Class Group: S26

Lab Group’s No: 2

CENTRE OF FOUNDATION STUDIES

FOUNDATION PHYSICS II
LABORATORY REPORT

Experiment Ohm’s Law

Name Najwa Suhada Binti Mat

Student ID 2023661176
Lab Instructor’s Name Ku Siti Syahidah binti Ku Mohd Noh
Date of Experiment 30th January 2024
Member 1 Nur ’Afrina Dania Binti Mohd Al-Teras
Member 2 Nur Aleeya Natasha Binti Mohd Tajul Ariffin
Member 3 Ifwat Idraki bin Shyrim
Marks

Comment
Abstract
The objective of this experiment is to determine the resistance, R of two different lengths of conducting
wires made of the same material. Firstly, we construct a series circuit and a long simple series circuit
using two different lengths and the apparatus has been set up follow figure 1.1. For this experiment, we
have also used different values of voltage and we have observed the value of currents recorded in Tables
1.2 and 1.3. With these values, we were able to obtain the relationship between the potential difference
and the current. After recording values, the gradient of graph Current,(I) against Voltage,(V) has been
plotted to determine the value of resistance for both lengths. We found that R for 0.5 m isΩΩ
 and for 1.0 m isΩΩ
ΩΩ
.. S. Our results confirmed Ohm's Law is V=IR.

The objective of this experiment is to determine the resistance,R of two different lengths of
conducting wires made of the same material. Firstly, the apparatus has been setup follow the figure
1.1. The crocodile clip has been clipped on the wire at 0.5m and 1.0m. The experiment repeated 2
times with constant voltage input of 4V, however the voltage in the circuit was different for each
length. Wire with length of 0.5m was tested with 1.20V, 1.4 V, 1.6V, 1.8V, 2.0V and 2.2V. Meanwhile
for 1.0m was tested with 2.0V, 2.2V, 2.4V, 2.6V, 2.8V and 3.0V. The value of current in the circuit
recorded in table 1.2 and 1.3. Graph have been plotted to determine the value of resistance for both
length. From the experiment, we can conclude that R for 0.5m is 1.91 Ω and for 1.0m is 3.47 Ω.
INTRODUCTION

Ohm’s Law were first discovered and named by German physicist, Georg Simon Ohm in 1897.
Ohm’s law is important to describe electric circuits. The usage of Ohm’s Law in our daily life are very
frequent and it can be applied in so many ways, including electric heater, mobile charger, and fuses.
According to Ohm’s Law, the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage across
two points and inversely proportional to the resistance. Therefore, as the current increase, the resistance
will decrease. The relationship between current, voltage and resistance can be described as:
𝑉
𝐼∝ 𝑅

Ohm’s Law formula is commonly used to calculate the current, voltage and resistance in electric
circuits using DC power supply. The formula is represented as:

𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅
Where V is the voltage that measured across the wire in the units of volt, I is the current flows through
the wire in the units of Ampere while R is the resistance of the wire in the units of ohm. Therefore,
resistance of the wire can be calculated by dividing the voltage with current. This can be shown as:
𝑉
𝑅=
𝐼
The experiment was conducted using digital multimeter to measure current and voltage in a
circuit. Rheostat also used in this experiment to provide variable resistance. Moreover, two different
lengths of conducting wire that are made from the same material are also used. This is due to the
resistance of the wire, ρ, depends on the length of wire, l, cross sectional area, A, and resistivity of the
material of wire. Thus, resistance also can be calculated using the formula below:
𝑅 = ρl / A
METHODOLOGY

All the apparatus was set up based on Figure 1.1. Using a connecting wire, the positive terminal of the
power supply was connected to the positive terminal of the ammeter and the negative terminal of the
ammeter was connected to the positive terminal of the voltmeter.
The negative terminal of the voltmeter was connected to the 0.5 m ruler and upper terminal of the
rheostat while the lower part of the rheostat was connected to the one-way key and the other free end
was connected to the negative terminal of the power supply. Wire with length of 0.5 m was tested with
1.20V, 1.4 V, 1.6V, 1.8V, 2.0V and 2.2V
The experiment repeated 2 times with constant voltage input of 4V, however the voltage of the circuit
in 1.0 m was different which was tested with 2.0V, 2.2V, 2.4V, 2.6V, 2.8V and 3.0V.
The process was repeated using a 1.0 m ruler. All the results were recorded in Table 1.2 and Table 1.3.

Figure 1.1
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

Voltage, V (V) Current, I (A)

Reading 1 Reading 2 Average Reading 1 Reading 2 Average

Reading Reading
(±0.29𝑉) (±0.16 𝐴)
1.20 1.19 1.20 0.64 0.64 0.64

1.40 1.39 1.40 0.74 0.74 0.74

1.60 1.58 1.59 0.82 0.82 0.82

1.80 1.79 1.80 0.93 0.93 0.93

2.00 1.99 2.00 1.06 1.06 1.06

2.20 2.19 2.20 1.17 1.17 1.17

Table 1.2

Voltage, V (V) Current, I (A)

Reading 1 Reading 2 Average Reading 1 Reading 2 Average
Reading Reading
(±0.44𝑉) (±0.09 𝐴)
2.0 1.19 1.19 0.55 0.55 0.55
2.2 2.19 2.19 0.61 0.61 0.61
2.4 2.38 2.40 0.67 0.67 0.67
2.6 2.57 2.56 0.74 0.74 0.74
2.8 2.79 2.80 0.79 0.79 0.79
3.0 2.90 2.95 0.85 0.85 0.85
Table 1.3

Table 1.5
Voltage, V (V) Current, I (A) Resistance, R (Ω)
1.20 0.64 1.88
1.40 0.74 1.89
1.59 0.82 1.94
1.80 0.93 1.94
2.00 1.06 1.87
2.20 1.17 1.88

Table 1.4

1.88 + 1.89 + 1.94 + 1.94 + 1.87 + 1.88

Ω=
6
Ω = 1.9

Voltage, V (V) Current, I (A) Resistance, R (Ω)

1.19 0.55 2.16
2.19 0.61 3.59
2.40 0.67 3.58
2.56 0.74 3.46
2.80 0.79 3.54
2.95 0.85 3.47
Table 1.5

2.16 + 3.59 + 3.58 + 3.46 + 3.54 + 3.47

Ω=
6
Ω = 3.30
Graph 1.1 I against V for 0.5 m5m
 CALCULATIONS

Gradient/Resistance Centroid

1.20 + 1.40 + 1.60 + 1.80 + 2.00 + 2.20

𝑥=
6
∆𝑦
𝑚= 𝑥 = 1.80
∆𝑥
1.15 − 0 0.64 + 0.74 + 0.82 + 0.93 + 1.06 + 1.17
𝑚= 𝑦=
2.20 − 0 6
𝑚 = 0.52Ω 𝑦 = 0.89
1
∆𝑚 = (𝑚 − 𝑚2 )
2 1
1
= ∆𝑚 ∆𝑦
𝑅 𝑚1 =
∆𝑥
1 1
=𝑅= = 1.91Ω 1.10 − 0.50
∆𝑚 0.52 𝑚1 =
2.00 − 1.10
𝑚1 = 0.67 Ω
Graph Precision
% 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ
𝑚2(1) − 𝑚1(1) ∆𝑦
= × 100% 𝑚2 =
𝑚2(1) + 𝑚1(1) ∆𝑥
0.32 − 0.67 0.95 − 0.60
= × 100% 𝑚2 =
0.32 + 0.67 1.90 − 0.80
= 35.35%
𝑚2 = 0.32Ω

1
∆𝑚 = (0.67 − 0.32)
2
∆𝑚 = 0.18 Ω
Graph 1.2 I against V for 1 m.0m
calculations

2.00 + 2.20 + 2.24 + 2.60 + 2.80 + 3.00

𝑥=
6
∆𝑦
𝑚=
∆𝑥 𝑥 = 2.47
0.85 − 0 0.55 + 0.61 + 0.67 + 0.74 + 0.79 + 0.85
𝑚= 𝑦=
2.95 − 0 6
𝑚 = 0.29Ω ± 0.25Ω 𝑦 =0.70
1
∆𝑚 = (𝑚 − 𝑚2 )
2 1
1
= ∆𝑚 ∆𝑦
𝑅 𝑚1 =
∆𝑥
1 1
=𝑅= = 3.47Ω ± 0.25Ω 0.90 − 0.30
∆𝑚 0.29 𝑚1 =
2.70 − 1.70
𝑚1 = 0.60 Ω

Graph Precision
∆𝑦
% 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑚2 =
∆𝑥
𝑚2(1) − 𝑚1(1)
= × 100% 0.70 − 0.60
𝑚2(1) + 𝑚1(1) 𝑚2 =
0.11 − 0.60 2.70 − 1.80
= × 100%
0.11 + 0.60 𝑚2 = 0.11Ω
= 69.01%

1
∆𝑚 = (0.60 − 0.11)
2
∆𝑚 = 0.25 Ω
 UNCERTAINTY FOR WIRE 50 CM

Voltage
∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑑𝑖
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒, 𝑑 =
𝑁
1.20 + 1.40 + 1.59 + 1.80 + 2.00 + 2.20
=
6
= 1.70
̅̅̅̅̅
|𝑑 ̅̅̅̅̅
− 𝑑1 | + |𝑑 ̅̅̅̅̅
− 𝑑2 | + |𝑑 ̅̅̅̅̅
− 𝑑3 | + |𝑑 ̅̅̅̅̅
− 𝑑4 | + |𝑑 ̅̅̅̅̅
− 𝑑5 | + |𝑑 − 𝑑6 |
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑑 =
𝑁
|1.70 − 1.20| + |1.70 − 1.40| + |1.70 − 1.59| + |1.70 − 1.80| + |1.70 − 2.00| + |1.70 − 2.20|
=
6
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑑 = 0.285 𝑉

𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑑 = 0.285𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑑 = 0.285 𝑉

Current
∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑑𝑖
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒, 𝑑 =
𝑁
0.64 + 0.74 + 0.82 + 0.93 + 1.06 + 1.17
=
6
= 0.89 𝐴

̅̅̅̅̅
|𝑑 ̅̅̅̅̅
− 𝑑1 | + |𝑑 ̅̅̅̅̅
− 𝑑2 | + |𝑑 ̅̅̅̅̅
− 𝑑3 | + |𝑑 ̅̅̅̅̅
− 𝑑4 | + |𝑑 ̅̅̅̅̅
− 𝑑5 | + |𝑑 − 𝑑6 |
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒, 𝑑 =
𝑁
|0.89 − 0.64| + |0.89 − 0.74| + |0.89 − 0.82| + |0.89 − 0.93| + |0.89 − 1.06| + |0.89 − 1.17|
=
6
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒, 𝑑 = 0.16 𝐴
 Uncertainty for 1m1.0m
UNCERTAINTY FOR WIRE 1 M

Voltage
∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑑𝑖
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒, 𝑑 =
𝑁
1.19 + 2.19 + 2.40 + 2.56 + 2.80 + 2.95
=
6
= 2.34 𝑉
̅̅̅̅̅
|𝑑 ̅̅̅̅̅
− 𝑑1 | + |𝑑 ̅̅̅̅̅
− 𝑑2 | + |𝑑 ̅̅̅̅̅
− 𝑑3 | + |𝑑 ̅̅̅̅̅
− 𝑑4 | + |𝑑 ̅̅̅̅̅
− 𝑑5 | + |𝑑 − 𝑑6 |
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑑 =
𝑁
|2.34 − 1.19| + |2.34 − 2.19| + |2.34 − 2.40| + |2.34 − 2.56| + |2.34 − 2.80| + |2.34 − 2.95|
=
6
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑑 = 0.44 𝑉

Current
∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑑𝑖
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒, 𝑑 =
𝑁
0.55 + 0.61 + 0.67 + 0.74 + 0.79 + 0.85
=
6
= 0.71 𝐴

̅̅̅̅̅
|𝑑 ̅̅̅̅̅
− 𝑑1 | + |𝑑 ̅̅̅̅̅
− 𝑑2 | + |𝑑 ̅̅̅̅̅
− 𝑑3 | + |𝑑 ̅̅̅̅̅
− 𝑑4 | + |𝑑 ̅̅̅̅̅
− 𝑑5 | + |𝑑 − 𝑑6 |
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒, 𝑑 =
𝑁
|0.71 − 0.55| + |0.71 − 0.61| + |0.71 − 0.67| + |0.71 − 0.74| + |0.71 − 0.79| + |0.71 − 0.85|
=
6
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒, 𝑑 = 0.09 𝐴
PERCENTAGE ERROR

𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100%
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑦𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

Percentage error for wire 0.5m Percentage error for wire 1.0m
Theoretical value of wire= 1.90Ω Theoretical value of wire= 3.30Ω

1.91 − 1.90 3.47 − 3.30

= × 100% = × 100%
1.90 3.30
= 0.53% = 5.15%
DISCUSSION
This experiment was conducted to determine the resistance, R of two conducting wires that each have
different lengths. In this Ohm’s Law experiment will be demonstrated using two digital multimeter
which is one of the multimeter is used to measure voltage and the other multimeter is used to measure
current. We also used a power supply to convert electric current from a source to the correct voltage,
current, and frequency to power the load for both experiments using different lengths of resistance wire
that were measured by a meter ruler. Next, rheostat is also used in this experiment to adjust and control
the amount of current flowing around it. The experiment was conducted by using different values of
voltage which were 1.20V, 1.4 V, 1.6V, 1.8V, 2.0V and 2.2V for 0.5m length of wire. Meanwhile for
1.0m length of wire was tested with 2.0V, 2.2V, 2.4V, 2.6V, 2.8V and 3.0V. From here, the values of
voltage and current were recorded. The results can be referred to Table 1.2 and Table 1.3.
Then, graph current, I (A) against voltage, V (V) was plotted using the results in Table 1.2 for 0.5 m
resistance wire and Table 1.3 for resistance wire with a length of 1.0 m. The gradient from the graph is
obtained using coordinates (0.00, 0.00) and (2.95, 0.85) for wire with the length of 0.5m while
coordinates (0.00, 0.00) and (1.15, 2.20) for the 0.5m of wire. To determine the value of the potential
difference and resistance of the wire. The linear relationship is observed in the graph that is made up
from Table 1.2 and the linear relationship is observed in the graph made up from Table 1.3. If the value
of current increases, the voltage values will also increase. This is because the current is directly
proportional to voltage. The value of the gradient for 1.0m of wire is 0.29Ω ± 0.25Ω while for the 0.5m
wire is 0.52Ω by using the basic mathematical formula of gradient.
𝑦2 −𝑦1
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑚 =
𝑥2 −𝑥1

From the value of the gradient, we can indicate the resistance by dividing one with the value of the
gradient. The value for resistance in the short circuit we obtained was 1.91Ω3.47Ω ± 0.25Ω while the
value for resistance in the long simple series circuit was 3.47Ω.1.91 Ω. Hence, this shows that the long
simple series circuit has a higher resistance compared to the short simple series circuit.

Lastly, the percentage of error of 0.5m length of wire was calculated using the theoretical value and the
actual value by subtracting 1.91Ω and 1.90Ω then divided with 1.90Ω then times with 100%. The error
was 0.53% from the theoretical value. Next, the percentage of error of 1.0m length of wire was
calculated by subtracting 3.47Ω and 3.30Ω then divided with 3.30Ω then times with 100%. The error
was 5.15%. We also calculated uncertainty by subtracting……. and …….of resisting wire. Thus, R
for an experiment using 1.0 m of resisting wire is 3.47 Ω while R for an experiment using 0.5 m of
resisting wire is 1.91 ΩWe also calculated uncertainty for 0.5m wire and we got 0.285V for voltage
while 0.18A for the current. Meanwhile, the uncertainty for 1.0m wire is 0.44V for the voltage and
0.16A for the current. Last, we determine the percent of precision of the graph for the first experiment
using 0.5 m of resisting wire is 35.35% and from the second experiment by using 1.0 m of resisting
wire is 69.01% by using the formula:
𝑚2(1) − 𝑚1(1)
% 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ = × 100%
𝑚2(1) + 𝑚1(1)

In this experiment, several factors cause the errors. The arrangement of voltmeter connection that is not
parallel. To overcome this error, we put the connected voltmeter in a parallel arrangement with the meter
ruler. Next, errors occur because the wires that are connected are not neat and tight. So, we made sure
that all the electrical connections were connected tightly. Lastly, the error that we obtained in this
experiment is the voltmeter and ammeter values are not in the proper range. So, to overcome this error,
we set up the input value in a proper range which is 2.0V, 4.0V, 6.0V, 8.0V, and 10.0V
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, this experiment is conducted to verify the Ohm’s Law and to find the resistance in wire
by using different lengths of wire which is 1.0m and 0.5m. Based on the results, it is shown that this
experiment obeys the Ohm’s Law. This is because the graph plotted is a linear current-voltage
relationship over a large range of applied voltages for both lengths of wires. In addition to that, the wire
used in this experiment is aluminium wire which is known to be ohmic materials. Moreover, it can be
concluded that the longer the length of wire, the higher the resistance in the wire. This is proven by
𝜌𝐿
referring to the formula 𝑅 = 𝐴 , which is the resistance is directly proportional to the length of wire.
This shows why the resistance for 0.1m wire is smaller than the resistance of the 0.2m.
REFERENCES

https://unacademy.com/content/upsc/study-material/physics/a-short-note-on-applications-of-ohms-
law/
Lab Manual Physics II

POST LAB
1. Suppose that the conducting wire in this experiment is replaced with a semiconductor wire.
Does the Ohm’s Law can be observed in this situation? Explain your answer.
When a semiconductor is replaced, the resistivity is higher than the conducting wire. It is
because the conductor has many electrons for transmission, whereas semiconductor has a very
little number of electrons for transmission.

2. If the conducting wire length doubled, by what factor does the new resistance increase? Explain
If the connecting wires length doubled, the new resistance also increases by the factor of 2. This
is due to the relationship between length of connecting wires are directly proportional to the
resistance. Therefore, as the length of connecting wires increases, the resistance will also
increase.

3. Besides the wire length, how does the cross-sectional area affect the resistance of the wire?
From the equation, we understand that resistance is directly proportional to the length of the
conductor and inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area of the conductor. Doubling the
length doubles the resistance. Wider wires have a greater cross-sectional area. In the same
manner, the wider the wire, the less resistance that there will be to the flow of electric charge.