Chemical Bonding Presentation

Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonds
 A bond is a force that holds groups of

two or more atoms together and
makes them function as a unit.
 Bond energy is the amount of energy

required to break a particular bond.
*determines the strength of a bond
Bonding Review
 What type of elements form ionic bonds?
 What type of elements form covalent

bonds?
 Where are these types of elements found

on the periodic table in relationship to
each other?
Chemical Bonding: An Overview
• Valence electrons play a fundamental role in

chemical bonding.
• When metals and nonmetals combine, valence
electrons usually are transferred from the metal to the
nonmetal atoms, giving rise to ionic bonds.
• In combinations involving only nonmetals, one or
more pairs of valence electrons are shared between
the bonded atoms, producing covalent bonds.
• In losing, gaining, or sharing electrons to form
chemical bonds, atoms tend to acquire the electron
configurations of noble gases.
Types of Chemical Bonds:
Ionic Bonding
 Ionic bonding occurs when there is an attraction
between oppositely charges ions. Electrons are
transferred to form oppositely charged ions.
 Ionic compounds result when an atom that loses

electrons relatively easily (a metal) reacts with an atom
that has a high affinity for electrons (a non-metal).
 Example: Sodium chloride, NaCl

Na+ & Cl- ions react to form solid
sodium chloride.
Covalent Bonding
Covalent Bond: A bond that results from the sharing of electrons between atoms.
Non-polar covalent bonding occurs between identical atoms, like H2, in which the
electrons are shared equally.
Polar Covalent Bonding
 Polar covalent bonding occurs when atoms are not different enough
to transfer electrons (ionic) but at the same time are not identical
and cannot share electrons equally (covalent); instead there is an
unequal sharing of electrons.
 Example: HF, which has an unequal charge distribution or a partial

charge. Electrons are more attracted to, or want to spend more
time with, fluorine than hydrogen. This is what we call bond
polarity.
 The partial charge is represented with a delta, δ, and a positive or

negative sign depending on where electrons are positioned.
Bond Polarity & Dipole Moments
 A dipole moment indicates the direction of
charge distribution between two atoms. Can be
represented by a center of positive charge and a
center of negative charge.
 The dipole character of a molecule is often

represented by an arrow, which points toward
the negative center and its tail indicated the
positive center.
 Any diatomic molecule that has a polar bond has

a dipole moment.
Bond Polarity
Ionic and covalent bonding are the extremes of types of bonding.
Ionic > Polar Covalent > Non-Polar Covalent
NaCl Cl2
HCl
Electronegativity
 Electronegativity is the relative ability of an atom in a molecule to attract shared electrons
to itself.
 Trend: Electronegativity increases across the period and decreases down the group.
 Fluorine is the most electronegative atom.

 Noble Gasses have NO electronegativity!
Electronegativity & Polarity
 The polarity of a bond depends on the difference between the
electronegativity values of the atoms forming the bond.
Difference of Zero Non-polar Covalent Bond

Intermediate Difference Polar Covalent Bond
(greater than 1.0 to 2.0)
Large Difference Ionic Bond
(greater than 2.0)
Lewis Symbols (Electron Dot Symbols)
• In a Lewis symbol, the chemical symbol for the element
represents the nucleus and core electrons of the atom.
• Dots around the symbol represent the valence electrons.
• In writing Lewis symbols, the first four dots are placed singly on
each of the four sides of the chemical symbol.
• Dots are paired as the next four are added.
• Lewis symbols are used primarily for those elements that
acquire noble-gas configurations when they form bonds.
Lewis Structures of Simple Molecules
• A Lewis structure is a combination of Lewis

symbols that represents the formation of
covalent bonds between atoms.
• Lewis structure shows the bonded atoms with
the electron configuration of a noble gas; that is,
the atoms obey the octet rule.
Lewis Structures
• The shared pairs of electrons in a molecule are called bonding pairs.
• In common practice, the bonding pair is represented by a dash (—).
• The other electron pairs, which are not shared, are called nonbonding
pairs, or lone pairs.
Each chlorine atom sees

an octet of electrons.
Multiple Covalent Bonds
• The covalent bond in which one pair of electrons is shared is
called a single bond.
• Multiple bonds can also form: In a double bond two pairs

of electrons are shared.
In a triple bond three pairs

of electrons are shared.
Note that each atom obeys the octet
rule, even with multiple bonds.
Writing Lewis Structures: A Method
1. Add together the number of “Happy” electrons.
(H/He = 2e- , B = 6e-, all other atoms = 8e-)
2. Add up the number of valence electrons.
3. (Step #1 – Step #2) / 2 = # of Bonds
4. Put the least electronegative atom in the middle (called the central atom) and
attach all other atoms as terminal atoms.
# bonds = # attachments  all single bonds
# bonds > # attachments  multiple bonds (double, triple)
# bonds < # attachments  EXCEPTION to the octet rule
(attach all attachments with single bonds)
5. Count electrons to make sure all atoms are “happy”.
(H/He = 2e- , B = 6e-, all other atoms = 8e-)
If short add the correct number of lone pairs to make each atom “Happy”
**If the compound is an exception to the octet rule, make attachments
happy and place extra valence electrons in pairs on the central atom –
may hold more than 8 electrons.

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Chemical Bonding

 A bond is a force that holds groups of

 Bond energy is the amount of energy

 What type of elements form covalent

 Where are these types of elements found

• Valence electrons play a fundamental role in

 Ionic compounds result when an atom that loses

 Example: Sodium chloride, NaCl

 Example: HF, which has an unequal charge distribution or a partial

 The partial charge is represented with a delta, δ, and a positive or

 The dipole character of a molecule is often

 Any diatomic molecule that has a polar bond has

Ionic > Polar Covalent > Non-Polar Covalent

 Fluorine is the most electronegative atom.

Difference of Zero Non-polar Covalent Bond

• A Lewis structure is a combination of Lewis

• In common practice, the bonding pair is represented by a dash (—).

Each chlorine atom sees

• Multiple bonds can also form: In a double bond two pairs

In a triple bond three pairs

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