Finolex Academy of Management & Technology,

Ratnagiri.

A project report on

“Square Wave Generator using IC 741”

Submitted By
Desai Sanchit Subhash (Seat no 360037)

Godse Prateek Yashodhan (Seat no 360040)

Joshi Avadhoot Kiran (Seat no 360041)

Nimkar Ruturaj Prabhakar (Seat no 360054)

February 2022
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 FINOLEX ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT AND
TECHNOLOGY, RATNAGIRI

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the report on

“Square Wave Generator using IC 741”

in partial fulfilment of the requirements of

“Mini Project – 1A: EDC Project”

DEPARTMENT OF EXTC ENGINEERING

University of Mumbai

2021-2022

(Prof.N.A.Marathe) (Dr. Sharada V Chougule) (Dr. Kaushal Prasad)

PROJECT GUIDE HOD E&TC PRINCIPAL

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 PREFACE
The project report on ‘Square Wave Generator using IC 741’ is prepared and
submitted in partial fulfilment of term work in the subject ‘Electronic Devices
and Circuits’ Semester III, Bachelor of Engineering, University of Mumbai.

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 Abstract

Op-amp 741 IC is one of the most popular and versatile operation amplifiers and can
be used in lot of application including, comparator, wave generator amplifier etc.
Today, we came up with another application of 741 IC i.E. Square wave generator
using IC 741.

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1.5 Table of Content:
Chapter no Table of contents Page no

1 Introduction 7
1.1 literature survey 8
1.2 objectives 9
1.3 scope & limitations 9
2 Hardware design and description. 10

2.1 Hardware required 10

2.2 Op-Amp 741 10-11
2.3 Resistor 12
2.4 Electrolytic Capacitor 13

3 Software description 14

3.1 Software Requirement 14

3.2 About Some Software Information 14
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3.3 Simulation Software
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3.4 Result of Simulation
4 Design 16

4.1 Block diagram 16

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4.2 Circuit diagram
18
4.3 Working
18
4.4 Advantages
18
4.5 Application

5 Conclusion and Future Scope 19

6 Bibliography 20

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1.6 list of Illustration
List of Illustrations
Tables
Figures
1 Figure - 2.2.1 Op-Amp 741 10

2 Figure - 2.2.2 Pin Configuration of 11

Op-Amp 741
3 Figure - 2.3.1 Resistor 10K 12
4 Figure – 2.3.2 Resistor 12K 12

5 Figure - 2.4.1 Electrolytic Capacitor 13

6 Figure - 3.2.1 Proteus Simulation 15

Software
7 Figure – 3.3.1 Simulation Using 15
Proteus Software
8 Figure – 4.1.1 Square Wave 16
Generator using Op-
Amp741 Block
Diagram
10 Figure – 4.2.1 Square Wave Generator 17
using Op-Amp741Circuit
Diagram

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 CHAPTER 1:
Introduction
1.1 Introduction

Op-amp 741 IC is one of the most popular and versatile operation amplifiers and can be
used in lot of application including, comparator, wave generator amplifier etc.
A square wave generator is an electronic circuit, which generates a square wave. The
operational amplifier based square waveform generator is a simple circuit that is widely
used in function generators. The circuit for square wave generator is designed using 741
op amp.
The square wave generator is defined as an oscillator that gives the output without any
input, without any input in the sense we should give input within zero seconds that means
it must be an impulse input. This generator is used in digital signal processing and
electronic applications. The square wave generator is also known as astable
multivibrator or free-running and the frequency of the square wave generator is
independent of the output voltage

1.2 Literature Survey

A square wave generator is an electronic circuit, which generates a square wave. The operational
amplifier based square waveform generator is a simple circuit that is widely used in function generators.
The circuit for square wave generator is designed using 741 op amp.

1.3 Objectives

The project is designed to develop a circuit to Generate a Square Waveform. The Op-Amp IC 741 is
used here. Square wave generator are generally used in electronics and in signal processing.

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1.4 Objectives

The project is designed to develop a circuit to Generate a Square Waveform. The Op-Amp IC 741 is
used here. Square wave generator are generally used in electronics and in signal processing.

1.5 4 Scope & Limitation

Because the only one Op-Amp is used we can only produce Square waveform.

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 CHAPTER2:
Hardware Design and Description
This chapter describes the hardware that is being used in the project.

2.1 Hardware Requirements

I. Op-Amp 741
II. Resistor
III. Capacitor

2.2 Op-Amp 741

Fig 2.2.1 Op-Amp 741.

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LM741 is an operational amplifier IC packed with many features. The IC is available in many

different packages. The number of transistors used in the internal circuitry of the IC is 20. The IC

can be used in a wide range of analog projects.

Its feature like high gain, low current consumption, and wide supply voltage makes it ideal to use

in battery-operated circuits. Moreover, the IC is also overload protected from both sides i.e. input

and output, this feature saves the internal circuitry of the IC from damage by overload.

Fig 2.2.2 Pin configuration of Op-Amp 741.

It is a 8-pin dual-in-line package with a pinout shown above.

Pin 1: Offset null.

Pin 2: Inverting input terminal.

Pin 3: Non-inverting input terminal.

Pin 4: –VCC (negative voltage supply).

Pin 5: Offset null.

Pin 6: Output voltage.

Pin 7: +VCC (positive voltage supply).

Pin 8: No Connection.
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2.3 Resistor

A resistor works by restricting the flow of current. Resistors are considered to be

the most used and the most important component of all the electronic circuits. If
resistors are introduced, the amount of voltage and current can be controlled.

Fig 2.3.1 Resistor 10 K.

Fig 2.3.2 Resistor 12 K

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 2.4 Electrolytic Capacitor

An electrolytic capacitor definition is, it is a polarized capacitor whose anode has a higher or
more positive voltage than the cathode. As the name suggests it is a polarized capacitor and an
electrolytic capacitor function is, it uses an electrolyte to operate with a higher or more positive
voltage on the anode than the cathode. Therefore, the anode terminal is denoted with a positive sign,
while the cathode with a negative sign.

Fig 2.4.1 Electrolytic Capacitor

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 CHAPTER 3:
Software Description
This chapter describes the software that is being used in the project.

3.1 Software Requirements

• Proteus Software

3.2 About some Software Information

Application Framework – A single application integrated with ISIS, ARES and 3D

Viewer is displayed in a tabbed module. Switch between tabs on a single monitor. Or
drag and drop tags to display them in a separate window.

Common Parts Database – a unified database of all parts and items in the current project.
Allows to automatically update data between Proteus modules (eg schematic and PCB).

Real-time Netlist – Real-time network performance can be maintained and accessed

throughout the system. Enables real-time schematic edits with Reflective PCB Designer,
BOM and Explorer.

3D viewer now compatible with DirectX (and OpenGL), and can run in multiple threads.
ARES changes, including the real-time update mechanism, will be reflected in the 3D
viewer.

BOM – New BOM module with PDF, HTML and Excel output. The new editor property
grid allows you to easily add data to reports.

IDE integrated into VSM Studio for simulation and debugging of Proteus VSM.
Automatically configure the compiler and debug the target firmware.

The limitation is that it does not allow you to save, print, or design your own
microcontroller-based model (however, you can write your own software to run it to
follow existing design examples for it. ‘Evaluation.), but it includes everything. The
functions provided by the professional system include netlist-based PCB design and auto
placement, auto routing and graphics simulation-based functions.

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 Fig 3.2.1. Screenshot of Proteus Simulation software.

3.3 Proteus simulation Result

Fig3.3.1. Screenshot of simulation using Proteus.

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 CHAPTER 4:
Design

4.1 Block Diagram

Op-Amp 741 Output

Input
Square Wave

Fig 4.1.1 Square Wave Generator using Op-Amp 741 Block Diagram

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 4.2 Circuit Diagram

Fig 4.2.1 Square Wave Generator using Op-Amp 741 Circuit Diagram

4.3 Working

Let us assume the voltage at inverting terminal be V2 that equals to the voltage across the

capacitor. Also, let us assume voltage at non-inverting terminal be V1. The voltage difference

between non-inverting and inverting terminal is referred to as differential input voltage and is given

by Vin.

At initial state when the capacitor is fully discharged, the voltage at inverting pin will be zero, i.e.

V2 = 0V

Therefore, input differential voltage (Vin) = V1-V2 = V1-0 = V1

When Vin is positive the output is also positive, at this instance, the capacitor starts to charge

through resistor R2 towards positive saturation voltage until V1 = V2.

When the voltage at the capacitor increases slightly more than the differential voltage V1.
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Negative Vin = V1-V2 (V2>V1)

Then the output will be switched from positive saturation voltage to negative saturation voltage. In

this instance, the capacitor starts to discharge through resistor R2 because V2 becomes greater than

Vout. Again, after reaching V2 slightly less than V1 the output will again switch to positive

saturation voltage. This process repeats again and again as a result square wave is generated.

4.4 Advantages

1. Simple to operate
2. Easy To Maintain

3. Low cost

4.5 Applications

1. The Circuit Is Used To Generate Square Waveform.

2. Square Wave Generator Are Generally Used In Electronics And In Signal Processing.

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 CHAPTER – 5
Conclusion and Future scope

5.1 Conclusion

We successfully implemented and simulated the square wave generator circuit with op-amp

741 & obtained the result as a square wave.

If we force that output to switch between the positive saturation voltage as well as negative

saturation voltage then we can achieve the square wave as a output from the circuit.

This generator is used in digital signal processing and electronic applications.

5.2 Future Scope

For future developments it can be enhanced by developing this system to produce

Triangular waveform, Sawtooth waveform, Sinusoidal waveform by increasing the

number of Op-Amps.

After that we will use it as a Function Generator.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. https://bestengineeringprojects.com/square-wave-generator-using-

741-ic/

2. https://www.elprocus.com

3. https://how2electronics.com

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