
residential or farm buildings
Objectives of the Study
The general objective of this study is to design a biomass power plant
Specifically, aims to:
1. design and fabricate a biomass power plant
2. provide a renewable source of energy that is environmentally friendly
3. reduce high depending on fossil fuel for energy
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
This paper is focused on designing a biomass power plant that will
generate electricity according to the power requirement for a 2-hectare farm. The
biomass fuel that will use as input to produce heat will be limited to only one source
which is the rice hull having a heating value 13,927 kJ/kg. In addition, 70% of the total
production of rice hull in Mayantoc, Tarlac will be collected and utilized to convert into
electrical energy.
Furthermore, errors in some computations are inevitable because the researchers
relied solely on secondary data and other open sources. The nature of this study requires
field surveys and observations.
Definition of Terms
Biomass – a brown-red clear liquid product that is produced by destructive
distillation and condensation process of bamboo material.
Biomass Furnace- enclosed equipment that utilizes various biomass materials
such as woodchips, corncobs, and rice hulls as fuel to produce high levels of heat through
combustion.
Rice Hull - a grain cover considered as biomass and a by- product after milling
Heating Value- amount heat produced during its entire combustion
Renewable- sustainable source of energy
Non- Renewable- limited source of energy

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Review of Literatures
Rice Hull
In the Philippines, there are various types of bio-resources such as rice hull,
coconut shell, wood, sugar cane, animal manure, and others. Among these, rice hull is
considered as one of the most abundant biomass resources. It is the major by-product of
the rice milling industry and comprises 20% of paddy by weight. The estimated
production of rice hulls in the Philippines is around 2 million tons annually, which is
equivalent to approximately 5 million BOE in energy. Despite being a valuable resource,
rice hull is often underutilized, has a low nutritional value for animal feed, and is
frequently burned in open fields, leading to potential hazards for the environment and
people. A biomass furnace fueled by rice husk will help to reduce the underutilized rice
hull waste. Rice husk contains a high amount of organic carbon and a significant amount
of heat with a heat value of 13-16 MJ. It can be utilized to produce fuel, heat, or
electricity through various thermal, chemical, or biological processes. Rice husk is
typically collected with a moisture content of about 14-15% that is suitable for further
treatment or processing. These processes include combustion, gasification, and pyrolysis,
which can convert rice husk into energy products such as heat, electricity, and solid or
liquid biofuels. The heat generated from rice husk can be used for multiple purposes such
as house heating, cooking, industrial boilers, drying, and generating electricity.

Steam Generator
A boiler, also known as a steam generator, is a sealed container made of high-
quality steel that produces steam from water through the application of heat. The boiler's
heating surfaces transfer heat from the hot gases created by burning fuel to the water. The
boiler's heating surface is the part of the boiler that is exposed to hot gases on one side
and water or steam on the other. The steam is collected above the water surface
and is transported through a superheater and suitable pipes for driving engines or turbines
or for industrial heating purposes.
Turbines
The turbine is a device that turns the heat energy of steam into rotational
mechanical energy. The process starts with steam that is generated by the boiler with high
pressure and high temperature. This steam is then directed to the turbine where it expands
isentropically, producing mechanical work. The amount of energy that the steam loses is
equal to the work produced by the turbine.
Heat Recovery System
Waste heat recovery techniques play a vital role in enhancing energy efficiency in
industrial processes. These techniques involve capturing and transferring waste heat and
turn it back into the system as an extra energy source. The recovered energy can then be
utilized to generate electricity or mechanical power, or to create additional heat, thereby
reducing energy wastage.

Conventional Steam Power Plant Vs. Distributed Generation (Cogeneration)
Conventional steam power plant refers to using coal-fired thermal plants,
hydropower plants, and nuclear power plants to generate electric energy. Conventional
power plants are centralized or off-site power plants that rely on complex long-distance
transmission systems. As a result, extra energy is needed to compensate for the
transmission losses in order to meet the needs of consumers. In contrary, "DGs" stands
for "distributed generation system". They are small-scale power generation units that can
provide electricity to meet the local load demands of consumers. The main idea behind
distributed generation is to place them close to the loads, which means near the
consumers on the distribution networks. The use of Renewable Energy Technologies like
solar, wind, hydro, and biomass for Distributed Generation (DG) is becoming
increasingly important as a potential energy source in the future. The decision to use
renewable energy sources locally relies on factors such as energy potential and local
conditions. Additionally, a subset of distributed generation cogeneration, also known as
Combined Heat and Power (CHP), is a highly efficient technology that produces
electricity and heat simultaneously. Researchers have studied micro-scale cogeneration
plants that utilize a straw-fired batch boiler, steam engine, and Rankine Cycle. The
system uses water and heated up to provide heat to users through heat exchangers and
storage tanks, and to generate electricity through an engine alternator. This process
enhances energy efficiency, reduces production costs and environmental impacts
compared to separate production. Cogeneration includes different combinations of
resources, technologies, and applications

San Carlos Biomass Power Plant, Philippines
The San Carlos Biomass Power Plant is an active power plant located in Negros
Oriental, Philippines, with a capacity of 19.99 MW same as to its active capacity,
developed by San Carlos BioPower and is currently owned by Thomas Lloyd Group with
a stake of 100%. The project generates 141GWh electricity and supplies enough clean
energy to power 212,000 households, offsetting 16,480t of carbon dioxide emissions
(CO2) a year. The process of combustion has been adopted in this project to release the
stored energy from the feed. Agricultural by-product is used as a feedstock to power the
project. The power generated from the project is sold to National Transmission under a
power purchase agreement. The power is sold at the rate of $0.15kWh for a period of 20
years.
Samal Biomass Power Plant, Philippines
The Samal Biomass Power Plant is an active power plant located in Bataan
Philippines, with a total and active capacity of 12.5 MW. The project is currently owned
by Bataan 2020. The electricitiy generated from the plant has offsetted 38,652t of carbon
dioxide emissions (CO2) a year. Samal Biomass Power Plant is a combined heat and
power (CHP) project. Rice husk which is a kind of agricultural by-product is used as a
feedstock to power the project.
North Negros BioPower
North Negros BioPower is a biomass power plant project near Victorias City in Negros
Occidental province in the Philippines. The North Negros BioPower stand-alone base-load power
plant project has a gross power generation capacity of 25 MW and generates approx. 185 million
kWh annually. This is equivalent to the energy consumption of around 265,000 people in the
region. The project will construct a biomass power plant using as fuel waste generated from the
harvesting and processing of sugarcane, supplemented by grassy and woody energy crops
Kabankalan Biomass Power Plant, Philippines
Kabankalan Biomass Power Plant is a 46MW biopower project. It is located in Negros
Oriental, Philippines. The project is currently active. It has been developed in multiple phases.
Post completion of construction, the project got commissioned in January 2015
Review of Studies
The boiler is a crucial component of a power plant, comprising the boiler body
equipment and auxiliary components. Its main parts include the 'pot' (soda system) and
'furnace' (combustion system). At Baotou thermal power plant, gas is primarily used for
combustion, with gas and air introduced into the furnace at a controlled rate to minimize
environmental pollution and maximize fuel utilization. The soda system operates mainly
within the drum, where heat from the combustion system heats water, generating steam
that drives the steam turbine to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Maintaining optimal water level, composition, and steam temperature in the drum is
critical. Deviations from specified water levels can disrupt soda separation, leading to
turbine damage or even explosions. Additionally, improper water levels can hinder
normal circulation, causing pipe bursts due to overheating or scale buildup. Pressure
control is closely linked to water level control for equipment integrity and safety. Design
considerations also focus on steam temperature control, a key indicator of boiler

operation quality. Deviations in steam temperature can impact power plant safety and
efficiency. Low temperatures increase heat consumption, turbine thrust, and steam
humidity, reducing efficiency and accelerating blade erosion. Conversely, high
temperatures weaken superheater walls, risking damage to pipes and turbines. Thus,
precise control of superheated and reheated steam temperatures is essential for safe and
economical unit operation.
METHODOLOGY
Materials
The following materials and equipment will be used in the fabrication of the
machine and for data gathering, as shown in Table 1.
Table 1. List of materials, tools, and equipment to be used.

Materials Description
Hopper Hoppers can hold a large volume of rice husk/
rice hull continuous operations and reducing the
need for frequent refilling.
Screw Conveyor Transport rice husk/ rice hull along the hopper
Blower Helps to supply the necessary air for the
combustion of biomass. It delivers a controlled
amount of air to the furnace to ensure efficient
and complete burning of the biomass fuel.
Condenser This component is responsible for condensing the

steam that exits the turbine, transforming low-
pressure steam into water
Turbine A mechanical device is responsible for

converting the kinetic energy of steam into
mechanical energy.
Chimney This structure is utilized to safely release the hot

burnt gases or smoke from the furnace into the
environment at an appropriate elevation. The
tower is designed to be sufficiently tall to
effectively disperse the smoke and exhaust gases
without impacting the nearby population residing
near the steam power plant.
Generator This component is connected to the turbine rotor
and transforms the mechanical energy generated
by the turbine into electrical energy.
Electric motor Powering the movement of the screw conveyor. It

converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy
Furnace Burn rice hulls to raise the temperature in the

boiler.
Pump To pump the water back to the boiler

Boiler It utilizes the heat generated by burning biomass
fuel and combining it with air to produce highly
heated steam from water.
Design Calculations
Heat needed to produce steam
Vaporization Heat
Total Heat Needed
Mass of Rice Hull needed in producing Steam
Number of Batch
Burning Rate
Total Burning Hour
Heat needed to produce steam.
Q1=mCp (∆T )………………………………………………………..Equation 1
Where:
Q= Heat, J
T= Temperature, ˚C
Cp = specific heat capacity, kJ/kg ˚C
m = mass, kg
Vaporization Heat
Q3=mL…………………………………...……………………………Equation 2
Where:
Q = Heat, J
m = mass, kg
J
L= latent of vaporization,
kg
Total Heat Needed
Qtotal=Q1 +Q2 +Q3 = J………………………………………...…...Equation 3
Where:
Qtotal = total amount of heat
Mass of Rice Hull needed in producing Steam
Qactual
M RH = …………………………………………………………..Equation 4
Q RH
Where:
M RH = mass of rice hull, kg
Qactual =¿ actual heat input, J
J
Q RH = heating value,
kg
Number of Batch
Total Mass RH
No . of batcℎ= …………………………………………..Equation
Mass per batcℎ
Where:
No . of batcℎ = batch
Mass per batch = kg /batcℎ
Total MassRH = kg
Burning Rate
Mass of RH
Burning Rate= ……………………………..Equation 6
Furnace Burning Capacity
Where:
Burning Rate = H
Furnace burning capacity = kg/hr
Mass of RH = kg/batch
Total Burning Hour

Burning Hour total=Burning rate ∗ No . of batcℎ………Equation 7
Where:
Burning Rate = hr/batch
No. of batch = batch
Site Selection
These are the following criteria for selecting the site location for the power plant.
1. It should be located near water sources such as rivers and other water streams to ensure a
continuous supply of water for steam generation and cooling
2. It should be near to the source of biomass fuel
3. It should be accessible to major transportation route

4. The location should have sufficient space for different facilities.
Plant Layout
The rice hull biomass power plant will be located at Barangay, San Batartolome
Mayantoc Tarlac. The plant's location is ideal for its design because it is near the sea. This will help
to reduce the cost of the cooling system.

POWER REQUIREMENT FOR LIGHTING
1. Gestating
Area = (8 .6 m+0.3 m) x (18 .5 m+ 0.3 m)=167 . 3 2 m2

lumen
Lighting intensity, lux ( 2
¿ = 150 lux
m
Fluorescent Lamp, 20 W
Number of units = 2 units
2 No. of bulbs
No. of Bulbs = 167 .3 2 m x 0.205 2
=34.3 ≈ 3 5 bulbs
m
= 35 x 2 units = 70 bulbs
2. Grower – Finishing
Area = (34.5 m +0.3 m) x (11 m+0.3 m) = 393. 24 m2

lumen
¿ = 50 lux
m
2 No . of bulbs
No. of Bulbs = 393.24 m x 0.068 2
=26.74 ≈ 27 bulbs
m
= 27 x 4 = 108 bulbs
3. Farrowing (2 units)
Area = (39.5 m+ 0.3 m) x (7.60 m + 0.3 m) = 314.42 m2

lumen
¿ = 150 lux
m
2 No . of bulbs
No. of Bulbs = 3 14 .4 2 m x 0.205 2
=64.46 ≈ 65 bulbs
m
= 65 x 2 = 130 bulbs
4. Nursery – Fattening
4.1. Building 1
Area = (27 m + 0.3 m) x (9 m +0.3) = 253. 89 m2
lumen
¿ = 100 lux
m
Number of units = 1 unit
2 No . of bulbs
No. of Bulbs = 253. 89 m x 0.136 2
=3 4 . 53 ≈ 35 bulbs
m
4.2. Building 2 ( 2 Bldg.)

Area = (22 m + 0.3 m) x (9 m + 0.3)= 207. 39 m2
lumen
¿ = 150 lux
m
2 No . of bulbs
No. of Bulbs = 2 07.39 m x 0.136 2
=28.21≈ 29 bulbs
m
Number of Bulbs = 35 + (29 x 2) = 93 bulbs
Total Number of Bulbs = 70 + 108 + 130 + 93 = 461 bulbs

461 x 20 W= 9220 W= 9.22 kW x 12 h =110.64 kW-h
POWER OUPUT
1. Heat needed to produce steam.

(Stage 1)
T1 = 25˚C
T2 = 100˚C
Cp = 4180 kJ/kg ˚C
m = 1250 kg
Q1=mCp ( ∆T )
J
Q 1=(1250 kg)(4180 )(100 ˚ C −25 ˚ C)
kg ˚ C
Q1=¿ 391875000 J
(Stage 2)
T1 = 100˚C
T2 = 450˚C
Cp = 4180 J/kg ˚C
m = 1250 kg
Q2=mCp(∆ T )
J
Q2=(1250 kg)(4180 )(450 ˚ C − 100˚ C)
kg ˚ C
Q2=¿ 1828750000 J
(Stage 3)
m = 1250 kg
L = 2260000 J/kg ˚C
Q3=mL
J
Q 3=(1250 kg)(2260000 )
kg
Q3=¿ 2825000000 J
Total Heat Needed

Qtotal=Q1 +Q2 +Q3
Qtotal=391875000 J +¿ 1828750000 J +¿ 25000000 J

Qtotal=¿ 5045625000 J
Furnace efficiency is 60%, therefore the input heat to produce steam should be
8409375000 J.
2. Mass of Rice Hull needed in producing Steam

RH Heating Value = 13927000 J/kg
Qactual
M RH =
Q RH
8409375000 J
M RH =
J
13927000
kg
M RH =603.818 kg
3. Number of Batch
Mass per batch = 603.82 kg /batcℎ
Total MassRH = 4439008 kg
Total Mass RH
No . of batcℎ=
Mass per batcℎ
4439008 kg
No . of batcℎ=
kg
603.82
batcℎ
No . of batcℎ=7351.54 batcℎ
4. Burning Rate
Furnace burning capacity = 200 kg/hr
Mass of RH = 603.82 kg/batch
Mass of RH
Burning Rate=
Furnace Burning Capacity
kg
603.82
batcℎ
Burning Rate=
kg
200
ℎr
ℎr
Burning Rate=3.02
batcℎ
5. Total Burning Hour

Burning Rate = 3.02 hr/batch
No. of batch = 7351.54 batch
Burning Hour total=Burning rate ∗ No . of batcℎ

ℎr
Burning Hour total=3.02 x 7351.54 batch
batcℎ
Burning Hour total=22194.97 ℎr
Estimated output power
DESIGN COMPUTATION FOR PIGGERY HOUSE
Nursery
Space Requirement = 0.35 m2/animal

Number of heads/pen = 50 heads
No. of pen per room = 10 pens
Number of rooms = 2 rooms
Ceiling height = 2.4 m
Width of walkways = 1.0 m (i.e., solid concrete floor)
Ceiling = Plywood, 6 mm thick
Wall = Concrete, 150 mm thick
Flooring = Concrete slats, 100 mm thick
Type of Cooling Pads = Corrugated Cellulose 150mm thick
Design inlet air speed = 359 ft/min.
Feeding and Drinking System = Dry-wet pig feeder/Self feeder
Outside temperature = 38 ˚C
Outside relative humidity = 50%
Desired inside temperature = 24 ˚C,
Desired inside relative humidity = 70%
Temperature-humidity stress index = 68 < 74 (Normal THS index)
Moisture production = 0.0029 kg of water/kg–hr.
Finisher live weight (for harvest) = 40 kg
I. Nursery Pen Dimension
𝑃𝑒𝑛 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑥 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠/𝑝𝑒𝑛
𝑃𝑒𝑛 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 3.5 𝑚2 𝑥 5 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠/𝑝𝑒𝑛

𝑃𝑒𝑛 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 17.5 𝑚2
Pen Width = 3.50 m
Pen Area
𝑃𝑒𝑛 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ =
Pen Widt h
17.5 m2
𝑃𝑒𝑛 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝑃𝑒𝑛 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 5 m
3.50 m
II. Nursery Building Dimension
𝐵𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
= 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ + 𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝐵𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 27 m + 0.3 𝑚
𝐵𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 27.3 𝑚
𝐵𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ + 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝐵𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 9 m + 0.3 𝑚

𝐵𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 9.3 m
III. Ventilation
1. Sensible Heat Production (QS)
At 24˚C and 40 kg/head, qs = 140 W/head

qs ∙ w
𝑄𝑆 =
1000
140W /head ∙ 500 h eads
𝑄𝑆 =
1000
𝑄𝑆 = 70 𝑘𝑊
2. Moisture Heat Production (QM)

Water’s latent heat of vaporization = 2260 kJ/kg of water
mp∙ mw ∙ w ∙lv
𝑄𝑀 =
3600
kgwater kg kJ
0.0022 ∙ 40 ∙500 h eads ∙2260
𝑄𝑀 = kg ∙h r h ead kgwater
3600
𝑄𝑀 = 27.62 𝑘W
3. Transmission Heat Production (QT)
STRUCTUAL MATERIAL AREA QTY. K-VALUE THICKNES ti ( 0C) to ( 0C) U SUBTO

COMPONENT (m2) (W/m-K) S (m) TAL
(kW)
Side wall Concrete 65.52 2 2.25 0.15 24 38 15 27518.4 27.5184
End wall Concrete 22.32 2 2.25 0.15 24 38 15 9374.4 9.3744
Ceiling Plywood 253.89 1 0.13 0.006 24 38 21.67 77013.3 77.0133
Flooring Concrete 253.89 1 2.25 0.1 24 38 22.5 79975.4 79.9754
Qt 193.881
4. Lighting Heat Production (QL)
Building Lengt h x Building Widt h

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 =
2
27.3 m x 9.3 m
2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 = 126.945 𝑚2
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑏𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 𝑥 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑏𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚2
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑏𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 = 126.945 𝑚2 𝑥 0.136/𝑚2
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑏𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 = 17.26
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑏𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 ≈ 18 𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑠
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑏𝑠 = 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑏𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 𝑥 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑏𝑠 = 18 𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑥 2
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑏𝑠 = 36 𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑠
Total bulbs x Wattage /bulb
𝑄𝐿 =
1000
36 x 20 W
𝑄𝐿 =
1000
𝑄𝐿 = 0.72 𝑘W
5. Equipment and Miscellaneous Heat Production (QEM)

QS = 70 kW
QM = 27.62222222 kW
QT = 193.88145 kW
QL = 0.72 kW
𝑄𝐸𝑀 = 0.01 (𝑄𝑆 + 𝑄𝑀 + 𝑄𝑇 + 𝑄𝐿 )

𝑄𝐸𝑀 = 0.01 (70 kW + 27.62222222 kW + 193.88145 kW + 0.72 kW)
𝑄𝐸𝑀 = 2.922236722 kW
6. Total Heat Production (Qtotal)
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 1.10 (𝑄𝑆 + 𝑄𝑀 + 𝑄𝑇 + 𝑄𝐿 + 𝑄𝐸𝑀)

𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 1.10 (70 kW + 27.62222222 kW + 193.88145 kW + 0.72 𝑘𝑊 + 2.92 𝑘𝑊)
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 =324.6604998 𝑘𝑊
7. Maximum Ventilation Rate (Vmax)

Q total
𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
cp(¿− ti)
324.6604998 kW
𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑥 = kJ
1.006 (38 ˚ C −24 ˚ C)
kg ∙ K
𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 23.05 𝑘𝑔 𝑠
mmax
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑥 2117.25312
ρair
kg
23.05
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = s 𝑥 2117.25312
1.225
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 39838.9081𝑓𝑡3/𝑚in
8. Evaporative Cooling Pad Sizing
Vmax
𝐴𝐸𝐶𝑃 =
vair ∙ 10.7584
39838.9081 ft 3/min
𝐴𝐸𝐶𝑃 =
359 ft /min ∙10.7584
𝐴𝐸𝐶𝑃 = 10.31 𝑚2
A ECP
𝑝𝑎𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ =
pad h eig h t
10.31m 2
2m
𝑝𝑎𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 5.2 m
Dividing the total pad width into two to determine the width of the cooling pad per room.
5.2m
𝑝𝑎𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 =
2
𝑝𝑎𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 = 2.6 𝑚
𝑝𝑎𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 ≈ 2.6 m
9. Sump Sizing
The sump capacities for a single room are computed below:
Pad height = 2 m
Pad width 1 = 1.3 m
Pad width 2 = 1.3 m
𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑝 1 = 𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 ∙ 𝐴𝐶
𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑝1 = 𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 ∙ (𝑃𝑎𝑑 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 ∙ 𝑃𝑎𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 1)
L
𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑝1 = 40 ∙ (2 𝑚 ∙ 1.3 𝑚)
m2
𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑝1 = 104 𝐿
≈ 110 𝐿
L
𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑝2 = 40 ∙ (2 𝑚 ∙ 1.3 𝑚)
m2
𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑝1 = 104 𝐿
≈ 110 L
10. Pump Sizing
The pump capacities for a single room are computed below:

Pad width 1 (W1) = 1.3 m
10.1. Minimum Discharge (QD)

qd ∙ W 1
𝑄𝐷1 =
60000
L
9.9 ∙1.3 m
𝑄𝐷1 = min ∗ m
60000
𝑄𝐷1 = 0.000212761 m3 /s
qd ∙ W 2
𝑄𝐷2 =
60000
L
9.9 ∙1.3 m
60000
𝑄𝐷2 = 0.000215 𝑚3/𝑠
10.2. Frictional Head Loss thru Pipeline, hL
Assumptions:
Pipe material: PVC pipe
Pipe diameter: 0.05 m
Hazen-Williams coefficient for PVC: 150
Pipeline length (L1): 6.0 meters
1.85
Q L1
ℎ𝐿1 = 10.68 ∙ 1.85 ∙ 4.87
C d
1.85
(0.000215 m 3/s ) 6m
ℎ𝐿1 = 10.68 ∙ 1.85 ∙ 4.87
(150) 0.05 m
ℎ𝐿1 = 0.0021 𝑚
1.85
Q L2
ℎ𝐿2 = 10.68 1.85 ∙ 4.87
C d
1.85
(0.000215 m3 /s) 6m
ℎ𝐿2 = 10.68 1.85 ∙ 4.87
(150) (0.05 m)
ℎ𝐿2 = 0.0021 m
10.3. Frictional Head Loss thru Pipe Fittings, hm

Assumptions:
Pipe fittings material: PVC pipe
Pipe fittings diameter: 0.05 m
Coefficient of pipe fittings for;
900 elbow: 3 (2 pieces)
Ball valve: 0.1 (2 pieces)
Check valve: 2 (1 piece)
Q D1
𝑣1 = π
∙d 2
4
0.000215 m3 /s
𝑣1 = π
∙(0.05 m) 2
4
𝑣1 = 0.109 𝑚/𝑠
2
v
ℎ𝑚1 = (∑𝐾1) ∙
2g
2
m
(0.109 )
s
ℎ𝑚1 = [(1.5 ∙ 2) + (0.05 ∙ 2) + (2)] ∙ 2
m
(2 ∙ 9.81 )
s
ℎ𝑚1 = 0.0031 𝑚
Q D2
𝑣2 = π
∙d 2
4
3
m
0.000215
s
𝑣2 =
π
∙(0.05 m)2
4
𝑣2 = 0.109 𝑚/𝑠
2
v
ℎ𝑚2 = (∑𝐾2) ∙
2g
2
m
(0.109 )
s
ℎ𝑚2 = [(1.5 ∙ 2) + (0.05 ∙ 2) + (2)] ∙ ℎ𝑚2 = 0.0031 𝑚
m
(2 ∙ 9.81 2 )
s
10.4. Total Static Head Loss, HS
Assumptions:
The total static head loss (HS) for both 1.3 m (W1) and 1.3 m (W2) evaporative cooling
pads is 2.5 m based on the modular design.
10.5. Total Dynamic Head Loss, HD
𝐻𝐷1 = ℎ𝐿1 + ℎ𝑚1 + 𝐻𝑆1

𝐻𝐷1 = 0.0021 𝑚 + 0.0031 𝑚 + 2.5 𝑚
𝐻𝐷1 = 2.5052 𝑚
𝐻𝐷2 = ℎ𝐿2 + ℎ𝑚2 + 𝐻𝑆2

𝐻𝐷2 = 0.0021 𝑚 + 0.0031 𝑚 + 2.5 𝑚
𝐻𝐷2 = 2.5052 𝑚
10.6. Pump Power, Ppump

Assumption:
Pump efficiency, n = 70%
Q D 1 ∙ H D 1∙ sg
𝑃𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝1 = 9.81
n
3
m
(0.000215 )∙( 2.53 m)∙(1.0)
𝑃𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝1 = s ∙ 9.81
0.70
0.008 kW
𝑃𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝1 =
0.746
𝑃𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝1 = 0.011 ℎp
≈ 0.50 ℎ𝑝 (Available in the market)
Q D 2 ∙ H D 2∙ sg
𝑃𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝2 = ∙ 9.81
n
3
m
(0.000215 )(2.56 m)∙(1.0)
𝑃𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝2 = s ∙
0.70
0.008 kW
0.746
𝑃𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝2 = 0.011 ℎ𝑝 ≈ 0.50 ℎ𝑝 (Available in the market)
11. Number of Ventilation Fans

Assumption:
Total static pressure = 30 Pascal
Maximum ventilation rate = 39841.9081 ft3/min
3
ft 1
39841.9081 x
𝑁𝑓𝑎𝑛 = min 2
12,115.39
𝑁𝑓𝑎𝑛 = 1.644268 ≈ 2 fans
First selection of ventilation fan is 92 cm (≈ 36.22 in.) diameter with a fan capacity of
13271.92093 m3/hr.
3
ft
13271.92093
min
𝑁𝑓𝑎𝑛 = 3
ft
20600
min
𝑁𝑓𝑎𝑛 = 0.644 ≈ 1 𝑓𝑎𝑛
3 3
ft ft
= 19,920.95 – 12,115.39
min min
3
ft
= 7804.075
min
3
m
≈ 13,271.92
ℎr
FAN SIZE cm FAN TOTAL QUANTIT Y

CAPACITY PRESSURE Pa
m3/hr
92 20,600 30 6
C8E92K1M1024
1
POWER 1058
6348 watts =
TOTAL POWER 6.348 kW
Grower – Finisher

Number of heads/pens = 5 heads
No. of pen per room = 6.5 pens
Ceiling = Fiber cement board, 6 mm thick
Outside temperature = 380C
Desired inside temperature = 24 0C,
Finisher and grower live weight (for harvest) = 110 kg
I. Grower and Finisher Pen Dimension

𝑃𝑒𝑛 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 4.5𝑚2 𝑥 5 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠/𝑝𝑒𝑛
Assume Pen Width 4.5 m
Pen Area
Pen Width
22.5 m2
𝑃𝑒𝑛 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝑃𝑒𝑛 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 5 m
4.5 m
II. Grower and Finisher Building Dimension
= (𝑃𝑒𝑛 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑥 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠) + (𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑘𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑥 𝑁𝑜.
𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑘𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠) + (𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑥 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠)
𝐵𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = (5 𝑚/𝑝𝑒𝑛 𝑥 6.5 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠) + (2 𝑥 1.0 𝑚) + (2 𝑥 0.15 𝑚)
𝐵𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = (𝑃𝑒𝑛 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑥 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠) + (𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑘𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑥 𝑁𝑜.
𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑘𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠) + (𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑥 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠)
𝐵𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = (4.5 𝑚/𝑝𝑒𝑛 𝑥 2 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠) + (2 𝑥 1.0 𝑚) + (2 𝑥 0.15 𝑚)

III. Ventilation
At 240C and 110 kg/head, the qs = 212.9 W/head

qs ∙ w
𝑄𝑆 =
1000
212.9W /head ∙325 heads
𝑄𝑆 =
1000
𝑄𝑆 = 69.1925𝑘𝑊

𝑄𝑀 =
3600
kgwater kg kJ
0.0022 ∙110 ∙325 heads ∙2260
𝑄𝑀 = kg ∙hr head kgwater
3600
𝑄𝑀 = 49.37 𝑘W
STRUCTUAL MATERIAL AREA QTY. K- THICKNES ti ( 0C) to ( 0C) U SUBTOT KW

COMPONENT (m2) VALUE S (m) AL (kW)
(W/m-
K)
35078. 35.0
Side wall Concrete 83.52 2 2.25 0.15 24 38 15 4 784
11390. 11.3
End wall Concrete 27.12 2 2.25 0.15 24 38 15 4 904
21.6
6666 11928 119.
Ceiling Plywood 393.24 1 0.13 0.006 24 38 667 2.8 2828
12387 123.
Flooring Concrete 393.24 1 2.25 0.1 24 38 22.5 0.6 8706
289.
Qt 6222

Using 20W of fluorescent lamp with lighting intensity of 50 lux
Building Length x Building Width
2
34.8 m x 11.3 m
2


𝑄𝐿 =
1000
14 x 20 W
𝑄𝐿 =
1000
𝑄𝐿 = 0.56 𝑘W

QS = 69.19 kW
QM = 49.37 kW
QT = 289.62 kW
QL = 0.56 kW
𝑄𝐸𝑀 = 0.01 (𝑄𝑆 + 𝑄𝑀 + 𝑄𝑇 + 𝑄𝐿)

𝑄𝐸𝑀 = 0.01 (69.19 𝑘𝑊 +49.37 𝑘𝑊 + 289.62 𝑘𝑊 + 0.56 𝑘𝑊)
𝑄𝐸𝑀 =4.08 𝑘𝑊

𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 1.10 (69.19𝑘𝑊 + 49.37 𝑘𝑊 + 289.62 𝑘𝑊 + 0.56 𝑘𝑊 +4.08 𝑘𝑊)
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 =454.12 K𝑊

Q total
𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
cp(¿− ti)
454.12 kW
1.006 (38 ˚ C −24 ˚ C)
kg ∙ K
32.24
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑥 2119
1.225
kg
41.91
s
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑥 2119
kg
1.2
m3
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 55729.08 𝑓𝑡3/𝑚in
Vmax
𝐴𝐸𝐶𝑃 =
vair ∙ 10.7639
55729.08 ft 3/min
𝐴𝐸𝐶𝑃 =
359 ft /min ∙ 10.7584
𝐴𝐸𝐶𝑃 =14.43 𝑚2
A ECP
pad height
14.43 m2
2m
7.2m
2
9. Sump Sizing
Pad height = 2 m
Pad width 1 = 1.8 m
Pad width 2 = 1.8 m
L
𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑝1 = 40 ∙ (2 𝑚 ∙1.8 𝑚)
m2
𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑝1 = 144 L
≈ 150 𝐿
L
𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑝2 = 40 ∙ (2 𝑚 ∙ 1.8 𝑚)
m2
𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑝1 = 144 𝐿
≈ 150L
10. Pump Sizing

.
Pad width 1 (W1) =1.8 m

qd ∙ W 1
𝑄𝐷1 =
60000
L
9.9 ∙1.8 m
60000
𝑄𝐷1 = 0.000297m3 /s
qd ∙ W 2
𝑄𝐷2 =
60000
L
9.9 ∙1.8 m
60000
𝑄𝐷2 = 0.000297𝑚3/𝑠
Assumptions:
Pipe diameter: 50 mm
1.85
Q L1
ℎ𝐿1 = 10.68 ∙ 1.85 ∙ 4.87
C d
1.85
(0.000545 m 3/s ) 6.0 m
ℎ𝐿1 = 10.68 ∙ 1.85 ∙ 4.87
(150) 0.05 m
ℎ𝐿1 = 0.003904534𝑚
1.85
Q L2
ℎ𝐿2 = 10.68 1.85 ∙ 4.87
C d
1.85
(0.000726 m 3/s ) 6.0 m
ℎ𝐿2 = 10.68 1.85 ∙ 4.87
(150) (0.05 m)
ℎ𝐿2 = 0.003904534m

Assumptions:
Pipe fittings diameter: 50 mm
900 elbow: 1.5 (2 pieces)
Q D1
𝑣1 = π
∙d 2
4
0.000297 m3 /s
𝑣1 = π
∙(0.05 m)2
4
𝑣1 = 0.15133758 𝑚/𝑠
2
v
ℎ𝑚1 = (∑𝐾1) ∙
2g
2
m ¿
0.15133758 ¿
ℎ𝑚1 = [(1.5 ∙ 2) + (0.05 ∙ 2) + (2)] ∙ s m
2
(2∙ 9.81 )
s
ℎ𝑚1 = 0.01 𝑚
Q D2
𝑣2 = π
∙d 2
4
3
m
0.000297
s
𝑣2 =
π
∙(0.05 m)2
4
𝑣2 = 0.15133758 𝑚/𝑠
2
v
ℎ𝑚2 = (∑𝐾2) ∙
2g
2
m
(0.15133758 )
s
ℎ𝑚2 = [(1.5 ∙ 2) + (0.05 ∙ 2) + (2)] ∙
m
(2 ∙9.81 )
s2
ℎ𝑚2 = 0.01 𝑚

Assumptions:
The total static head loss (HS) for both 1.8 m (W1) and 1.8 m (W2) evaporative cooling
pads is 2.5 m based on the modular design.
𝐻𝐷1 = ℎ𝐿1 + ℎ𝑚1 + 𝐻𝑆1

𝐻𝐷1 = 0.003904534 𝑚 + 0.01𝑚 + 2.5 𝑚
𝐻𝐷1 = 2.51 𝑚
𝐻𝐷2 = ℎ𝐿2 + ℎ𝑚2 + 𝐻𝑆2
𝐻𝐷2 = 0.003904534 𝑚 + 0.01𝑚 + 2.5 𝑚
𝐻𝐷2 = 2.51 𝑚

Assumption:
Q D 1 ∙ H D 1∙ sg
𝑃𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝1 = 9.81
n
3
m
(0.000297 )∙ (2.51m)∙(1.0)
𝑃𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝1 = s ∙ 9.81
0.70
0.010447 kW
0.746
𝑃𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝1 = 0.014 ℎp ≈ 0.50 ℎ𝑝 (Available in the market)
Q D 2 ∙ H D 2∙ sg
𝑃𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝2 = ∙ 9.81
n
3
m
(0.000297 )(2.51 m)∙(1.0)
𝑃𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝2 = s ∙
0.70
0.01044 kW
0.746
𝑃𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝2 = 0.035 ℎ𝑝 ≈ 0.50 ℎ𝑝 (Available in the market)

Assumption:
Since the finisher building has two rooms, the maximum ventilation rate (Vmax) of
74,006.10 ft3/min will be divided by two to determine the number of ventilation fans per
room. Furthermore, the selection of fan capacity is shown in the sample technical
specification table for ventilation fans below
3
ft 1
55729.08174 x
vfan
𝑁𝑓𝑎𝑛 = 27864.54 𝑓𝑡3 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑓𝑎𝑛
First selection of ventilation fan is 130 cm (≈ 50 in.) diameter with a fan capacity of 51,700
m3/hr. (30,429.50 ft3/min).
3
ft
27864.54
min
ft
48000
min
3
m
47378.53
hr
m
48000
hr
𝑁𝑓𝑎𝑛 = 0.9870≈ 1 𝑓𝑎𝑛𝑠

Number of fans in two rooms = 2 fan
Fan size Fan Total Quantity Power Total

Cm (in) Capacity Pressure Power
M3/hr Pa (in of
water
130 4800 30 2 1909
3818W
/1000
3.8 KW
Total power consumption for Finisher and Grower = 3.8 kW x 5
units= 19kW
Gestating

I. Gestating Pen Dimension

Assume Pen Width = 0.66 m
Pen Area
Pen Widt h
1.2 m2
𝑃𝑒𝑛 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝑃𝑒𝑛 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 1.8 m
0.66 m
II. Gestating Building Dimension
𝐵𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = (0.66 𝑚/𝑝𝑒𝑛 𝑥 25 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠) + (2𝑥 1.0 𝑚) + (2 𝑥 0.15 𝑚)
𝐵𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = (1.8 𝑚/𝑝𝑒𝑛 𝑥 2 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠) + (2 𝑥 1.0 𝑚)+ (2m 𝑥 1.0 ) + (2 𝑥 0.5)+(2 𝑥 0.15 𝑚)
III. Ventilation
At 240C and 110 kg/head, the qs = 194 W/head

qs ∙ w
𝑄𝑆 =
1000
194 W /h ead ∙ 50 h eads
𝑄𝑆 =
1000
𝑄𝑆 = 9.7 𝑘𝑊

𝑄𝑀 =
3600
kgwater kg kJ
0.00 063 ∙ 200 ∙5 0 h eads ∙2260
𝑄𝑀 = kg ∙ h r h ead kgwater
3600
𝑄𝑀 = 3.955 𝑘W
Structural Material Area QTY. K-Value Thickness Ti (0C) To(0C) Sub-
component (m2) W/m-K total
Side Wall Concrete 45.12 2 2.25 0.15 18.95
End wall Concrete 21.36 2 2.25 0.15 8.97
24 38
Ceiling Plywood 167.33 1 0.13 0.006 50.76
Flooring Concrete 167.33 1 2.25 0.10 52.71
TOTAL 131. 39


2
18.8 m x 8.9 m
2


𝑄𝐿 =
1000
36 x 20 W
𝑄𝐿 =
1000
𝑄𝐿 = 0.72 𝑘W

QS = 9.7 kW
QM = 3.955 kW
QT = 131.39 kW
QL = 0.72 kW
𝑄𝐸𝑀 = 0.01 (𝑄𝑆 + 𝑄𝑀 + 𝑄𝑇 + 𝑄𝐿 )

𝑄𝐸𝑀 = 0.01 (9.7 𝑘𝑊 + 3.955 𝑘𝑊 + 131.39 𝑘𝑊 + 0.72 𝑘𝑊)
𝑄𝐸𝑀 = 1.46 𝑘𝑊

𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 1.10 (9.7 𝑘𝑊 + 3.955 𝑘𝑊 + 131.39 𝑘𝑊 + 0.72 𝑘𝑊+1.46)
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 161.95 𝑘𝑊

Q total
𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
cp(¿− ti)
161.9 5 kW
1.006 (3 8 ˚ C −2 4 ˚ C)
kg ∙ K
mmax
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑥 2119
ρair
kg
11.50
s 60
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = × ¿( )
kg 1
1.225
m3
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 19876.25 𝑓𝑡3/𝑚in
Using a 150 mm corrugated cellulose cooling pad material, the required total area is:
Vmax
𝐴𝐸𝐶𝑃 =
vair ∙ 10.7639
19876.25 ft 3 /min
𝐴𝐸𝐶𝑃 = ×¿
359 ft /min ∙ 10.7639
𝐴𝐸𝐶𝑃 = 5.15 𝑚2
A ECP
pad h eig h t
5.15 m2
2m
2.6 m
2
9. Sump Sizing
Pad height = 1.8 m

Pad width 1 = 0.65 m
𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑝1=𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑝2 = 𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 ∙ (𝑃𝑎𝑑 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 ∙ 𝑃𝑎𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ )
L
𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑝1=𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑝2 = 40 ∙ ( 2 𝑚 ∙ 0.65 𝑚)
m2
𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑝1=𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑝2 = 52 𝐿
10. Pump Sizing


qd ∙ W 1
𝑄𝐷1 =
60000
L
9.9 ∙ 0.65 m
60000
𝑄𝐷1 = 0.000545 m3 /s
qd ∙ W 2
𝑄𝐷2 =
60000
L
9.9 ∙ 4.4 m
60000
𝑄𝐷2 = 0.00011 𝑚3/𝑠
Assumptions:
1.85
Q L2
ℎ𝐿= 10.68 1.85 ∙ 4.87
C d
1.85
(0.000 11m3 /s) 6.0 m
ℎ𝐿 = 10.68 1.85 ∙ 4.87
(150) (0.05 m)
ℎ𝐿 = 0.00062 m

Assumptions:
Q D1
𝑣1 = π
∙d 2
4
0.000 11m3 /s
𝑣1 = π
∙( 0.05 m)2
4
𝑣1 = 0.056 𝑚/𝑠
2
v
ℎ𝑚1 = (∑𝐾1) ∙
2g
2
m
(0. 056 )
s
ℎ𝑚1 = [(1.5 ∙ 2) + (0.05 ∙ 2) + (2)] ∙ 2
m
(2 ∙ 9.81 )
s
ℎ𝑚1 = 0.00082 𝑚

Assumptions:
The total static head loss (HS) for both 0.65 m (W1) and 0.65 m (W2) evaporative
cooling pads is 2.5 m based on the modular design.
𝐻𝐷 = ℎ 𝐿 + ℎ 𝑚 + 𝐻𝑆
𝐻𝐷1 = 0.00062 𝑚 + 0.00082 𝑚 + 2.5 𝑚
𝐻𝐷1 = 2.5014 𝑚
Assumption:
Q D 1 ∙ H D 1∙ sg
𝑃𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝1 = 9.81
n
3
m
(0.000 11 )∙(2.5 014 m)∙(1.0)
𝑃𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝1 = s ∙ 9.81
0.70
0.0 039 kW
0.746
𝑃𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝1 = 0.005 ℎp

Assumption:
3
ft 1
19876.25 x
vfan
3 3
ft m
9938.125 16897.95597
𝑁𝑓𝑎𝑛 = min = hr
vfan vfan
3
m
16897.96
hr
m
11300
hr
𝑁𝑓𝑎𝑛 = 1.50 ≈ 2 𝑓𝑎𝑛𝑠
3 3
m m
= 16897.96 − 11300
hr hr
3
m
= 5597
hr
FAN SIZE FAN TOTAL QUANTIT Y POWER TOTAL

cm (in) CAPACITY PRESSURE
m3/hr. Pa [in. of
water]
63 (24.80) 11 300 30 [0.12] 2 414 W 818W
45 (17.72) 6650 30 [0.12] 1 336 W 336 W
1154/1000=
TOTAL 1.154 kW
Total power consumption for Gestating=1.154 x 2 units=2.308 kW x 24 hr= 55.39 kwh
Farrowing
I. Farrowing Pen Dimension

Assume Pen Width = 1.5 m
Pen Area
Pen Widt h
𝑃𝑒𝑛 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 1.8 m
II. Farrowing Building Dimension
𝐵𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = (1.5 𝑚/𝑝𝑒𝑛 𝑥 25 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠) + (1m 𝑥 2.0 ) + (0.15 𝑥 2 𝑚)
𝐵𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = (1.8 𝑚/𝑝𝑒𝑛 𝑥 2 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠) + (2 𝑥 2.0 𝑚)+ (0.15m 𝑥 2.0 )

III. Ventilation
At 240C and 110 kg/head, the qs = 325 W/head

qs ∙ w
𝑄𝑆 =
1000
325W /h ead ∙5 0 h eads
𝑄𝑆 =
1000
𝑄𝑆 = 16. 25 𝑘𝑊

𝑄𝑀 =
3600
kgwater kg kJ
0.00 191 ∙250 ∙ 5 0 h eads ∙ 2260
𝑄𝑀 = kg ∙ h r h ead kgwater
3600
𝑄𝑀 = 14.99 𝑘W
Structural Material Area QTY. L-Value Thickness Ti (0C) To(0C) Sub-
component (m2) W/m-K total
Side Wall Concrete 95.52 2 2.25 0.15 40.12
End wall Concrete 18.96 2 2.25 0.15 7.96
Ceiling Plywood 314.42 1 0.13 0.006 24 38 95.37
Flooring Concrete 314.42 1 2.25 0.10 99.04
TOTAL 242.50


2
39.8 m x 7.9 m
2

𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑏𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 =32.23


𝑄𝐿 =
1000
66 x 20 W
𝑄𝐿 =
1000
𝑄𝐿 = 1.32 𝑘W

QS = 16. 25 kW
QM =14.99 𝑘W kW
QT = 242.50 kW
QL = 1.32 kW
𝑄𝐸𝑀 = 0.01 (𝑄𝑆 + 𝑄𝑀 + 𝑄𝑇 + 𝑄𝐿 )

𝑄𝐸𝑀 = 0.01 (16. 25 𝑘𝑊 + 14.99 𝑘𝑊 + 242.50 𝑘𝑊 + 1.32 𝑘𝑊)
𝑄𝐸𝑀 = 2.75 𝑘𝑊

𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 1.10 (16. 25 𝑘𝑊 + 14.99 𝑘𝑊 + 242.50 𝑘𝑊 + 1.32 𝑘𝑊+ 2.75 kW)
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 305.59 𝑘𝑊

Q total
𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
cp(¿− ti)
305.59 kW
1.006 (3 8 ˚ C −2 4 ˚ C)
kg ∙ K
𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 21.70 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
mmax
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
ρair
kg
21.7
s 60
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = × ¿( )
kg 1
1.225
m3
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 37505.63 𝑓𝑡3/𝑚in
Using a 150 mm corrugated cellulose cooling pad material, the required total area is:
Vmax
𝐴𝐸𝐶𝑃 =
vair ∙ 10.7639
37505.63 ft 3/min
𝐴𝐸𝐶𝑃 = ×¿
359 ft /min
𝐴𝐸𝐶𝑃 = 9.71 𝑚2
A ECP
pad h eig h t
9.71 m2
2m
4.9 m
2
9. Sump Sizing
Pad height = 2.0 m

Pad width 2 =1.225 m
𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑝1=𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑝2 = 𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 ∙ (𝑃𝑎𝑑 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 ∙ 𝑃𝑎𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ )
L
𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑝1=𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑝2 = 40 ∙ ( 2 𝑚 ∙ 1.225 𝑚)
m2
𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑝1=𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑝2 = 98 𝐿
10. Pump Sizing

Pad width 1 (W1) =1.225 m
Pad width 2 (W2) = 1.225 m

qd ∙ W 1
𝑄𝐷1 =
60000
L
9.9 ∙1.225 m
𝑄𝐷1 =𝑄𝐷2 = min ∗ m
60000
𝑄𝐷1 = 0.000 2 m3 /¿s
Assumptions:
1.85
Q L2
ℎ𝐿= 10.68 1.85 ∙ 4.87
C d
1.85
(0.000 2 m3 /s) 6.0 m
ℎ𝐿 = 10.68 1.85 ∙ 4.87
(150) (0.05 m)
ℎ𝐿 = 0.0019 m

Assumptions:
Q D1
𝑣1 = π
∙d 2
4
0.000 2m 3/ s
𝑣1 = π
∙(0.05 m)2
4
𝑣1 = 0.102 𝑚/𝑠
2
v
ℎ𝑚1 = (∑𝐾1) ∙
2g
2
m
(0. 102 )
s
ℎ𝑚1 = [(1.5 ∙ 2) + (0.05 ∙ 2) + (2)] ∙ 2
m
(2 ∙ 9.81 )
s
ℎ𝑚1 = 0.0027 m

Assumptions:
The total static head loss (HS) for both 0.65 m (W1) and 0.65 m (W2) evaporative
cooling pads is 2.5 m based on the modular design.
𝐻𝐷 = ℎ 𝐿 + ℎ 𝑚 + 𝐻𝑆
𝐻𝐷1 = 0.0019 m + 0.0027 𝑚 + 2.5 𝑚
𝐻𝐷1 = 2.5046 𝑚
Assumption:
Q D 1 ∙ H D 1∙ sg
𝑃𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝1 = 9.81
n
3
m
(0.000 2 ) ∙(2.5 046 m)∙(1.0)
𝑃𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝1 = s ∙ 9.81
0.70
0.0 07 kW
0.746
𝑃𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝1 = 0.0094 ℎp

Assumption:
Maximum ventilation rate = 37505.63 𝑓𝑡3/𝑚in
3
ft 1
37505.63 x
vfan
3 3
ft m
18752.82 31885.73
𝑁𝑓𝑎𝑛 = min = hr
vfan vfan
3
m
First selection of ventilation fan is 92 cm (≈ 36 in.) diameter with a fan capacity of 20600
hr
3
m
31885.73
hr
m
20600
hr
𝑁𝑓𝑎𝑛 = 1.55 ≈ 2 𝑓𝑎𝑛𝑠
The remaining fan capacity is calculated by subtracting the first fan size (92 cm diameter;
3
m
20600 ) from the total maximum ventilation rate (Vmax).
hr
3
m
= 31885.73 − 20600
hr
3
m
= 11285.73
hr
FAN SIZE FAN TOTAL QUANTIT Y POWER TOTAL

cm (in) CAPACITY PRESSURE
m3/hr. Pa [in. of
water]
92 (36) 20600 30 [0.12] 3 1058 3174W
92 (36) 20600 30 [0.12] 3 1058 3174W
6348/1000=
TOTAL 6.348 kW
Total power consumption for Gestating=6.348 x 2 units=12.696 kW x 24 hr= 304.704 kwh
Power Requirement for Water System
Age of Pig Daily water Total Number of Total Daily

Requirements Heads Requirement (L/day)
L/day
Nursery 5 1300 6500
Grower to 12 1300 15600
Finisher
Gestating 15 100 1500

Farrowing 45 100 4500
TOTAL 28.1 m3/day
Dimensions of Water Tank
Diameter= 3m
Height=4m
Purchased pump=110 kw
Q= 460 m3/hr
Filling time
3
28.27 m 60 min
x =3.68 min
T= m
3
1 ℎr
460
ℎr
Summary of Power Requirement for a Piggery Farm

Nursery- Grower – Gestating Farrowing Total
Fattening Finisher
Light Bulbs 1.86 kW 2.16 kW 1.4 kW 2.6 kW 8.02 kW
Blower 6.348 kW 19 kW 2.308 kW 12.696 kW 40.352 kW
Water 110 kW 110 kW
Pump for 0.008 kW 0.01044 kW 0.0039 kW 0.007 kW 0.02934
Cooling Pad kW
Grand Total 158.40134
kW
Farrowing Building
Grower-Finishing Building
LIGHTING REQUIREMENTS
Specifications for Ventilation Fans

Summary of updated total heat production (THP), sensible heat production (SHP), and
moisture production (MP) values for swine at different production stages. Modern data
come from Brown-Brandl et al. (2014) (a) and Stinn and Xin (2014) (b), ASABE data
from ASABE (2012) based on calorimetry studies, FAO data from Mrema et al. (2011)
and CIGR data from CIGR (2002)
LITERATURE CITED
Singh, R. (2005). Hybrid membrane systems – applications and case studies. In Elsevier eBooks
(pp. 131–196). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-185617442-8/50004-x
Tegou, L., Polatidis, H., & Haralambopoulos, D. (2007). Distributed Generation with Renewable
Energy Systems: The spatial dimension for an autonomous Grid. ResearchGate.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228627850_Distributed_Generation_with_Rene
wable_Energy_Systems_The_spatial_dimension_for_an_autonomous_Grid?
_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7InBhZ2UiOiJwdWJsaWNhdGlvbiIsInByZXZpb3VzUGFnZSI6b
nVsbH19
Lizarraga, J. M. P. S., & Picallo-Pérez, A. (2020). Exergy analysis of thermal facilities
equipment in buildings (I). In Elsevier eBooks (pp. 345–454).
https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-817611-5.00005-9
Ltd, M. C. (n.d.). STEAM TURBINE COGENERATION SYSTEM | MarTech JSC. MARTECH
CO., LTD. https://martech.com.vn/en/news/boiler-technical-advice/steam-turbine-
cogeneration-system.html
Jouhara, H., Khordehgah, N., Almahmoud, S., Delpech, B., Chauhan, A., & Tassou, S. (2018).
Waste heat recovery technologies and applications. Thermal Science and Engineering
Progress, 6, 268–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2018.04.017

Fung, Virginia. (2003). BIOMASS POWER DEVELOPMENT FOR THE PHILIPPINES.
10.13031/2013.15059.
Shen, C., Zhao, Y., & Li, Y. (2018). Design of Boiler Steam Temperature Control System.
Thermal Science and Engineering, 1(1)
https://systems.enpress-publisher.com/index.php/TSE/article/view/357?
fbclid=IwAR2Z_0aaLfxiB1OmEFgcYUSn2xWd72YjI9kckkXKXZz9KvIO7R4_LrTDo
o4
https://bafe.da.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/BAFE-TB-No.-3-s.-2022.pdf?
fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTAAAR3Q81Llhi0qMWz4tzNr2Q7e8rgyc-
ayFvr4Bv_pmjD7oHNERW7EYcG34_c_aem_AQln6uUYFurZX0sq7s8b2BeDQ1ttPbK8x9LE
aqABeVjqSvF6qA69uPhGA9-HSR3THwQWVND_C1HAFhlWIiZSjCjc

Biomass For Electric Generation - Final 1

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DESIGN OF MINI-SCALE BIOMASS POWER PLANT FOR ELECTRICITY

Republic of the Philippines

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING

Biomass can be considered as a reliable and renewable source of energy to replace

agricultural and forest-based industries in developing and emerging economies also

used for energy production. (Murphy et al. 2006)

biomass energy system which is the main focus in this research.

thanks to photosynthesis, biomass resources regrow in a relatively short time span

such, we won't run out of biomass for energy production.

while the availability of some biomass resources may be susceptible to seasonality,

Significance of the Study

available energy resources, high dependency on fossil fuel and environmental

residential or farm buildings

Objectives of the Study

The general objective of this study is to design a biomass power plant

Specifically, aims to:

1. design and fabricate a biomass power plant

2. provide a renewable source of energy that is environmentally friendly

3. reduce high depending on fossil fuel for energy

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This paper is focused on designing a biomass power plant that will

field surveys and observations.

Biomass – a brown-red clear liquid product that is produced by destructive

distillation and condensation process of bamboo material.

Biomass Furnace- enclosed equipment that utilizes various biomass materials

Heating Value- amount heat produced during its entire combustion

Renewable- sustainable source of energy

Non- Renewable- limited source of energy

equivalent to approximately 5 million BOE in energy. Despite being a valuable resource,

electricity through various thermal, chemical, or biological processes. Rice husk is

treatment or processing. These processes include combustion, gasification, and pyrolysis,

as house heating, cooking, industrial boilers, drying, and generating electricity.

A boiler, also known as a steam generator, is a sealed container made of high-

or for industrial heating purposes.

equal to the work produced by the turbine.

Heat Recovery System

utilized to generate electricity or mechanical power, or to create additional heat, thereby

reducing energy wastage.

Conventional steam power plant refers to using coal-fired thermal plants,

transmission systems. As a result, extra energy is needed to compensate for the

conditions. Additionally, a subset of distributed generation cogeneration, also known as

electricity and heat simultaneously. Researchers have studied micro-scale cogeneration

enhances energy efficiency, reduces production costs and environmental impacts

compared to separate production. Cogeneration includes different combinations of

resources, technologies, and applications

Oriental, Philippines, with a capacity of 19.99 MW same as to its active capacity,

energy to power 212,000 households, offsetting 16,480t of carbon dioxide emissions

Samal Biomass Power Plant, Philippines

feedstock to power the project.

North Negros BioPower

Kabankalan Biomass Power Plant, Philippines

Kabankalan Biomass Power Plant is a 46MW biopower project. It is located in Negros

Post completion of construction, the project got commissioned in January 2015

considerations also focus on steam temperature control, a key indicator of boiler

humidity, reducing efficiency and accelerating blade erosion. Conversely, high

economical unit operation.

machine and for data gathering, as shown in Table 1.

Table 1. List of materials, tools, and equipment to be used.

Condenser This component is responsible for condensing the