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Metric Spaces Questions

Metric space bsc 6th sem

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Ashwani Garg
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97 views9 pages

Metric Spaces Questions

Metric space bsc 6th sem

Uploaded by

Ashwani Garg
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Metric Spaces 1. Definition of Distance and Metric Space ferut 2002, 03, 04, 06, 09, 11, 13, 14; Gorakhpur, 2013) (Mes n 1: Let X beanon-emply set. A mapping dof X x X into (theset ofreals) such tric (or distance function) iff d satisfies the (Defnitio thot dX xX — Ris said to be a me following axioms : fm I] :d(x, y)2 OV x, ye X. [m 2}: d(x, y) = Oiffx =. [m 3} :dlx, y) = dly, x)V x, ye X. [m 4] :d(x, y)< d(x, z) + d(z, y)V x,y. 2€ Xo? pair (X, d)is calleda metric space and dix, y) (Symmetry) (Triangle inequality) is called the Itdisa metric for X, then order distance between x and y.) Note : 1. Sometimes metric space (x, d) is denoted by (X). 2 dix, y) acomplex, which are made into metric spaces in a natuy t! sequences considered it es in the following examples are Sequences of comp, 1 B28. Some Importa int Inequalities Da aie (te (18 JOM ea, Neh ts gg 89. i HP am to a cw) +) = 0 + ie + Bw KD oe Prot | wl? = to + ie + ia) = oF * ‘ he ee a fat 9 rte (ny + Jol pal? 4 2h ofl? apaf? + 2h alto et fat bah = Ltt “Just the, halon at af + 2)etlwl +10? ean Nore = (jal+ lw)? ~~ Je +wlslal+lwh | alization of this inequality, we have Asa gene a reeubeas|slaiiraatt ole (eCf1, 2,00) cece) a2 Beebe i tate nonsunend 2007, 10, 13) is, "Pesta proof : Let fl) = t0.+ 7, for > — 1. Then to abstr} r=a+9? tance of | So that f increases. Hence from [A], we have re" Of the| fllz + w))S f(z] +|w]), thatis jz+ul , _tel+|ul_ | T+]z+u) 1+l2l +l) pies) saa (wll 2 el | “Tslatlwl 1+l2l+twl 1+ | ments 1 121,20, b20.Then he norm! ae (Meerut 2013) Ppa | ce, | P qa | with equality tand only if a? = b? a wea Proof: Letf()=1-2 +21~ f where’ = and t2 0. Thenitiseasyto evriythat fé)< 0 | We for 0 O for t> 1. Hence f()> f(l)= 0 with equality if and only if t= 1. | Thus, we have ersets eae ty 20) 1 i atural thatis, Bs(l-A)+ at oath) nplet | oe maunenals Os It 0, we put t= a? b~7 in (1) and we get (aPb-4)" < ( s 4) shop [2 = 1 p) p B Use relaton + 1 =1andsimplisng, we get pi ee SS poe converges ve E 6, ee ae bo. 8n<£ and dit) Som 2 Ht. ta) = § for alm 2m, af therane aE Jaleo, 10)~ dis. af =lAl0 0) ~ dsp. fo) + ence in x, 2) side a cre, eee SN Zlib) de hdr et mo S dlso. 89) + dlp.) is Accum 5 = 9 iy oy 272 wan Post RNP yee seavence< dem o> converges oso to) 2) uch that converge jumbers 0, there te nettle Sb wpe (101 Dox, Take m = maxiem. mg) 4. Cauchy Sequences #(X, d) be ametie space and lets =< s, >beasequence in X The fence in X Then sisad pefinition = ea auchy SequenceinXifforeverye> O.theteexitsapos 5 dats apositve integer n(esuchthat m,n2nle)=> dsm s9)beacorvergent sequence in amettic space(X, dandletsobe think ofa Then for every €> 0, there exits a postive integer me) such that n2nle) => dls. 5,)< 22 m2nle)=> dlsp, 5,)< #2 dsp, Sp) > Also, Sm) m2n(e) andn2nfe) then Hence if Also, 5p_)< 22 and dlso, s,) where sp= Un isa the point 0 to which wants to converge is as shown below. / ¢. lfm, nare any integers greater ‘than 1 The convers X =J0, I] with the usual metric d(x, v) sequence in X which is not convergent since nota point of X. But s is a Cauchy sequence Foragiven e > 0, we choose an integer n(é) > 2 ne), then n>2le and m>2/eie. Yn converge 10 fo, $0 that pe anal nea Spy fo) S Als) + Aly lem ls fo) ina fo) + ir dt But Ads AS 5 tS slim * =0. a oO It follows from (1), (2) and (3) that fe “im dlsy to) 80+ 0=0 iin dls, fo)= 0 12510 to. Similarly, ifs, to then ty —> to ‘his implies that Hence < 89> aso converd s Examples 5. Complete Metric Space and space (X, dis said to be complete if every cauchy sequence in X Definition reo a vont in X ‘Then metric space which [Bigmpla 2: The realline ea complete metric space. re ct oe covey seasons real ine R forgiven e> msuch that is not complete is said to be incomplete. (03a positive integer [5p Sml is bounded sequence of eal numbers. Then pS 5n4¥ Let x= lim inf< 5,> Lety-x= therefore, there exist a lim sup < Xn? then s> 0 Suppose if possible, x # ¥ positive integer N st. Since < x,> is cauchy sequence, Since x is the unit inferior of therefore s xX<5) is a Cauchy sequence. For, let m,n be any postive integers such that claim that 0M>0 such g.) M2 Nother Proof : Since M and — aoa Ste.) M, Stee] N peter ifr = min (ry, r2) then rc Six.n)oM Six, rhe She, VE Ee = SkreMON Ske, C Sx, 19) N From (1) a = Mo Nisanbdofx. No Me Nex) It follows | ; Th Example 25 : Consider the usual metric d\x, »)=|x ~ y\forR and find whether ornotte) ‘following subsets of R are nhds of 1. number o (10.21; (i 0,2} (i (1, 2; i (i) 1,2}; (o) 1,23; (v) 0, 2; (i) (0, 2) — 1 i (vil) (0, 2) 5 (vii) | iSalsoan Solution : (i) Yes, since J0, 2 is also at : ; 21s an open set containing 1. Here (0, Qis an hd of a (i) Yes, since 0, 2[is an open set such tha : opennhdoll| Solutio : that Now = Also => the Set But Gis open, being the union of a collection of open sets. Its follows that A is open. Remark. Theorem similar to theorers|,IlIlcan be proved forneighbourhoods of apotnt x inition og instead of the neighbourhoods ofthe et A. Thus the theorem correspondingto theorem can Point of be stated and proved as follows Let(X, d)bea metric space and let x € X.I{N, i=1, 2... karefinite number ofnhds of, then 0 (N;:i=1, 2,..., k} is also a nhd of x. ay proof. Since Nii = 1, 2... klisanhdofx,thereexistopensetsG; (i= 1,2,..., K)suchthat KEG) CN I=L 20k This implies that KE ALG =D, Zeek} COAN THI Zone RY (2) But 9 {G; :i= 1, 2,..., k} is an open set, being the intersection of a finite number of open sets. It follows that > {N;:i=1,2, k} is also nhd of x. veh f= 8. Accumulation Points : Adherent Points ) (1) 8.1 Accumulation Point or Limit Point st Abe asubset of X.Apointx € Xis called an accumulation. an yen, EA (Guixe ay ut Ae ail show that G= ALI ee A, then by definition ME tGxe Al of Ge, xaG, ond 0 AcG ay goin fre G,then ye G, for some x A.But G, < A, and hence yA Gea @ (2), we have From (1) and A=G Let(X, d)be a metric space andlet for a limit point) if every neighbourhood of x contains a point ‘of A distinct from x point ( 8.2 Derived Set of a Set The set of all limits point of A is tion point of A iff every neighbourhood of x intersects called the derived set of A and shall be denoted by D(A) Ainapoint Thus x will be an accumulat different from x. Observe that x will nt be an accumuiation point of A if th ere exists a neighbourhood N of x such that NoA=2 Na A={xh. \densation of A if every neighbourhood of x every point of condensation is alimit point Aneed not be a point of A or A point x € X is said to be a point of con contains uncountably many points of A. Note that but not conversely. Also note that a limit point of open anes 5 charac canver orem 1: point ot Ai A proof Let ‘pen sphere sel catied an adherent * point of A (not Poin et Aot Xif fasubset ie A read to be perfect, Sy n isolated pe int or a tis ener conver infinitely ™ only a finite ct fro} distinc since the | sphere Sb thisisa c+ of A. mit point and itis O- 8.6 Anc Apoint has exactly two limi orig it pogy]_ Theore' adherer Proof : anithey are +1 and 1 iv) The open inten 1,2 has infinite number of limit points. Each point of of t the clos interval (1, 2}sits limit point. nell sae every point of which is ifs limit p cin To sho Beads Diz, 5))=2, 5} 28:4! st 6) a. il) A’cA (i) A=A’ (v) AcA’ + | If follo Conv point. definiti Now

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