AWS Interview questions with

Answers

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Explain the steps to set up a secured VPC with subnets and

everything
1. Create VPC:

Define VPC CIDR block and tenancy.

Enable DNS support and DNS hostnames if needed.

2. Create Subnets:

Allocate CIDR blocks for subnets.

Spread subnets across availability zones for redundancy.

3. Configure Route Tables:

Define routes for internet-bound traffic.

Associate subnets with route tables.

4. Set Up NACLs:

Configure inbound and outbound rules.

Associate NACLs with subnets.

5. Implement Security Groups:

Define inbound and outbound rules.

AWS Interview questions with Answers 1

 Associate security groups with instances.

6. Add Internet Gateway (IGW):

Attach IGW to VPC.

Update route tables for internet access.

7. Optional - NAT Gateway/Instance:

Set up in public subnet for private subnet internet access.

8. Enable Monitoring:

Enable VPC Flow Logs for traffic analysis.

Monitor with CloudWatch.

AWS Interview questions with Answers 2

 Explain what this IAM policy does
{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [
{
"Action": [
"s3:ListBucket"
],
"Effect": "Allow",
"Resource": "arn:aws:s3:::company-data"
},
{
"Action": [
"ecs:RunTask"
],
"Effect": "Allow",
"Condition": {
"ArnEquals": {
"ecs:cluster": "arn:aws:ecs:us-east-1:123456789012:cluster/prod"
}
},
"Resource": "arn:aws:ecs:us-east-1:123456789012:task-definition/update-
}
]
}

This AWS IAM policy grants permissions for two actions:

1. Allow listing objects in the S3 bucket named "company-data".

2. Allow running tasks in an ECS (Elastic Container Service) cluster named "prod" in the "us-east-
1" region, specifically tasks defined by the task definition with the name prefix "update-tables".

AWS Interview questions with Answers 3

 How do you secure sensitive information such as API keys,
passwords, and other credentials in a CI/CD pipeline on AWS?

To secure sensitive information in a CI/CD pipeline on AWS:

1. Use AWS Secrets Manager or Parameter Store:

Store secrets like API keys and passwords securely in AWS Secrets
Manager or Parameter Store.

2. Utilize IAM Roles for CI/CD:

Configure CI/CD processes to run with IAM roles that can access
secrets from Secrets Manager or Parameter Store.

3. Rotate Secrets Regularly:

Implement automated rotation of secrets to ensure timely updates

and security.

4. Encrypt Data:

Encrypt data in transit and at rest using HTTPS and encryption at rest
features.

5. Monitor and Audit Access:

Enable logging and monitoring to track access to secrets and detect

any unauthorized access attempts.

AWS Interview questions with Answers 4

 Name some AWS services which are not region specific
AWS IAM, Amazon Route 53, and AWS CloudFront are some examples of AWS services that are
not region-specific.

Describe the key differences between Amazon EC2 and AWS

Lambda. When would you choose one over the other for a
specific task?
Amazon EC2 provides virtual servers that you manage, while AWS Lambda runs code in
response to events and scales automatically.

Choose EC2 for long-running tasks or when you need more control over the environment.

example: hosting a website with specific software requirements or running a database

server.

Choose Lambda for event-driven, short-lived tasks with automatic scaling.

example: processing event-driven actions such as file uploads, database updates, or API
requests

AWS Interview questions with Answers 5

 The CloudFormation template has an error that you have
committed. What could happen as a result of the error, and how
would you correct it?
If there's an error in a CloudFormation template, it could lead to stack creation failure,
misconfiguration of resources, or security vulnerabilities. To correct it:

1. Identify the Error: Check stack events or use the command aws cloudformation describe-stack-

events .

2. Debug and Update the Template: Validate the template using aws cloudformation validate-template

3. Test the Template: Optionally use Change Sets for previewing changes.

4. Re-deploy the Stack: Deploy the updated template with aws cloudformation deploy .

AWS Interview questions with Answers 6

 In VPC with private and public subnets, database servers should
ideally be launched into which subnet?
Database servers should ideally be launched into private subnets

This ensures enhanced security by restricting direct access from the internet and allows tighter
control over network access using security measures like security groups and NACLs

AWS Interview questions with Answers 7

 How do you choose the right database service in AWS for a
specific application’s requirements? Tell a little bit more about
your experience.
Amazon RDS is ideal for applications that require a traditional relational database with standard
SQL support, transactions, and complex queries.

Amazon DynamoDB suits applications needing a highly scalable, NoSQL database with fast,
predictable performance at any scale. It's great for flexible data models and rapid
development.

Amazon Redshift is best for analytical applications requiring complex queries over large
datasets, offering fast query performance by using columnar storage and data warehousing
technology.

Explain the concept of auto-scaling and how it can be

implemented in AWS to handle fluctuating workloads.

Auto-scaling automatically adjusts the number of instances in a group based

on demand. It can be implemented in AWS using services like Auto Scaling
Groups, which dynamically adjust capacity to maintain performance and
reduce costs.

AWS Interview questions with Answers 8

 Explain can you vertically scale an Amazon instance? How?

Vertical scaling involves increasing or decreasing the resources of an

instance, such as CPU or RAM. This can be done manually by stopping the
instance, changing its instance type to one with more or fewer resources,
and then restarting it.

AWS Interview questions with Answers 9

 Can a connection be made between a company’s data center and
the Amazon cloud? How?
Yes, a connection can be established between a company's data center and the Amazon Web
Services (AWS) cloud

1. AWS Direct Connect: A dedicated, high-bandwidth link for a private connection.

2. Virtual Private Network (VPN): An encrypted connection over the internet for secure data
transmission.

Explain different AWS services to manage cost

AWS Interview questions with Answers 10

 These services collectively help organizations monitor, analyze, and optimize their AWS costs.

1. AWS Cost Explorer: Visualizes and analyzes AWS spending patterns with forecasting and
budgeting features.

2. AWS Budgets: Allows setting custom spending thresholds and sends alerts when exceeded.

3. AWS Trusted Advisor: Provides actionable recommendations for optimizing AWS infrastructure
across various aspects.

4. AWS Cost and Usage Report (CUR): Offers detailed usage and cost data for in-depth analysis
and reporting.

5. AWS Savings Plans: Flexible pricing models for significant savings on committed usage.

What is the difference between NAT gateways and NAT

instances. why do we use them?

NAT Gateway vs. NAT Instance:

NAT Gateway: Managed by AWS, high performance, and availability, no administration needed.

AWS Interview questions with Answers 11

 NAT Instance: User-managed EC2 instance, requires manual scaling and administration, less
scalable and available compared to NAT Gateway.

Use Cases:

Both enable outbound internet access for resources in private subnets.

Enhance security by avoiding direct exposure of internal resources to the internet.

Facilitate compliance and address translation.

Choice depends on factors like performance, scalability, and management preferences.

What are different ways to access AWS services?

1. AWS Management Console:

Web-based interface for point-and-click management of AWS services.

2. AWS Command Line Interface (CLI):

Command-line tool for scripting and automation of AWS tasks.

3. AWS Software Development Kits (SDKs):

Libraries for integrating AWS services into custom applications.

4. AWS CloudFormation:

AWS Interview questions with Answers 12

 Infrastructure as Code (IaC) for defining and provisioning AWS resources.

What are different types of load balancers and when to use

them?

1. Application Load Balancer (ALB): Layer 7

For HTTP/HTTPS traffic and modern web applications with multiple services or APIs.

2. Network Load Balancer (NLB): Layer 4

For TCP/UDP traffic, high throughput, and low latency requirements, such as gaming or
real-time communication.

3. Gateway Load Balancer (GWLB):

Routes traffic to Virtual Private Network (VPN) or AWS Direct Connect (DX) connections for
VPN and DX traffic distribution across multiple appliances.

Choose ALB for web applications, NLB for high throughput, low latency needs, and GWLB for VPN
and DX traffic distribution across appliances.

AWS Interview questions with Answers 13

 How do you allow or restrict access to AWS services?
To allow or restrict access to AWS services:

1. IAM (Identity and Access Management):

Manage access by defining policies for users, groups, or roles.

2. Resource Policies:

Control access at the resource level for services like S3 and SQS.

3. NACLs (Network Access Control Lists):

Act as subnets' firewalls, defining rules for inbound and outbound traffic.

4. Security Groups:

Virtual firewalls at the instance level, controlling inbound and outbound traffic.

5. SCPs (Service Control Policies):

Control access across multiple accounts in AWS Organizations.

6. VPC Endpoints:

Privately connect to AWS services within a VPC, avoiding public IPs.

AWS Interview questions with Answers 14

 Describe the advantages and disadvantages of using AWS RDS
(Relational Database Service) compared to managing your own
database on EC2 instances.
Advantages of RDS include managed backups, automated patching, and scaling.
Disadvantages include less control over the database environment compared to managing it
directly on EC2 instances.

What the relationship between an instance and AMI is?

An instance is a running virtual server while an AMI (Amazon Machine Image) is a template
used to create instances. Instances are launched from AMIs.

What are different instance launch types and when to use them?
Different launch types include On-Demand Instances, Reserved Instances, and Spot Instances.
Use On-Demand for flexible usage, Reserved for predictable workloads, and Spot for cost
optimization with flexible start and end times.

AWS Interview questions with Answers 15

 Can you describe the process of setting up a continuous delivery
pipeline in AWS using CodePipeline and CodeBuild?
The process involves configuring a pipeline in CodePipeline, defining stages (source, build,
test, deploy), connecting to a source repository, configuring build settings, and integrating with
other AWS services for testing and deployment.

Your application stores sensitive customer data in an AWS RDS

database. How would you ensure the security and compliance of
this data?
Ensure encryption at rest and in transit, implement access controls using IAM, regularly audit
database activity, and comply with relevant regulations such as GDPR or HIPAA.

AWS Interview questions with Answers 16

 Your team is adopting Docker for containerization. How would
you deploy and manage Docker containers on AWS?
Deploy Docker containers using Amazon Elastic Container Service (ECS) or Amazon Elastic
Kubernetes Service (EKS). These services provide managed container orchestration, scaling,
and integration with other AWS services.

Your company wants to migrate its on-premises infrastructure to

AWS for cost savings and scalability. Outline the steps you would
take to plan and execute this migration.
Steps include assessing current infrastructure, selecting migration strategy (lift-and-shift, re-
platforming, re-architecting), estimating costs, planning for data migration, testing, and

AWS Interview questions with Answers 17

 executing the migration with minimal downtime.

Describe how AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) is

used to manage permissions and access control in AWS
environments.
IAM allows you to create and manage users, groups, and roles to control access to AWS
resources. You can define policies that specify the permissions users have, ensuring least
privilege access and enhancing security.

Describe how you would set up automated testing processes

within your CI/CD pipeline on AWS.
To set up automated testing in your AWS CI/CD pipeline:

1. Choose Testing Tools: Select testing frameworks like JUnit or Selenium for different test types.

2. Write Tests: Develop unit, integration, and end-to-end tests alongside your code.

3. Version Control: Keep testing code in the same repository using Git for version control.

4. AWS CodePipeline: Use AWS CodePipeline to automate build, test, and deployment stages.

AWS Interview questions with Answers 18

 5. Integrate Testing Tools: Configure AWS CodeBuild or Jenkins to execute tests during the
pipeline.

6. Artifact Storage: Store test artifacts (reports, logs) in Amazon S3 for reference.

7. Monitor with CloudWatch: Use AWS CloudWatch to monitor test results and detect failures.

8. Feedback Loop: Set up notifications for developers on test failures for quick resolution.

9. Continuous Improvement: Regularly review and enhance testing processes for better
coverage and reliability.

Implementing these steps ensures automated testing seamlessly integrates into your CI/CD
pipeline on AWS.

Explain the process of rolling back a failed deployment in AWS.

To roll back a failed deployment in AWS:

1. Identify Failure: Monitor the deployment process to pinpoint the failure.

2. Stop Deployment: Halt any ongoing deployment to prevent further changes.

3. Investigate Cause: Analyze logs and errors to understand the issue.

4. Rollback Plan: Create a plan to revert changes made during the failed deployment.

5. Execute Rollback: Implement the rollback plan to restore the previous state.

6. Verify: Ensure the rollback is successful and the system functions as expected.

7. Communicate: Keep stakeholders informed about the status and resolution.

8. Learn and Improve: Conduct a post-mortem analysis to learn from the failure and prevent
future issues.

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AWS Interview questions with Answers 19

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AWS Interview questions with Answers 20