English-1AS F

2022-2023 [ English – 1st secondary year ]
1 Definite / Indefinite articles
1. An article is a word that goes before a noun, giving some basic information about the noun:
 Singular or plural;
 Specific or general.
2. The Indefinite Articles

We use an indefinite article in English when:
 We refer to something for the first time;
 We refer to a general thing, and not something specific;
 We describe a person’s profession.
Form? Singular Plural

Article : a an some
When?  in front of a  in front of a vowel (a,e,i,o,u)  Plural form of all nouns;
consonant  Uncountable nouns.
Examples : There’s a cat in the Sally is an accountant. There are some fun places to
garden! go in my town.
We need an apple and an orange
I need a stamp for this for the fruit salad. Here are some photos of our
letter. last holiday.
She works for a Would you like some tea?

multinational company.
Some people are sunbathing
in the park.
I eat some biscuits and drink

some coffee for breakfast
every day.
An uncountable noun is a word that only has the singular form, e.g. ‘sugar’.)
1
3. The Definite Article
Form? Singular & Plural

Article: The
When?  We have already identified the noun we are referring to in a previous
phrase
 There is only one of this thing :
o For example, ‘the station’ – there is only one in the city.
 We use certain expressions, especially related to physical things such as
‘the weather’, ‘the sea’, ‘the environment’.
Examples: You can’t go to the post office now. It’s closed.
The shopping bags are still in the car. I’ll get them.
The washing machine is broken. We need to get another one.
What’s the weather like in your country?
The coffee is hot
2
4. No article
Here are the main cases when we don’t use an article:
We use the No article

 Before names of countries when they they  Before names of countries, cities.
include ‘kingdom’, ‘states’ and ‘lands’. o I live in Algiers.
o The USA is a large country o He travelled to Italy
o The Netherlands is in Europe.  Before mountains :
 Before names of ranges of mountains. o Mount Everest is the highest
o The Alps, the Djurdjura. mountain in the world.
 Before names of rivers, seas and oceans.  Before names of persons.
o The Seine crosses Paris. o Walid works for Sonatrach.
o The Pacific Ocean is the largest  Before sports and subjects taught at school.
ocean. o He practises tennis.
o We study mathematics five times
 Before instruments of music. a week.
o She plays the violin.  Before colors.
 Before names of things that are unique. o Red is my favorite color.
o The universe, the sun.  With possessive adjectives.
o She’s my friend.
 With a specific topic.  With a general topic.
o I love the music you’re playing. o I love music. (meaning music in
(meaning this specific music) general)
3
2 Present Simple
3 &
4 Adverbs of Frequency
1. Present Simple
I, You, We, They Verb

Affirmative Form
He, She, It Verb + S
Do not
I, You, We, They
Don’t
Negative Form Verb
Does not
He, She, It
Doesn’t
Do I, You, We, They

Interrogative Form Verb
Does He, She, It
There are however some special cases for the rule: he/she/it+Verb+s :
Silent Vowel Verbs ending in Verbs ending in

Consonant + y
e +y O s, z, sh, tch, ch
Verb + s Verb + s Verb – y + ies Verb + es Verb + es
He notes (to note) He plays (to play) He studies (study) It goes (to go) He misses (to miss)
She closes (to close) She says (to say) She marries (marry) He does (to do) She buzzes (to buzz)
It hatches (to hatch)
It finishes (to finish)
She teachs (to teach)
4
Affirmative form Negative form Interrogative form

I Am I’m Am not Amn’t Am I?
To be You, We, They Are You’re Are not Aren’t Are you/we/they?
He, She, It Is He’s Is not Isn’t Is he/she/it?

I, You, We, They Have Don’t have Do I/you/we/they have?
To have
He, She, It has Doesn’t have Does he/she/it have?

I, You, We, They Study Don’t study Do I/you/we/they study?
To study
He, She, It Studies Doesn’t study Does he/she/it study?
I, You, We, They Teach Don’t teach Do I/you/we/they teach?
To teach
He, She, It Teaches Doesn’t teach Does he/she/it teach?
I, You, We, They Say Don’t say Do I/you/we/they stay ?
To say
He, She, It Says Doesn’t say Does he/she/it stay?
5
2. The Adverbs of frequency

They are words that tell us how often (how frequently) an action happens. We use the adverbs of
frequency with the present simple tense.
Subject + Adverb of Frequency + Main Verb

Subject + To Be + Adverb of Frequency
Frequency Adverb Example

100% Always I always wake up early in the morning.
She is always pretty.
90% Usually I usually walk to school.
He is usually a good listener.
80% Normally/Generally I normally get good marks.
They are normally in time.
70% Often /Frequently I often read in bed at night.
50% Sometimes I sometimes sing in the shower.
Sometimes he plays video games.
30% Occasionally I occasionally add salt on my food.
10% Seldom I seldom go to bed late.
5% Hardly ever / Rarely I hardly ever get angry.
0% Never Vegetarians never eat meat.
6
5 Adverbs of manner
1. Adverb of manner
An adverb of manner modifies or changes a sentence to tell us how something happens,
such as whether it was quickly or slowly.
To make an adverb of manner:
Adverb of manner = Adjective + ‘ly’ suffix

Adverb of manner = Adjective already ends in ‘y’: change the ‘y’ to an ‘i’ + ‘ly’ suffix
Adjective Adverb of manner Adjective Adverb of manner

Quick Quickly happy happily
Slow Slowly Angry Angrily
Sad Sadly Cosy Cosily
Loving Lovingly Hazy Hazily
Loud Loudly Noisy Noisily
Good Well Bad badly
Examples:
He writes well and his illustrations ware beautifully drawn.
The cake was lovingly made
She whispered softly then he said ‘What?’ loudly.
2. How to use an adverb of manner

 An adverb of manner comes after the verb if there is no object or after the direct object.
 She slept soundly despite the noise outside
 We waited patiently until 04:30pm, and then he walked quickly to get there in time.
 He ate his lunch quickly.
 They missed the train unfortunately.
 If there is a preposition before the verb’s object, you can place the adverb of manner before
the preposition or after the object.
 It landed on the rug softly.
7
 It landed softly on the rug.

 The adverb of manner: well, badly, hard and fast are almost placed directly after the verb.
 She performed well in the competition.
 He fell over and it hurt badly.
 The rain came down hard.
 The car drove fast.
 The placement of an adverb of manner can sometimes alter the entire sentence, so it’s
important to take car when using them when there’s more than one verb in a sentence.
She quickly asked me to hand over the phone.
The asking is quick.
She asked me quickly to hand over the phone.
She asked me to quickly hand over the phone.
The handing over is quick.
She asked me to hand over the phone quickly.
 An author can Use it at the start of the sentence to grab the reader’s attention and draw a
focus on the adverb, this emphasizes the meaning of the adverb.
 Slowly, she opened the door.
 Quickly, he ran back to his mother.
8
6 Adverbs of degree
1. Adverb of degree
An adverb of degree modifies the sentence to tell us the intensity of something. They are
normally placed before the adjective, adverb or verb that they modify, but there are some
exceptions.
Common adverbs of degree:

Very, slightly, totally, fairly, absolutely, extremely, barely, incredibly, terribly, quite, almost,
just.
Examples:
Adverb of degree Modifying Example
Extremely Adjective It was extremely hot last summer.
Just Verb I just finished my homework
Very Adverb or adjective He drove very fast.
It was very cold.
Almost Verb I almost fell over.
Enough Adjective It’s not big enough.
Is the coffee hot enough?
I got here early enough to find a seat.
Adverb of degree Degree Example

Extremely Very strong I was extremely cold.
Horribly The play went horribly wrong.
Insanely The cake was insanely good.
Wonderfully The painting turned out wonderfully.
Spectacularly Her performance went spectacularly well
Especially Strong The milkshake was especially tasty.
Particularly The girls were particularly excited.
Remarkably The new manager is a remarkably good leader.
Fairly doubtful She was fairly good at singing.
Pretty The puppy is pretty good at fetching the ball.
Not espessialy The grass is not especially green this summer.
9
2. Rule
Adverb of degree + adjective + infinitive verb
Adjective + adverb of degree + infinitive verb
Examples:
The soup is very hot to eat.
The meat is not cooked well to eat it.
10
7 Prepositional Verbs
1. Prepositional verbs
Some verbs are followed by prepositions so the meaning of the verb changes according to
the preposition that follows the verb.
We don’t use a preposition after the verb phone.
 I have phoned my friend.
Verb + proposition Meaning Example Nouns
To accuse someone of To think that someone has They accused him of the An accusation
done something especially accident. He was driving
something bad. too fast.
To apologize for To say you are sorry about We want to apologize for An apology
something you have done. today misunderstanding.
To apply for To make a formal written He wants to be better An application
request for a job, a place et a paid. That’s why he
college etc… applied for that job.
To belong to To be the property of someone This book belongs to me. A belonging
or to be a member of a group It’s mine!
or an association.
To complain of To say you are not satisfied They are complaining of A complain
about something or someone. the night noise.
To remind someone of To make someone remember He reminds of his father. A reminder
something or someone He resembles him.
To stare at To look at someone or I don’t understand why A stare
something for a long time he is staring at me. It’s
without moving your eyes. embarrassing.
To suspect someone of To say that someone has done he was arrested because A suspicion
something wrong or illegal. he was suspected for
murder.
To leave for To go away from one place you When are you leaving for A leave
are in now to go to another London?
place
11
8 Must/mustn’t & have/had to
1. Must/musn’t
Must is a modal verb that does not have a past or a future form. Modal verbs are:
 Followed by an infinitive without to.
 Don’t add ‘–s’ after he/she/it.
 Don’t use ‘do’ in negatives and questions.
Must = Express present and future necessity: rules and obligation that comes from the
speaker, he thinks it’s necessary.
Mustn’t (the first t is silent) = must not = prohibition: you can’t do something. It’s
necessary that you don’t do it.
Examples:
I must go to the doctor.
You must be here at 7:00 am.
He must come with us.
We mustn’t arrive early.
You mustn’t wait here.
She mustn’t call him at work hours.
Must we arrive early?
2. Have to/haven’t to
Have to is used to talk about present and future rules and obligations: it’s an external
obligation another person thinks it’s necessary. It’s weaker than must :
 Don’t have to means absence of necessity: you can do something but you don’t need to
do it.
 Have to has a past form ‘had to’ and future form ‘will have to’. Had to is the past form of
must and have to.
 Use do/don’t, does/doesn’t, did/didn’t in questions and negative sentences in present
and past tense.
12
Examples:
I have to study for the exam tomorrow.
He has to stop smoking.
You don’t have to wait here.
You don’t have to pick me up at the station. I can take a taxi.
The car broke down and we had to call a taxi.
You don’t have to wait here.
Do you have to get up early tomorrow?
Did you have to get early yesterday?
Did you have to buy a new sound card?
I can hear, you don’t have to shout.
You mustn’t smoke here!
All Applicants must fill the form.
All applicants have to fill the form.
I had to go to the bank yesterday because I was short of money.
13
9 Connectors : reason/consequence
1. Connectors
Connectors are words or groups of words that help to connect words, phrases or sentences.
2. Cause: reason & effect: consequence

Cause and effects is a relationship between events or things, where one is the result of the
others. They are a combination of action and reaction:
 The cause can be a person, object, situation, or event that can result in something. It
explains the reason why the effect happened in the first place.
 An effect is the result of the actions of the person or the outcome of some chain of
events that have happened.
 The cause naturally precedes an effect, while the effect will always follow it.
3. Cause & effect connectors

Connector Type Most common Introduce specifications Examples
Because A cause Comma between  They cannot go to cinema
the two clauses if because it is too late.
in the begging of  Because of the severe storm,
the sentence. my internet went down.
As A cause Comma between  He decided to go to the
the two clauses if conference in Brussels, as he
in the begging of was In Belgium anyway.
the sentence.  I hope they’ve decided to
Transitions
come as I wanted to hear
about their trip.
Since A cause Comma between  Since you are not interested, I
the two clauses. won’t tell you my problems.
 They’re rather expensive, since
they’re quite hard to find.
So An effect  I want to be a teacher so I can
teach child.
Conjunctions Therefore An effect Comma between  There was a problem in the
14
the two clauses office, therefore we went

home late.
Consequently An effect Comma between  It rained heavily, consequently
the two clauses the football game was called
off.
As a result A cause  She was very tired as a result
of working late
Due to A cause Comma between  My father hasn’t slept in four
the two clauses if days due to his illness.
the sentence  Due to the bad weather, the
starts with. match was cancelled
Adjectival:
follows a noun or
Prepositions pronoun.
Owing to A cause Adverbial: it  Ishak could not attend the
(= because of, as complements a class owing to his illness.
a result of) verb.
Because of A cause Adjectival:  There were so many people in

follows a noun or the shop because of the sale.
pronoun.
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Subordinating Conjunction
1. What is subordinating conjunction?
A subordinating conjunction is a word or phrase that links a dependent clause to an independent
clause. This word or phrase indicates that a clause has informative value to add to the sentence’s
main idea, signaling a cause-and-effect relationship or a shift in time and place between the two
clauses:
 Dependent clause = subordinate clause.
 It does not express a complete unit of thought on its own; it cannot stand as its own
sentence.
 It depends upon an independent clause—one that can stand on its own as a complete
sentence—to form a complete idea
2. What are subordinating conjunctions?

Subordinating conjunctions are words and phrases that connect dependent clauses to
independent clauses. They usually show a cause-and-effect relationship or a shift in time or place.
After Although As As if
As long as As much as As soon as As though Because Before
By the time Even if Even Though If In case
In the event
In order that Lest Now that Once Only
that
Only if provided that Since So Supposing Than
That Though Till Unless Until When
Whenever Where whereas Wherever Whether or not While
3. In order to is a subordinating conjunction.

We use in order to with an infinitive form of a verb to express the purpose of something. It
introduces a subordinate clause. It is more common in writing than in speaking:
 The negative of in order to is in order not to:
Example:
[Main clause] Mrs. Weaver had to work full-time [Subordinate clause] in order to earn a
living for herself and her family of five children.
We all need stress in order to achieve and do our best work.
They never parked the big van in front of the house in order to upset the neighbors.
23
10 Double conjunctions – both … and, either …

or, neither … nor
4. Double conjunctions
Double conjunctions (both... and..., either... or and neither... nor...) link two words or phrases
in the same sentence.
They are used only in affirmative sentences. It’s used to talk about two things or people.
 Both = A and B = the two things or people.
 Either = A or B = one thing/person or the other thing/person.
 Neither= not A and not B = zero out of two things or people.
24
11 Forming Nouns
1. Noun
A word that refers to a person, place, thing, event, substance or quality.
 Nurse, cat, party, oil, poverty.
2. Verb
A word or phrase that describes an action, condition or experience.
 Run, look, feel.
3. Adjective
A word that describes a noun.
 Big, boring, pink, quick, obvious.
4. Formation of Nouns from Verbs

We can form noun from a verb by adding suffixes
Suffix Verb Noun Verb Noun
Agree Agreement Amuse amusement
Employ Employment Treat Treatment
Excite Excitement Pay Payment
Manage Management Argue Argument
-ment
Develop Development Invest Investment
Advertise Advertisement Enjoy Enjoyment
Disappoint Disappointment punish Punishment
Announce Announcement Govern Government

Abound Abundance Ignore Ignorance
Attend Attendance Appear Appearance
Enter Entrance Endure Endurance
-ance
Guide Guidance Insure Insurance
Accept Acceptance Resist Resistance
Disturb Disturbance Perform Performance

25
Depend Dependence Interfere Interference

Differ Difference Occur Occurrence
-ence
Exist Existence Refer Reference
infer inference Reside Residence

Approve Approval Dispose Disposal
Arrive Arrival Propose Proposal
Betray Betrayal Refuse Refusal
-al Bury Burial Remove Removal
Deny Denial try trial
Dismiss Dismissal Withdra Withdrawal
w

Admit Admission Extend Extension
Compel Compulsion Omit Omission
Decide Decision Collide Collision
-sion
Provide Provision Divide Division
Permit Permission Explode Explosion
Conclude Conclusion Submit Submission

Act Action Examine Examination
Admire Admiration Distribute Distribution
Collect Collection Construct Construction
Describe Description Add Addition
Decorate Decoration Invent Invention
-tion
Prevent Prevention Attract Attraction
Elect Election Exhibit Exhibition
Translate Translation Declare Declaration
Associate Association Inspect Inspection
Celebrate Celebration Cultivate Cultivation
26
Suffix Verb Noun Suffix Verb Noun

Depart Departure Carry Carriage
-ure Proceed Procedure Marry Marriage
Press Pressure Pack Package
-age
Assemble Assembly Post Postage
-y Discover Discovery Waste Wastage
Enquire Enquiry Pass passage
Complain Complaint Grow Growth
-t -th
Weigh Weight Wide Width
One Special case:

Verb Meaning Noun Example
To confess Admission The criminal’s admission.
Admit
To give access Admittance Admittance to the top floor in prohibited.
5. Formation of Nouns from Adjectives

We can form a noun from adjectives by adding suffixes
Suffix Adjective Noun Adjective Noun
Ready Readiness Sad Sadness
-ness Happy Happiness Mad Madness
Weak Weakness Forgetful Forgetfulness

Appoint Appointment Merry Merriment
-ment Assign Assignment Replace Replacement
Enjoy Enjoyment

Responsible Responsibility hilarious hilarity
-ity Possible Possibility Probable Probability
Scare Scarcity
27
Past Simple
1. Regular verb
Affirmative Form I, You, We, They, He, She, It Verb + ed
2. Irregular verbs
I, You, We, They,
Affirmative Form Irregular past of the verb
He, She, It
I, You, We, They

Negative Form Did Verb
He, She, It
I, You, We, They

Interrogative Form Did Verb
He, She, It

I Was I’m Am not Amn’t Am I?
To be You, We, They Were You’re Are not Aren’t Are you/we/they?
He, She, It was He’s Is not Isn’t Is he/she/it?

I, You, We, They Had Did not have Did I/you/we/they have?
To have
He, She, It had Didn’t have Did he/she/it have?

I, You, We, They Studied Did not study Did I/you/we/they study?
To study
He, She, It Studied Didn’t study Did he/she/it study?
To teach I, You, We, They Taught Didn’t teach Did I/you/we/they teach?
28
He, She, It Taught Didn’t teach Did he/she/it teach?

I, You, We, They Said Didn’t say Did I/you/we/they stay ?
To say
He, She, It Said Didn’t say Did he/she/it stay?
29
Syllable
1. What is a syllable?
 A syllable is a unit of spoken language that forms an entire word or parts of words.
 Syllables are sometimes referred to as the 'beats' of a word that form its rhythm, and
breaking a word into syllables can help English learners with phonetic spelling
 A syllable is a single, unbroken vowel sound within a spoken word. They typically contain a
vowel, or two if one is silent, and perhaps one or more accompanying consonants.
 All words are made from at least one syllable. The word :
o ‘Butter’ contains two syllables: ‘but’ and ‘ter’.
o 'Tie' has one syllable.
o 'Rescue' has two syllables - Res + cue
o 'Alphabet' has three syllables - Al + pha + bet
o 'Activity' has four syllables - Ac + tiv + i + ty
o 'Electricity' has five syllables - E + lec + tri + ci + ty
Nb. Syllables Name is called

One Monosyllabic
Two Disyllabic
Three Trisyllabic
Four Quadrisyllabic
More than one polysyllabic
2. What are the six types of syllables?

There are two main types of syllables, closed and open; there can also be split into six different
kinds. Let’s learn a bit about what these are:
3.1. Closed Syllable

A closed syllable is a word unit with a single vowel that ends with a consonant. These have a short
such as:
 Bat, plant, shop and rabbit.
3.2. Open Syllable

An open syllable is a word unit that ends with a single vowel such as:
 Go, me, you and potato.
30
There are more types of syllables that you might come across in more advanced grammar, including:
3.3. Vowel-consonant-e Syllable (VCE)

These syllables end in a final silent 'e' (hence why they're nicknamed magic 'e' syllables) with a
consonant just before the silent 'e'. The silent 'e' makes the vowel before the consonant have a long
sound. Here are some examples:
 Line, cute, mine, pine, mute, home
3.4. R-controlled Syllable (VR)

In r-controlled syllable words, there's always a vowel followed by an 'r'. The 'r' gives the word a
unique sound. Examples of VR words:
 Her, fur, ear, for, purr
3.5. Diphthong (vowel team) Syllable

A diphthong syllable usually has two vowels next to each other which are pronounced together,
which is why they're dubbed 'vowel teams' - the vowels work together as a syllable. The vowel
combinations are typically:
ai ay ow oe ie ee oi ea oa
 Tail, play, grow, oboe, eight, meet, beat, boat.

In some words, there are two vowels next to each other, but the combination is reversed when
compared to a diphthong syllable where the vowels are pronounced together. For example, many
words have the vowel combination 'io' in them, such as the word 'lion'. With these vowel
combinations, you split the syllable between 'i' and 'o' so that the word actually has two syllables.
These syllables are still known as vowel teams.
3.6. Consonant 'le' Syllable

These syllables have no vowel sound - the silent 'e' at the end of the syllable works as the only
vowel. You only pronounce the consonant and the 'l'. Examples of words with the 'le' syllable:
 Maple, purple, turtle, ripple, circle, cycle, table
31
Forming Nouns
32

English-1AS F

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

English-1AS F

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

English-1AS F

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

2022-2023 [ English – 1st secondary year ]

1 Definite / Indefinite articles

2. The Indefinite Articles

Form? Singular Plural

She works for a Would you like some tea?

I eat some biscuits and drink

3. The Definite Article

Form? Singular & Plural

Examples: You can’t go to the post office now. It’s closed.

The washing machine is broken. We need to get another one.

What’s the weather like in your country?

The coffee is hot

We use the No article

I, You, We, They Verb

Do I, You, We, They

Silent Vowel Verbs ending in Verbs ending in

Affirmative form Negative form Interrogative form

Affirmative form Negative form Interrogative form

Affirmative form Negative form Interrogative form

2. The Adverbs of frequency

Subject + Adverb of Frequency + Main Verb

Frequency Adverb Example

Adverb of manner = Adjective + ‘ly’ suffix

Adjective Adverb of manner Adjective Adverb of manner

2. How to use an adverb of manner

 It landed softly on the rug.

Common adverbs of degree:

Adverb of degree Degree Example

8 Must/mustn’t & have/had to

2. Cause: reason & effect: consequence

3. Cause & effect connectors

Conjunctions Therefore An effect Comma between  There was a problem in the

the two clauses office, therefore we went

Because of A cause Adjectival:  There were so many people in

2. What are subordinating conjunctions?

3. In order to is a subordinating conjunction.

We all need stress in order to achieve and do our best work.

10 Double conjunctions – both … and, either …

4. Formation of Nouns from Verbs

Suffix Verb Noun Verb Noun

Suffix Verb Noun Verb Noun

Depend Dependence Interfere Interference

Suffix Verb Noun Verb Noun

Suffix Verb Noun Verb Noun

Suffix Verb Noun Verb Noun

Suffix Verb Noun Suffix Verb Noun

One Special case:

5. Formation of Nouns from Adjectives

Suffix Adjective Noun Adjective Noun

Suffix Adjective Noun Adjective Noun

Affirmative Form I, You, We, They, He, She, It Verb + ed

I, You, We, They

I, You, We, They

Affirmative form Negative form Interrogative form

Affirmative form Negative form Interrogative form

Affirmative form Negative form Interrogative form

He, She, It Taught Didn’t teach Did he/she/it teach?

Nb. Syllables Name is called