4.

Tolerances
ISO system to limit allowances and fits

4.1.1. Terms

Figure 4.1

4.1.2. Defining the tolerance

The dimension of the tolerance zone is defined by the following forms:
T = qi
T = qI
3
i = 0,45√D + 0,001D D ≤ 500mm
I = 0,004D + 2,1 500 < 𝐷 ≤ 10000𝑚𝑚
where:
i, I: unit tolerance
D: geometric mean of the nominal dimension range
q: factor depending upon the IT grade
Fundamental tolerances for shafts:
 Figure 4.2
Fundamental tolerances for holes:

Figure 4.3
International tolerance grade (IT): there are 19 IT grades. The range is from IT01, IT0, IT1, … to
IT17, but only grades IT6 to IT11 are needed for the preferred fits. The values of q pertaining to some
of IT grades are compiled in Table 4.1.
Table 4.1
IT 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
grade
q 7 10 16 25 40 64 100 160 250 400 640 1000
The graphical presentation of the tolerance dimension depending on the q factor can be seen in Fig.
4.4.
Figure 4.4
Table 4.2 Tolerance values in microns

Tolerance grades
Diameter steps
in mm
01 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14* 15* 16*

To and inc 3 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.2 2 3 4 6 10 14 25 40 60 100 140 250 400 600

Over 3
0.4
To and inc 6 0.6 1 1.5 2.5 4 5 8 12 18 30 48 75 120 180 300 480 750

Over 6
To and inc 10 0.4 0.6 1 1.5 2.5 4 6 9 15 22 36 58 90 150 220 360 580 900

Over 10
To and inc 18 0.5 0.8 1.2 2 3 5 8 11 18 27 43 70 110 180 270 430 700 1100

Over 18
To and inc 30 0.6 1 1.5 2.5 4 6 9 13 21 33 52 84 130 210 330 520 840 1300

Over 30
To and inc 50 0.6 1 1.5 2.5 4 7 11 16 25 39 62 100 160 250 390 620 1000 1600

Over 50
To and inc 80 0.8 1.2 2 3 5 8 13 19 30 46 74 120 190 300 460 740 1200 1900

Over 80
To and inc 120 1 1.5 2.5 4 6 10 15 22 35 54 87 140 220 350 540 870 1400 2200
Table 4.3
Fundamental deviation in microns (1 micron = 0.001 mm)
Diameter Upper deviation (es) Lower deviation (ei)
steps js+
in mm a b c d e f g h j k
up
over All grades 5, 6 7 8 4 to 7 ≤3>7
to
— *3 – 270 – 140 – 60 – 20 – 14 –6 –2 0 –2 –4 –6 0 0

3 6 – 270 – 140 – 70 – 30 – 20 – 10 –4 0 –2 –4 — +1 0

6 10 – 280 – 150 – 80 – 40 – 25 – 13 –5 0 –2 –5 — +1 0

10 14
– 290 – 150 – 95 – 50 – 32 – 16 –6 0 –3 –6 — +1 0
14 18

18 24
– 300 – 160 – 110 – 65 – 40 – 20 –7 0 ±IT/2 –4 –8 — +2 0
24 30

30 40 – 310 – 170 – 120

– 80 – 50 – 25 –9 0 –5 – 10 — +2 0
40 50 – 320 – 180 – 130

50 65 – 340 – 190 – 140

– 100 – 60 – 30 – 10 0 –7 – 12 — +2 0
65 80 – 360 – 200 – 150

80 100 – 380 – 220 – 170

– 120 – 72 – 36 – 12 0 –9 – 15 — +3 0
100 120 – 410 – 240 – 180
Table 4.4
Fundamental deviation in microns (1 micron = 0.001 mm)

Diameter Lower deviations (ei)

steps in mm m n p r s t u v x y z za zb zc
up
over All grades
to
— 3 +2 +4 +6 + 10 + 14 — + 18 — + 20 — + 26 + 32 + 40 + 60

3 6 +4 +8 + 12 + 15 + 19 — + 23 — + 28 — + 35 + 42 + 50 + 80

6 10 +6 + 10 + 15 + 19 + 23 — + 28 — + 34 — + 42 + 52 + 67 + 97

10 14 — + 40 — + 50 + 64 + 90 + 130
+7 + 12 + 18 + 23 + 28 — + 33
14 18 + 39 + 45 — + 60 + 77 + 108 + 150

18 24 — + 41 + 47 + 54 + 63 + 73 + 98 + 136 + 188
+8 + 15 + 22 + 28 + 35
24 30 + 41 + 48 + 55 + 64 + 75 + 88 + 118 + 160 + 218

30 40 + 48 + 60 + 68 + 80 + 94 + 112 + 148 + 200 + 274

+9 + 17 + 26 + 34 + 43
40 50 + 54 + 70 + 81 + 97 + 114 + 136 + 180 + 242 + 325

50 65 + 41 + 53 + 66 + 87 + 102 + 122 + 144 + 172 + 226 + 300 + 405

+ 11 + 20 + 32
65 80 + 43 + 59 + 75 + 102 + 120 + 146 + 174 + 210 + 274 + 360 + 480

80 100 + 51 + 71 + 91 + 124 + 146 + 178 + 214 + 258 + 335 + 445 + 585

+ 13 + 23 + 37
100 120 + 54 + 79 + 104 + 144 + 172 + 210 + 254 + 310 + 400 + 525 + 690
Table 4.5
Fundamental deviation in microns (1 micron = 0.001 mm)
Lower deviations (EI) Upper deviations (ES)
Diameter Js
A* *B C D E F G H J K M N
steps in mm +
Up
Over All grades 6 7 8 ≤8 >8 ≤8‡ > 8 ≤8 > 8* ≤7
to
— 3* + 270 + 140 + 60 + 20 + 14 +6 +2 0 +2 +4 +6 0 0 –2 –2 –4 –4

3 6 + 270 + 140 + 70 + 30 + 20 + 10 +4 0 +5 +6 + 10 –1+δ — –4+δ – 4+ δ –8+δ 0

6 10 + 280 + 150 + 80 + 40 + 25 + 13 +5 0 +5 +8 + 12 –1+δ — –6+δ –6+δ – 10 + δ 0

10 14
– 1+ δ — –7+δ –7 – 12 + δ

Same dev. as for grades > 7+δ

+ 290 + 150 + 95 + 50 + 32 + 16 +6 0 +6 + 10 + 15 0
14 18

18 24
+ 300 + 160 + 110 + 65 + 40 + 20 +7 0 +8 + 12 + 20 –2+δ — –8+δ –8 – 15 + δ 0

± IT/2
24 30

30 40 + 310 + 170 + 120

+ 80 + 50 + 25 +9 0 + 10 + 14 + 24 –2+δ — –9+δ –9 – 17 + δ 0
40 50 + 320 + 180 + 130

50 65 + 340 + 190 + 140

+ 100 + 60 + 30 + 10 0 + 13 + 18 + 28 –2+δ — – 11+ δ – 11 – 20 + δ 0
65 80 + 360 + 200 + 150

80 100 + 380 + 220 + 170

–3+δ
+ 120 + 72 + 36 + 12 0 + 16 + 22 + 34 — – 13 + δ – 13 – 23 + δ 0
100 120 + 410 + 240 + 180
Table 4.6
Fundamental deviation in microns (1 micron = 0.001 mm)
Diameter Upper deviations (ES)
steps
P R S T U V X Y Z ZA ZB ZC δ in microns*
in mm
Up
Over > 7 3 4 5 6 7 8
to
— 3 –6 – 10 – 14 — – 18 — – 20 — – 26 – 32 – 40 – 60 δ= 0

3 6 – 12 – 15 – 19 — – 23 — – 28 — – 35 – 42 – 50 – 80 1 1.5 1 3 4 6

6 10 – 15 – 19 – 23 — – 28 — – 34 — – 42 – 52 – 67 – 97 1 1.5 2 3 6 7

10 14 — – 40 — – 50 – 64 – 90 – 130
– 18 – 23 – 28 — – 33 1 2 3 3 7 9
14 18 – 39 – 45 — – 60 – 77 – 109 – 150

18 24 — – 41 – 47 – 54 – 63 – 73 – 93 – 136 – 188
– 22 – 28 – 35 1.5 2 3 4 8 12
24 30 – 41 – 48 – 55 – 64 – 75 – 88 – 118 – 160 – 218

30 40 – 48 – 60 – 68 – 80 – 94 – 112 – 148 – 200 – 274

– 26 – 34 – 43 1.5 3 4 5 9 14
40 50 – 54 – 70 – 81 – 97 – 114 – 136 – 180 – 242 – 325

50 65 – 41 – 53 – 65 – 87 – 102 – 122 – 144 – 172 – 226 – 300 – 405

– 32 2 3 5 6 11 16
6**5 80 – 43 – 59 – 75 – 102 – 120 – 146 – 174 – 210 – 274 – 360 – 480

80 100 – 51 – 71 – 91 – 124 – 146 – 178 – 214 – 258 – 335 – 445 – 585

– 37 2 4 5 7 13 19
100 120 – 54 – 79 – 104 – 144 – 172 – 210 – 254 – 310 – 400 – 525 – 690
4.1.3. Free dimensional tolerances
If dimensions are stated without a tolerance, Free Dimensional Tolerances come
into consideration.
Methods of prescribing the Free Dimensional Tolerances are as follows:
1. by IT grades, from IT12 to IT17
2. by degrees of accuracy:
t1: fine, approximately: IT12
t2: medium IT14
t3: coarse IT16
t4: very coarse IT17
The standard defines 4 alternatives compiled in Table 4.7.
Table 4.7
shaft dimension hole dimension neither shaft, nor hole
alternative circular else circular else
1 - IT + IT ± t/2
2 -t +t ± t/2
3 ± t/2
4 - IT ± t/2 + IT ± t/2 ± t/2

- IT single-sided tolerance, corresponds to the “h”, according to the IT grade

+ IT single-sided tolerance, corresponds to the “H”, according to the IT grade
- t single-sided tolerance, defined in negative direction, according to the
degree of accuracy
+t single-sided tolerance, defined in positive direction, according to the
degree of accuracy
±t symmetrical tolerance, according to the degree of accuracy

Specifying the Free Dimension Tolerances in the drawing:

e.g.: 1 – 14 MSZ 302
where: 1 alternative
14 IT grade, or degree of accuracy (t3)
If there is no order in the drawing relating to the Free Dimension Tolerances then
the alternative 3 and the medium degree of accuracy comes into consideration as
defined in the standard.
4.1.4. Fits

Figure 4.5

H8/f7: fit; H8: hole tolerance; f7: shaft tolerance

H8: H: basic deviation; 8: IT grade

Figure 4.6
4.1.4.1. Basic hole system

4.1.4.2. Basic shaft system

Figure 4.7

Figure 4.8

Figure 4.9
 Figure 4.10
Resultant tolerance of the fit: sum of the tolerances of parts fitted as presented in
Fig. 4.11.
Ti=TH+TS

The resultant tolerance of fit

may be calculated on the basis
of Fig. 4.8 and Fig. 4.9:

Ti=BC - SC
Ti=BI - SI
Ti=BC + BI

Figure 4.11

4.1.4.3. Application fields of selected fits

4.1.4.4. Preferred fits

4.1.5. Assembly based on the selection of the parts

4.1.6. Presentation of tolerances and fits

Figure 4.12 Figure 4.13

Figure 4.14 Figure 4.15

Figure 4.16 Figure 4.17

Figure 4.18 Figure 4.19

 Figure 4.20 Figure 4.21

4.2. Form tolerance, position tolerance

Table 4.9
Type of Characteristic Symbol
Tolerance
Straightness
Flatness
For individual Form Roundness
features (circularity)
Cylindricity
Profile of a line
For individual Profile
or related features Profile of a surface
Angularity
Orientation Perpendicularity
Parallelism
For related features Symmetry
Position
Location Concentricity
Symmetry
Circular Runout
Runout Total Runout

4.2.1. Defining form and position tolerance

4.2.1.1. Representing form tolerances
 Figure 4.22 Figure 4.23

Figure 4.24 Figure 4.25

Figure 4.26 Figure 4.27

Figure 4.28 Figure 4.29

4.2.1.2. Presenting position tolerances

 Figure 4.30 Figure 4.31

Figure 4.32

Figure 4.33 Figure 4.34

Figure 4.35
 Figure 4.36 Figure 4.37

Figure 4.38 Figure 4.39

Figure 4.40 Figure 4.41

Figure 4.42
Figure 4.43 Figure 4.44
5. Surface roughness

Figure 5.1

Figure 5.2
 Table 5.1 The required average surface roughness
Diameter
steps ISO Tolerance grades
in mm
Up
Over IT1 IT2 IT3 IT4 IT5 IT6 IT7 IT8 IT9 IT10 IT11 IT12 IT13 IT14 IT15 IT16
to
- 3 6.3
0.20 0.40 0.80 1.60 3.2
3 6 12.5
0.20 0.80 1.60 3.2 6.3
6 10 0.005 0.01 0.40
10 18 0.20 12.5
3.2
18 30 0.40 0.80 1.60 6.3
30 50 25
0.10
50 80 0.40 3.2 12.5
0.20 1.60 6.3
80 120 0.80
120 180 0.20
25
180 250 0.40 6.3
0.80 1.60 3.2 12.5
250 315 50
0.40 0.80 6.3 25
315 400 0.40 1.60 3.2 12.5
400 500 0.80 50
Table 5.2

5.1. Surface roughness symbols

Figure 5.3
Table 5.3

Figure 5.4 Figure 5.5

The meaning of different surface texture symbols are compiled in Table 5.4.
Table 5.4
Symbol Meaning

Basic Surface Texture Symbol. The surface may be produced by

any method.

Material Removal by Machining is required.

Material Removal Allowance. The number indicates the amount of

stock to be removed by machining in millimeters.
Material Removal Prohibited. The surface must be produced by
processes such as casting, forging, hot finishing, cold finishing, die
casting, powder metallurgy or injection molding without
subsequent removal of material.
Surface Texture Symbol. To be used when any surface
characteristic are specified above the horizontal line or to the line
of the symbol. Surface may be produced by any method except
when the bar or circle is specified.

5.2. Prescribing surface roughness in drawings

Figure 5.6 Figure 5.7

 Figure 5.8

Figure 5.9

Figure 5.10

Figure 5.11 Figure 5.12 Figure 5.13

 Figure 5.14 Figure 5.15

Figure 5.16 Figure 5.17 Figure 5.18

Figure 5.19