Unit RECOGNITION AND DENTIFICATION

OF GASES
1

EXPERIMENT NO. - 1
Experiment
Aim of the methods.
Io identify a given gas by different
action of other chemicals may decompose, sublime,
Agiven chemical substance on heating or by the specific
The gas evolved can be recognised and identified by
undergo a change in state or may evolve a gas. with other chemicals.
properties, such as colour, odour and reaction
gases.
The table below is an observation table the quick identification of
OBSERVATION TABLE FOR IDENTIFICATION OF GASES

S. No. Observations Inference

Examining colour of the gas The gas may be:
1.

(i) The colour of gas is deep reddish brown (i) Nitrogen dioxide gas (NO,)
when hot and pale brown when cold
(i)A greenish yellow gas (i) Chlorine (Cl,)
(iüi) Colourless gas (ii) (a) Hydrogen (H)
(b) Oxygen (0)
(c) Ammonia (NH,)
(d) Hydrogen chloride (HCI)
(e) Sulphur dioxide (SO,)
() Carbon dioxide (CO,)
(g) Water vapour (H,0)
The gas may be :
Examining odour of the gas
The odour of gas evolved is found by
Wafting the gas with the hand towards nose.
The gas evolved has :
) Choking odour which causes pungent Hydrogen chloride gas (HCI)
tMSation in nasal cavity
) The as is of yreenish yellow colour and Chlorine gas (C1)
JPungnt odour
SE
Chenistry Lab Manual 1X
 (111) The gas is reddish brown and has Nitrogen dioxide gas (NO)
pungent and irritating odour.
(iv) The gas has rotten eggs like smell - Hydrogen sulphide gas (HS)
(v) The gas has a suffocating smell like Sulphur dioxide gas (S0)
burning sulphur and causes coughing.
(vi) The gas has a sharp smell which brings Ammonia gas (NH)
tears in eyes.
(vii) The gas has no odour. Oxygen gas (0), hydrogen gas (H),
water vapour (H,0) or carbon dioxide (CO)
3. Effect of introducing lighted wooden splint The gas may be :
into the gas
) The lighted wooden splint is extinguished () (a) Carbon dioxide
(b) Ammonia
(c) Sulphur dioxide
(d) Nitrogen dioxide
(e) Chlorine
() Hydrogen sulphide
(g) Hydrogen chloride
(ii) The lighted wooden splint burns more (h) Water vapour
brightly. (ii) Oxygen gas
(ii) The lighted wooden splint goes off, (ii) Hydrogen gas
but the gas burns with a 'pop' sound.
4 Action with moist litmus paper The gas may be:
(i) No change in moist blue/red (i) (a) Water vapour (H,0)
litmus paper. (b) Hydrogen (H)
(c) Oxygen (O,)
(ii) The moist red litmus paper changes (ii) Ammonia (NH,)
to blue colour.
(ii) The moist blue litmus paper changes (iii) (a) Carbon dioxide (CO,)
to red colour. (b) Hydrogen sulphide (H,S)
(c) Hydrogen chloride (HCI)
(d) Nitrogen dioxide (NO)
(iv) The moist blue litmus paper change (iv) (a) Chlorine (C,)
to red colour and then gets bleached. (b) Sulphur dioxide (S0,)

OBSERVATION TABLE FOR DETECTION OF GASES

Apparatus required :
"A rack of 6clean test tubes A test tube holder " Bunsen burner e Wooden splints or match stiks
"A glass tube bent twice at right angles and provided with cork on its smaller limb e Adropper
match box Red and blue litmus paper strips Plane filter paper, cut in strips.
Chemicals required :
" Zinc or magnesium metal in small pieces " Potassiumchlorate
"Dilute sulphuric acid, "Marble chips,
. Common salt (dry) Sodium sulphite
Iron sulphide " Dry calium hydroxide
" Dry ammonium chloride " Dilute hydrohloric acid
. ead nitrate "Bleaching powder
2 ICSEC'hemistry Lab Mamual-l\
 eluhaler
AmOMa solution
" Aciditied potassium dichromate solution
" Lead acetate solution
repared terrous sulphate solution " Potassium iodide solution
sarhsolution " Potassium permanganate solution
"DIstilled water " Concentrated sulphuric acid
PREPAR4TION AND ONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR GASES

Preparation of Gas Test and Observations

s No.
1.
Hydrogen gas (H) (a) Note the colour and odour of gas.
la2test tube place two small pieces of zinc or The gas is colourless and odourless.
magnesium metal. With the help of a dropper (b) Moisten the blue and red litmus strips with
pour 2 cc of dilute sulphuric acid, taking care distilled water and introduce them in the test
that no drop of the acid falls on the sides of test tube.
buhe. Cover the mouth of test tube, with vour There is no change in the colour of litmus
thumb, till you feel the pressure of gas. Perform papers.
(c) Light a wooden splint and take it near the
the tests shown in right hand column.
mouth of test tube.
|Zn dil H,sO, ZnSO, + H, (g) The splint goes off, and the gas burns with
Mg + dil HSO, MgS0, + H, (g) a pale blue flame wvith apop sound.
Oxygen gas (0,) (a) Note the colour and odour of gas.
In a clean and dry test tube place about 1 g of Thegas is colourless and odourless.
potassium chlorate. Hold the test tube in atest (b) Moisten the blue and red litmus strips with
tube holder. Heat the test tube from below on a distilled water and introduce them in the test
Bunsen flame, till the potassium chlorate mnelts. tube.
|At this moment perform the tests shown in right There is n0 change in the colour of litmis
hand column. papers.
heat
|2 KCIO, ’ 2KCl + 30, (g) (c) Light a wooden splint. When a part of
Note : The gas can be prepared by heating it burns, put off its flame. Introduce this
|Strongly potassium nitrate or sodium nitrate. glowing splint in the test tube.
heat The splint burst into flane, but the gas does
2KNO, heat
2KNO, + 0, (g) not catch fire.
|2NaNO, 2NaNO, + 0, (g)
3
Carbon dioxide gas (CO) (a) Note the colour and odour of gas.
|In a clean and dry test tube place about 1g of The gas is colourless and odourless.
marble chips. With the help of a clean dropper (b) Moisten the blue litmus strips with distilled
Pour about 2 cc of dilute hydrochloric acid, water and introduce it in the test tube.
taking care that no drop of acid falls on the The blue litmus paper turns weakly red.
Stdes of the test tube. Cover the mouth of the
test tube with (c) Light a wooden splint and take it near the
your thumb, till you feel the mouth of the test tube.
pressure of gas. The wooden splint goes off and the gas does
Perform the following tests shown in right hand not catch fire.
column. (d) Pass the gas through about 2 ce of clear lime
CacO + 211CI (dil) water in another test tube with the help of a
bent glass tube.
CaCl, + H0 + CO, (g) The limewater turns milks.
Ca(O), + CO, CacO, (white) t H0.

hemistry Lab Manual-|X

 stronglv tube. gas. it strip near gas
the tube. near gas sulphurtube.then near gas dipand green. colour. test
which it the ammonia
test H0.
ammonium
the
has the this + it the with Lab
fumes in withtest take of
withtestand it
take
firstsolution Cr,(S0,); take and the Chemistry
sensation and and Introduce
turns vellow
odour, paper
the of + gasburning
odour and paperin
mouth NH,CI The paper thered Green
it
gas.but gas. in
red.and off,
dilute
and oft, strip gas. gas. and off introduce
litmus goes the in turns goes strip
dichromate 3S0, odour.
greenish splintgoes litm1uS ICSE
the choking it splint
the colourless, turns colourless.litm1us splint +
burningintroducetube. theof ’ and of
it
introduce acid. KSO,
coloured the the
of of paper splint in
fumes
paper woodensplintpaper
tube. +
HSO, of of pungent splint
tube.
wooden bluethen
colour odour blue wooden rodnear HCI colour coughing.
thatcauses
blue sulphuric colour odour
has testwooden
fire.
catch
notglass white testwooden
notfilter tube.
fire.
catch a testof fire.
catch
not
is pungent litmus it fornmed.
are like litmus test
the
potassium has
thegas thegas a and bring + is and bleached. orange
+ flame a and
Moisten a of NH,OH thegas aMoisten of K,Cr,0, thegasthea a of Moisten
air.
the mouth a Dense
cavity.water Light odour water Light a mouth a dilute has mouth
Light Water
NoteThe Note NoteTheNote
The The The Dipand NoteThe The The Take The The
a It
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b) (c) (d)
taking
sodium
pour sides
the (g) this acid,the in (g) may g clean acid,the testpressure
in
shownHCl the
on the shown SO,
snnell g cleansulphuric 1
a sulphuric
of You about on the
dropper
acid.the contents 1
of + about fallsofmouth +
H,0 of falls
g on NaHSO, may a feel
as nature. help ofmouth the
1 sulphuric experiments of acid
helpdilute vou experiments place acid feel
clean fallsthe
about You place + dilute
(HCI) poisonous. thethetill Na,SO, in tubethe thethevou
acidwarm
placea concentrated ’ (S0) the
tube Close
poisOnous
inhale.With of
of of of thumb,
With of Close till
gas tubehelp
the test cc drop (dil.) test cc drop
Gently
minute.
following
Perform
the (conc.) gas 2 tube. following not drypowder.
thumb,
2about tube.
chloride of column.
hand
right is inhale.
dry sulphite.
about
no yourgas. column.
hand
right is
testthe drop dioxide
gas
test
H,SO, (Cl)
gas
Chlorine
gasDo no
tube.
drv Withof no for l2 H,SO, This and pourthat withthe and
Thisgas.
thattestyour
pour
not sodium carethe of the + bleaching
Hydrogen cc thattest
cleanchloride. Caution:
Sulphur clean dropper PerformNa,SO, clean carethewithgas.
Caution:
2 tube + Do of tubepressure
taking this dropper ofthe
about the NaCl sides taking
of
a care test gas.aIn test Smell
a sides
tube
In of of In of
5.
b.
4
 strip
in
gets in starch near does with to the lead the thein
tube. in starch
gas distilled in test PiS
2CHCOOH
+
it it strip near strip 5
and thein in
then dipin it dip ’Blue
colour. the
strip PbS
+
UNO,
testcolour.
in strip it this
paper
then take and
off
the paper in it off in dip
and first colour.
brown with
the first
then take goes it black. black
blue. smell. strip
turns
blue. paper
eggs.
it dip this Introduce
and and in in andandfilter introduce and
red and filter colour
’Blue paper I,
red.and splintandIntroduce
turns (Blak) turs
tube.
strip
turns
solution I+ gas. gas.suffocating
tube. it red tube.
solution + gas. gas.rotten tube. strip
strip 2KCI splint strip
introduce 2KNO, litmus
turns this the the goes litnusturns this
splint the the splint fire.strip
turns
test test test colourless. test
wooden strip paper strip
solution.
paper Introduce reddish paper Introduce and
paper iodidethe of of wooden of
solution of like paper
catch
solutio.HS
colourodour the paperiodide the ’ colourodour blue paper the
wooden (CH,COO),Pb
+
paper |S
+
paper
’
paper blue The
filter
paper smellswater
a filter tube.
test
the
of fire.
catch
not
filter of of flame the filter of of of notfilter nitrate
has has The a
litmus potassium
mouth Starch
+
1, mouth a andlitmus potassium
mouth 2KI
+
NO, Starch is Moisten
litmus mouth
flame filter
tube.
test l'h(NO),
filter
bleached.solution.
The2KI
CI,
+
filter the thegasa ten
solutio. thegasthegas distilleda does
acetate a
a
a
Take
gas
Note
Light Moiswater aTake NoteTheNoteThe Light Take The lead The
Take
The Note
The The The +
tube.
The theThegas
the the the
I, ()
(e) (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (a) (b) (C) d) (e)

in (3) till(decrepitating
of testbelow, At right may g help
the the theyou in
Withdilute
shown CI, (g) 1 shown
g it. You about of Close till
1 ina O, (g)
+ about of in of drop thumb,
H,0 tube outshown + nature. cc tube. as H,S
as from gas. (g) place
experiments place 2 no experiments
+
test noise comes 4NO, thattestyour FeSO,
+ coloured in about
sulphide.
CaSO, the
tube tests sulphide
(H,S)
gas poisonous
tube
(NO,)
tube inhale. care withgas.
crackling
gasthe 2PbO + pour of ’
Holdtest test sides the column.
tube following
(dil.)
follovwing gas test the coloured the
perform
is
taking
notdryiron(II)
dropper of
crystals.
column.
hand
right dry
dioxide with ’ gasDo thetestpressure (dil.) SChemistry
Lab
Manual-X
HSO, Heata
makes
salt
the and acid, the
hand
right
and heat
column Thisgas. on the the H,SO,
a this
moment Hydrogen crushed
the
+ clean
stand.
nitrate and 2Pb(NO), clean clean
Caution:
this fallsof
sulphuric
Nitrogen thePerformn
I'ertorm
CaCI, mouth +
noise)hand smell
a a acid FeS
a lead
tube feel
In of
In of
 tube near hydrochloric
of tube initially and test sulphate
andthe
smell, off nouth ammonium water the anhydrous blue
within sulphate)
Coppet
with it
test take delivery paper chloridepaper they sulphate)
white (lvdated Lab
fumes goes the Chemistry
to
biting paper
theblue. the which of in
solution, within till changes
and splint
the litmus takes
droplets
colouration. copper
chloride this water
gas.but air. gns ’NH,CI Pass
a
in near
conc. using cobalt tube,
thethe sharp
thecolourless, eyes. it turns
litnmus splint
test fire.
tube.wooden of
precipitate,
colour water of
of of copper
of
ICSE
copper blue mass
of in of the
introduce in rod fumes tube.
by
sulphate the cobalt crystals amount mass
droplets
catch dry test
paper
wooden rod (anhydrous5H,0 +
colour enters odour
a
hasto red glass sulphate
angles.
at
right blue aof on in of of powdery white
of another a
tears litmusofthe mouth
of not glass white formed.
are HCI
+
NH, cc
test white strippaper
copper testchangestrip
tube.
the of
droplets in small
is it the a and flame deep colour some theThe
the gas gas Moisten a does the sulphate.
strongly
as brings water Light a
1 copper a
bluish litmus a
papers. pink.
to a sulphate
copper
)
NoteTheSOOn NoteThe The ThegasDipHold Dense
tube. Pour The formPlace No Place The Heat white Takemassovertube. CuSO,
(Anhydrous
the
(d) it
(a) (b) (c) (e) (f) (a) (b) (c)
Hold|
ammonium
Place thehand
testflame. (g) in carbonate
tube4 position,
the aswater
and to (g)
the perform
hvdroxide. NH, test3 on
tube. low right tube for
10H,O
Heat 2 a slantingcollect
test aoverminutes
in + sodium
in below of
of 2H,0 test tube droplets+
stand. shown
g glass Na,CO,
1 calcium it
glass water
testfrom
hydrated a column.
about hardtubeheating + in the
2 as CaCl, hard thetube
about (g)] flame,
of it.
experiments with ’
(NH)
gas of dry dry test
Ammonia [H,0dryof Holdtest colourless
till
dropsof hand
mixture
of
by Ca(OH),
+
2NH,CI low parts heat
a below, g
a
g in in for and2 soda).
vapourabout a
the
tests
right Na,CO,,10H,0
l
tube heating
andmiture clean Heaton cooler
the
a chloride from following (washing in
place minutes Perform
I'repare test column. WateraTake stand. upper shown
After
tube
this
the it
10.
 VIVA-VOCE
any twocolourless gases.
1. Name
Ans.
Hvdrogen gas(H,) and Oxygen gas (0).
2
Nanne two colourless gases, which fume strongly in air.
Hvdrogen chloride gas (HCI) and Ammonia gas (NH,).
Ans.
3. Name
two coloured gases.
dioxide (NO,) and Chlorine gas (C1,).
Ans. NitrOgen
,Name acoloured gas which bleaches vegetable colouring matter.
(CI,).
Ans. Chlorine gas
: Name acolourless gas which bleaches vegetable colouring matter.
Ans. Sulphur dioxide gas (SO,).
6. Name three colourless gas which turn moist blue litmus paper red.
sulphide gas (H,S).
Ans. Hvdrogen chloride gas (HCI),Sulphur dioxide gas (SO.,) and Hydrogen
white fumes.
7. Name two colourless gases which on mixing form dense
Ans. Ammonia gas (NH) and Hydrogen chloride gas (HCI).
8. Name a colourless gas which smells like rotten eggs.
Ans. Hydrogen sulphide gas (H,S).
potassium dichromate solution green.
9. Name a colourless gas which turns acidified
Ans. Sulphur dioxide gas (SO,).
pop sound.
10. Namne a colourless gas which burns with a
Ans. Hydrogen gas (H).
glowing wooden splint bursts into flame.
11. Name a colourless gas in which a
Ans. Oxygen gas (O,).
greenish yellow in colour.
1 Name a gas which is
Ans. Chlorine gas (Cl,).
colour.
13. Name a gas which is reddish brown in
Ans. Nitrogen dioxide (NO,). limewater milky.
which is slightlyacidic in nature and turns
a e agas
Ans. Carbon dioxide gas (CO). colour.
which turns copper sulphate solution to deep blue
ame acolourless gas
Ans. Ammonia gas (NH,).
16. moist starch iodide
paper blue.
Name two gases which turns
Ans. (NO).
Chlorinea gas (CI,) and Nitrogen dioxide gas blue.
17. which turns moist red litmus
paper
Ans,. Name gas

18. Arnmonia agasgaswhich

(NH,).
has a smell of burning sulphur and causes coughing.
Name
Ans. Sulphur
19. dioxide gas (S0,). smell which brings tears to eyes.
Ans. Name a gasgaswhich has a sharp biting

20. Ammonia
Namme gas
(NH).
which is commonly used
for extinguishing fire.
Ans. Carbon a
dioxide gas (CO).
7

KSEChenistry Lab Manual-X

 3
Hold the test tule in a test tube holder
Heatthe test tube by holding it in slanting position, such that its mouth is facing away from you. The
4 lowered ot the test tube should be held in the hotest part of the Bunsen flamne.
hange in coour of the compound and test the gas/gases evolved.

OBSERVATION TABLE
S. No. Tests and Observations Inference
(i) Light green powder :
(1) The compound is light green, amorphous in The compound may be salt of copper or
nature. 1ron.

(2)On strong heating, it gives offa colourless gas. The

colourleSs gas on passing through clcar limewater The gas evolved is carbon dioxide and the
turns it milky The colourless gas turns moist blue anion responsible for it is carbonate.
litmus paper red.
(3) The residue left is black in colour.) The compound is copper carbonate [CuCO,]
heat
Equation : CuCO, ’ (Black
CuO ) + CO,(g)

(ii) White powder :

(1) The compound is white, light solid, amorphous The compound may be salt of zinc metal.
in nature.
(2) On strong heating, it gives off a colourless and
odourles gas. Following tests are conducted with
the gas.
(a) When a burning wooden splint is taken|The gas mnay be carbon dioxide.
inside the gas, the flame gets extinguished.
(b) When a moist blue litmus paper is held in The gas may be carbon dioxide.
the gas it turns red.
(c) When gas is passed through clear limewater, The gas is carbon dioxide and the anion
it turns the limewater milky. responsible for it is carbonate.
(3) The residue in the test tube is yellow when The cation present in substance is zinc.
hot. On cooling the residue is white in colour. The compound is zinc carbonate [ZnCO,]
Equation:
heat
ZnCO, ’ ZnO + CO, (g)
(iii) White flakes :
() The compound is white, crystalline solid in the
form of flakes.
t4) On strong heating, it swells and then melts. T he steamy vapour may be water of
crystallisation.
Steamy vapour gives off from it. The steamy
Vapour condenses on the cooler parts of the test
tube to form tiny droplets of acolourless liquid.
) The colourless Jiauid does not affect red litmus|The colourless liquid may be water of
or blue Jitmus crystallisation.
paper.
ecolourless liquid urns(cobalt chloride paperThe colourless liquid
IS W ater of

Pink. crystallisation.

Chemistry Lab Manual-1X

 (5)On cooling the molten residue partly fuses in glass The white powdery mass may be anhvdro
sodium carbonate.
and forms white amorphous powder.
The compound may be washing sod,
[Na,CO," 10H,0] heat
Equation : Na,C0, 10H,0
(White hydrated
sodium carbonate )
Na.CO,
2
+ 10H,0
White anhydrous
sodiumn carbonate

(iv) Blue crystals :

crystalline solid. The compound may be salt of copper.
(1) The compound is a blue
crystals start|The compound may be hydrated copper
(2) On strong heating the blue mass. It| sulphate and the colourless
droplets
cTumbling forming white powdery
condenses on theof colourless liquid may be water of
which
gives off steamy vapour dropletsCrystallisation.
cooler parts of the test tube to form tiny
of the colourless liquid. colourless liquid may be water of
droplets of the liquid do not| The
(3) The colourless crystallisation.
affect red or blue litmus paper.
the liquid turn cobalt|The colourless liquid is water of
(4) The colourless droplets of
crystallisation.
chloride paper pink.
The compound is hydrated copper sulphate
[CuSO,"5H,0]
Equation: heat
CuSO, 5H,0 ’CusO, + 5H,0
(White )
(Blue)

(V) Blue crystals/greenish blue crystals:

compound may be salt of copper.
(1) The compound is blue/greenish blue solid The
crystalline in nature.
The steamy vapour is water of crystallisation
(2) On heating it melts to form greenish blue mass present in the compound, and hence, the
and gives off steamy vapour, which condenses compound is a hydrated salt.
on the cooler parts of the test tube to form tiny
droplets of a colourless liquid. The colourless
droplets of the liquid not affect red or blue
litmus paper, but turn cobalt chloride paper
pink. The gas may be nitrogen dioxide which is
acidic in nature.
(3) On strong heating the compound gives off a
reddish brown gas. This gas turns moist blue
litmus paper red. The gas is nitrogen dioxide.
(4) The gas turns moist starch iodide paper blue. The reddish brown gas also contains
(5) When a glowing wooden splint is held in the Oxygen gas.
gas it bursts into flame, The residue is of copper(lIl) oxide.
(6, The residue left in the test tube is black inThe compound is hydrated copper nitrat
colour. [Cu(NO),* 6H,0]
Equation:
heat
2Cu(NO,), oH,0
(Blue/greenish blue)
Ilydated copper atrate
2Cu0
(Black)
t 4NO, (g) +0.(g) +12H,Og)
(Reddish
Copper(|Doxide Brown)
 White crvstalline solid :
) The vompound ts heavT white ervstalline solid. The compound may be salt of lead.
rong heating the rvstals start crumbling The compound may be lead nitrate and
with a TaCkling nOse and give off a reddishthe gas evolved mav be nitrogen dioxide.
brown as
When a glowing spli1nt is held in the reddish The reddish brown gas contains another
rown as. it bursts into tlame. gas oxygen.
When a moist blue litmus paper is held in the The reddish brown gas is nitrogen
brown gas it turns red. When a moist starch dioxide.
iodide paper is held in the brown gas it changes
to blue colour.
3) The residue in the test tube is reddish brownThe residue is of lead(II) oxide.
when hot andchanges to vellow colour on cooling. The compound is lead nitrate crystals
It partlv fuses in the test tube and stains it vellow.Pb(NO,)J
heat
Equation : 2Pb(NO,);
(White)

2PbO + 4NO,(g) + 0,(g)

(Yellow) (Reddish
brown)

(vii) White solid :

1) The compound is a light, white crvstalline solid. The
It tends to get wet when exposed to air. compound is deliquescent in nature.
May be a zinc nitrate.
2) On heating, the compound melts and gives offThe
colourless liquid is water of
steamv vapour, which condenses on the coolercrvstallisation
parts of the test tube to form tiny droplets of a hvdrated salt. and the compound is a
colourless liquid. The colourless liquid has no
effect on moist red or blue litmus papers. It
turns cobalt chloride paper pink.
(3) On strong heating, the compound gives out aThe reddish brown
gas contains another
reddish brown gas. When a glowing splint is gas oxygen.
held in the reddish brown gas, it bursts into
flame.
(4) The reddish brown gas turns moist blue itmus The
reddish brown gas is nitrogen dioxide.
paper red. It turns moist starch iodide paper
blue.
The residue is zinc oxide.
5) The residue after strong heating is yellow whenThe
compound is hydrated zinc nitrate
hot. On cooling, it changes to white colour. [Zn(NO),4H,0]
Equation :
heat
2Zn(NO,), 4H.0
Hvdrated zinc nitrate)
2Zn0 +4NO,(g) + O,(g) +8H,O(g)
(Zinc oxide

Vui) White
crystalline solid :
)The compound is white crvstalline solid, verv lhe compound sublimes. May be ammonium
chloride.
light in weight.
On strong heating it forms dense white fumes.
D) The dense white fumes condense on the cooler The ammonia gas and HCI gas formed
Parts of the test tube to form white powdery during its decomposition combine to form
mass solid ammonium chloride.
CSEChemistry Lab Manual-IX 11
 Ti4) On heating continuously the entire mass sublimes,The compound is ammonium chlord
It does not change into liquid state. [NH,CI|
Equation :
Heat
NH,CI Cool NH,(g) + HCI(g)
(White solid)

(iN) Steel grey crystals :

Note : These crystals should not be touched with
bare hands, as they cause burns on the skin.
Transfer afew crystals in clean test tube with the The crystals of lodine [1,] sublime on
help of spatula or a steel spoon. On strong heating heating to form gaseous iodine vapour
they form beautiful violet vapour. The violet vapour which is violet in colour.
condenses on the cooler parts of test tube to form Heat
Cool
shiny steel grey crystals. lodine lodine vapour
(steel grey) (violef)

(x) Orange red crystals :

(1) The compound is in the form of tiny orange red
crystals. a times its| The colourless liquid is water
which is
heating, it swells up many
(2) On strong
gives off steamy fumes which one of the products formed due to the
volume and
to decomposition of substance.
condense on the cooler parts of the test tube
liquid. The
form tiny droplets of a colourless litmus, but
liquid does not affect red or blue
turns cobalt chloride paper pink.
heating the residue decomposes The gas may be nitrogern.
(3) On strong and
violently with flashes of light. A colourless
odourless gas is also given out. This gas :
or blue litmus
(a) has no action with moist red
(b) does not burn or help in burning
(c) does not turn limewater milky. porous in The crystalline solid may be
the test tube is ammonium dichromate [(NH),Cr,O,].
(4) The residue left in colour.
nature and greenish grey in Equation :
heat
(NH,), Cr,0,
(orange red)
Cr,0;(s)
N,(g)+4H,0 (g)+ (greenish grey

VIVA-VOCE
crystals?
1. What is the colour of copper sulphate
colour.
Ans. Copper sulphate crystals are blue in sulphate crystals are strongly heated?
colour of residue when copper
What is the
Ans. The residue is white in colour.
3. What is the colour of copper nitrate crystals?
Ans. Copper nitrate crystals are blue or greenish blue in colour.
Manual-LX
12
ICSEChemistry Lab
 nitrate crystals are heated strongly.
4. Name the gas evolved and state its colour when copper
Ans. The gas
evolved is nitrogen dioxide. The gas is reddish brown in colour.
5 What is the colour of residue when zinc nitrate is heated?
cold.
Ans. The colour of residue is yellow when hot and white when
6. Which nitrate of metal decomposes with decrepitating noise?
Ans. Lead nitrate (Pb(NO,),] decomposes with decrepitating noise.
lead nitrate.
7. Namne two gases which are evolved on strong heating of
Ans. Nitrogen dioxide gas and oxygen gas are given out.
8. What is the colour of ammonium dichromate crystals?
Ans. Ammonium dichromate crystals are reddish brown in colour.
9. What is the colour of residue when ammonium
dichromate crystals are heated?
Ans. The residue is greenish grey in colour.
10. Is it possible to identify a given compound from its colour?
Ans. Not exactly.
colour of its residue after strong heating?
11. What is the colour of copper carbonate? What is the
Its residue is black in colour.
Ans. Copper carbonate is light green in colour.
12. State the physical state of washing soda.
Ans. It is in the form of white crystalline flakes.
chloride is heated strongly in a test tube?
13. What do you observe when ammonium form
It sublimes to form dense white fumes which condense on the cooler parts of test tube to
Ans.
white powdery solid.
happens when its crystals are heated?
14. What is the colour of iodine crystals? What
grey crystals. On heating, they sublime to form violet vapour which condense on
Ans. lodine has steel
cooler parts of test tube to form iodine crystals.
 OBSERVATION TABLE

DETECTION OF MAGNISIUM|METAL (Mg) Ilowever, due to tarnishing

IN heIV nhte metal, generally available in the form of strip. can confirm whether
the
air) it appears grerIsh in colour with speckS of white. Following tests
(Oat) )

Observation Inference
Experinent
reaction takesThe gas may be hydrogen. The
1.
Iothe small amountot a given metal| A very brisk evolution of ametal may be magnesium, zinC
add dilute sulphuric acid. place with the
colourless and odourless gas. Or iron.
The gas may be hydrogen.
Rereat the experiment as in (1) and Litmus paper remains
hold anmoist blue litmus paper in the unaffected.
Sas.
The gas is hydrogen.
3. Repeat the experiment as in (1) and The gas explodes with a
hold thumb tightlv on the mouth of pop sound.
test tube. When you feel pressure
of gas on the thumb, bring the mouth
of test tube near the burning flame
and renmove thumb.
The metalmay be magnesium.
4. When the reaction in (3) stops, A white precipitate is
remove the solution in another test formed.
tube. To the solution add excess of
sodium carbonate solution.
precipitate does not The metal is magnesium.
5. To the precipitate in (4) add conc. White
dissolve.
sodium hydroxide solution in excess.

The various reactions may be represented as:

Mg + dil. H,SO, MgSO, + H, (g)
MgSO, + Na,CO, Na,SO, + MgCO, (ppt.)
MgCO, + 2NaOH No reaction.

DETECTION OF ZINCMETAL (Zn) breaks

bluish white metal generally available in granulated form. It is brittle in nature and generally
inc is a is zinc or not by following tests :
sight twisting. We can confirm whether the metal
S. No. Observation Inference
Experiment hvdrogen. The
amount of given metal add| A very brisk reaction takes The gas may be
To the small place with the evolution of a metal may be magnesium.
dilute sulphuric acid. colourless andodourless gas. zinc or iron.
hvdrogen.
the experiment as in (1)and hold | Litmus paper remains| The gas mav le
Kepeat unaffected.
aInost blue litmus paper in the gas.
3
experimnent as in () and hold| Thegas explodes with a pop|The Has is hvdrogen.
epeat the sound.
your thumb tightly on the mouth of test
uDe. When you feel pressure of gas on
he thumb, bring the mouth of test tube
Tiear the burning lame and remove
thumb
15
SE
Chemistry Lab Manual-1X
 A white gelatin bke
4. When the reactionin (3) stops, pOur off| precipitate is formed The metal may be
zinc
the clear solution in another test tube
strong sodium
To this solution add
hvdroxide solution drop by drop.
in (4)| The white precipitate
Divide the precipitate formed part Zinc metal is confirmed
5. of dissolves.
intwo qual parts. To the first solution
preipitate add excess of strong
of sodium hydroxide.
The residue is yellow when Zinc metal is confrmed
6. Heat the second part of precipitate| hot and white when cold.
strongly for a nminute.

represented as:
The various reactions may be H, (g)
Zn dil. H,SO, ZnSO,
2NaOH Na,SO, + Zn(OH),(ppt) A a
ZnSO, 2H,0.
Zn (OH), 2NaOH Na,ZnO,

DETECTION OF IRON METAL (Fe) form of its filings which are grey in
colour
laboratory it is generally used in the account
Iron is a grey metal. In time in laboratory their colour changes to reddish brown on
long
However, if iron filings are stored for the metal is iron or not.
willconfirm whether
of rusting. Following tests Observation Inference
Experiment hydrogen.
S. No.
metal |A brisk reaction takes place| The gas may bemagnesium,
To the smallamnount of a
given The metal may be
1. with theevolution of colourless zinc r iron.
add dilute sulphuricacid. and odourless gas.
paper remains The gas may be hydrogen.
Litmus
and hold| unaffected.
2. Repeat the experiment asin (1) gas.
the
a moist blue litmus paper in explodes with a The gasis hydrogen.
asin (1) and hold| The gas
3. Repeat the experimentthe mouth of testpop sound.
your thumb tightly on
of gas on
tube. When you feel pressure
mouth of test tube
the thumb, bring the and remnove the
near the burning flame
thumb.
green precipitate|The metal is iron.
off|A dirty
4. When the reactionin (3) stops, pour To lappears which is insoluble in
another test tube.
clear solution in excess of sodium excess of sodium hydroxide.
the abovesolution add
hydroxidesolution. iron.
A greyish brown residue is left| The metal is
5.
our oft some amount of precipitate in
behind.
test tube and heat strongly todryness.

The reactionstaking place can be represented as :

Fe 4
dil. H,SO, FeSO, + H, (g)
FeO),
2NaO I Na,S0,
Fe (O),
Lab Manual-LN
I6
ICSE Chemistry
 NOF
DETECTION
CARBONATE ION (CO?) Inference
Observation
Experiment with alot The gas may be carbon
reaction takes place Carbonate ion
No.
and add| The dioxide.
Lake a pinch of salt in a test tubeacid. of effervescence, Acolourless and|
may be present.
sulphuric
tot about 2ml of dil.
1
odourless gas is evolved.
acidic in
turns weakly The gas is
Litmus paper character. May be carbon
Repeat the experiment as in (1) and hold a
blue litmus paper in thegas.
red. dioxide or sulphur
moist
dioxide.

No change in the colour is The gas is not sulphur

hold
3. Repeat the experiment as in (1) andacidified observed on the dioxide. The gas may be
filter paper strip. carbon
in
afilter paper strip, soaked gas.
dioxide.
potassium dichromate in the Carbon dioxide is
and Limewater turns turbid.
4. Repeat the experiment as in (1) clear evolved.
about 2 ml of The anion may be
pass the gas through help
limewater in another tube, with the carbonate.
of a bent glass tulbe. Carbonate ion may be
solution of salt in distilled A white precipitate appears.
5. Prepare the present.
and
water. Take about 2 ml of salt solution
chloride
add to it same volume of barium
solution. toCarbonate ion is
6
The white precipitate dissolves
Tothe precipitate in (5) add dil. nitric acid| form confirmed.
colourless solution.
in excess.

The various reactions may be represented as :

dil. H,SO, Na,SO, H,0 + CO, (g)
Na,CO,
BaCl, + Na,CO, 2NaCl BaCO,(white ppt.)
BaCO, + 2HNO, Ba (NO), + H,O + CO,(g)
DETECTION OF SULPHIDE ION (S?)
Observation Inference
S. No. Experiment
1. asmell|The gas may be hydrogen
Take a pinch of salt in a test tube and add|A colourless gas with eggs
about 2 ml of dil. sulphuric acid. Gently 1ike that of rotten is sulphide. The anion
evolved. present in the salt may be
warm and smell the gas.
sulphide.
paper turns The gas is acidic in nature.
2 Kepeat the experiment as in (1) and hold|The blue litmus
a moist blue litmus paper in the gas. red.
3.
Repeat the experiment as in (1) and hold| The filter paper strip turns Hydrogern sulphide gas is
a filter paper strip soaked in lead acetate greyish. evolved. Sulphide ion is
confirmed.
solution in the gas.
4
Repeat the experiment as in (1) and hold|The filter paper strip turns Hydrogen sulphide gas is
evolved. Sulphide ion is
filter paper strip soaked in lead nitrategreyish. confirnned.
solution in the gas.
he various reactions may be represented as :
Na,S dil. H,SO, Na,S0, +

2CHCOOI + PS(Gre)
(CHCO0, Pb + 1S
Ib(NO), 4 21INO, + I'hs (Grey)
ICSE
Chemistry Lab Manual-|X 17
DETECTION OF SULPHITE ION (SO, )
S. No. Experinent Observation Inference
1. Take apinch of salt in a test tube and add|A colourless gas with a smell|The gas may be sulnb
about 2 mlof dil. sulphuric acid. like that of burning sulphur dioxide. Sulphite ion may
is evolved. be present.
2.
Repeat the experiment as in (1) and hold a The blue litmus paper turns The gas is acidic in nature
moist blue litmus paper in the gas. red. May be sulphur dioxideor
carbon dioxide.
3. Repeat the experiment as in (1) and hold The colour of filter paper stripSulphur dioxide gas is
a filter paper strip soaked in acidified changes from orange to green. evolved. Sulphite ion is
potassium dichromate solution in the gas. confirmed.

4. Prepare the solution of salt in distilled The colour of potassium Sulphur dioxide is evolved.
water. Add a few drops of acidified permanganate solution gets Sulphite ion is confirmed.
potassium permanganate solution. discharged.

The various reactions may be represented as :

Na,s0, + dil. H,SO, Na,s0, + H,0 + SO, (g)
K,Cr,0, + 4H,SO, K,SO, +
Cr,(SO,), + 4H,0 + 3(0)
(orange) (Green)

SO, + H,0 + [O] H,SO,

+ 3H,SO, 11| K,SO, + 2MnSO, + 3H,0 + 5(0)
2KMnO,
Na,SO, + [O] Na,SO,

VIVA-VOCE
chemicals.
1. Name a chemical which is commonly called king of
Ans. The chemical is sulphuric acid [HSO,].
sulphuric acid with the evolution of a gas.
2. Name two salts of sodium which react with dilute
Ans. (i) Sodium carbonate (ii) Sodium sulphide.
gas evolved has a rotten eggs like smel.
3. Dilute sulphuric acid is poured on a sodium salt. The
evolution.
Name the gas and the anion responsible for its
evolution of the gas is sulphide
Ans. The gas is hydrogen sulphide. The anion responsible for the
jon.
a white solid. The g
4. A colourless gas is evolved when dilute sulphuric acid is poured over
turns blue litmus red and clear limewater solution milky. Name the gas evolved and the ae
responsible for its evolution. carbonate
Ans. The gas evolved is carbon dioxide. The anion responsible for the evolution of gas is
[co: Jion.
5. Name three metals which liberate hydrogen on treating with dilute sulphuric acid.
Ans. The metals are magnesium, zinc and iron.
6. Metal iron dissolves in dilute sulphuric acid with the evolution of gas. Name the gas e
will you test it?
Manua/-HN
Chemistry Lab
18 ICSE
 The gas ix hvdrngen When a burning splint is brought near the gas itexplodes with a"pop sound"
and the sphnt goes off.
Metal iron completely dissolves in dilute sulphuric acid to form a clear solution. What is the name
and the colour of the solution? What will you observe when few drops of sodium hydroxide are
added to it?
Ans The solution is ferrous sulphate. Its colour is light green. On addition of afewdrops of sodium
hydroxide, it forms dirty green precipitate.
s. Aflter paper soaked in lead acetate solution is held in a colourless gas having a smell like that
rotten eggs. What change in colour takes place in filter paper strip?
Ans. The filter paper strip changes to greyish colour.
9. Name all the products formed when zinc metal is placed in dilute sulphuric acid.
Ans. Zinc sulphate solution and hydrogen gas are formed.
10. Amongst the metals magnesium, zinc and copper, which will not displace hydrogen with dilute
sulphuric acid?
Ans. Copper will not displace hydrogen from dilute sulphuric acid.
11. Name a confirmation test for sulphur dioxide gas.
Ans. Only sulphur dioxide gas turns acidified potassium dichromate paper strip green.
12 Name a physical property of sulphur dioxide gas.
Ans. lt is a colourless gas. It smells like a burning sulphur.
13. Name the action of acid on the litmus paper.
Ans. An acid changes moist blue litmus paper into red.

ICSEChemistry Lab Manual-|X 19

 Unit IDENTIFICATION OF METALLIC
4
loNs (CATIONS) IN AGIVEN
SUBSTANCE BY FLAME TEST
TUR ARL OUIT A NUMBIR OI
COOUR WHIN INTRODUCLD IN COMPOUNDS WHICH PRODuCE CHARACTERINT
NON-TUMINOUS
ZONL O TH LAMD. THL COLOUR OF THE FLANME OR OXIDISING BUNSE\EAM; (e BL
IS AN INDICA TOR FOR AGVTN CUIH
PRISL NI IN THL COMPOUND AND IS NOT STRICTI Y
SPEAKING A CONIRMAIORY IE
Hame test is essentially done with chlorides of metals,
because unlike other compounds
the metals, chlorides are volatile in nature. Thus, when metallic chlorides are introduced in the
n
luminous flame of aBunsen burner, they evaporated due to heat and the cation (metall1c 1on) produ
characteristic colour. Since most of comnpounds are not metal chloride, therefore, the given compoun
are heated with concentrated hydrochloric acid, in Bunsen flame, so as to convert them into meta
chlorides.

EXPERIMENT NO. - 4
1 Aim of the Experiment
To identifya given metallic ion (cation) in a compound by flame test.
Apparatus required :
" A platinum wire whose one end is fused in a glass rod
"A watch glass " Bunsen burner

(hemical required :
" Concentrated hydrochloric acid
" Asodium salt (sodium chloride or sodium nitrate, etc)
" A potassjum salt (potassium chloride or potassium sulphate, etc )
.A calium salt (calcium nitrate or calcium carbonate, etc)
" Acopper salt (opper sulphate or copper nitrate, ete)
Procedgre or How to Perform Flamne Test.
(a) Cleaning of Piatinum wire
lake a short length of platnumwire Itb one end is tused n glass rod and ts as a hattle
Iake abMut 2ml of omentrated hydroahlorc dct n a watchglass and dip the latututt
Ileat the wire stogly nth on lunnos Buen tlame till itges rel hot t tth tlame
teve te wire and yan dip t n enttated hyden hlot a t Again teat the w
Lab Ma
I SE hemistry
 Repcatthe provedure a number of times till the colour of flame does not change with the introduction
of wu.
Salt.
b Dressing of
Itthe salt iswatch
in theglass.
torm of crystals, grind it into fine powder. Place about 1/10 gof the powdered slt
in another
Performing of test.
Dipthe clean platinumwire in concentrated hydrochloricacid and then roll its tip inthe powdered salt,
such that some of the salt sticks to its end.
Introduce the tip of platinum wire in non-luminous Bunsen flame. Hold the wire in the flame till it gets
red hot. Observe the colour of the flame with unaided eye. Following observations will
help you to
jdentify the cation present in salt.

Non-luminous flame

Platinum wire
Luminous flame

-Glass rod
Platinum wire Conc. HCI

Dipping platinum wire in conc. HCI Introducing platinum wire in

non-luminous flame

- OBSERVATION TABLE

S. No. Colour of flame Other featuresofflame Inference

1. Intense golden yellow colour with The colour of flame is persistent. Sodium (Na) ion is present.
unaided eye.
2. The colour of flame is lilac or violet The colour of flame is non-persistent.|Potassium (K") ion is
present.
to unaided eye.
3.
The colour of flame is brick red to The colour of flame is non-persistent. Calcium (Ca*) ion is present.
yellowish red.
4.
The colour of flanme is green. The colour of flame is non-persistent. Copper( )(Cu)ion is present.

Precaut
1.
ions
Always clean the platinum wire with conc. HCI, by heating it in non-luminous flame, till it
parting colour to the flame. This should be done before as well as after the experiment. stops
.only pure hydrochloric acid. Commercial hydrochloric acid can give you false observations.
While cleaning the platinum wire do not dip it directly in the bottle of pure hydrochloric acid. Always
pour some acid in the watch glass and use it. After the experiment pour off this acid in sink
as it
Cannot be used for further
4
Do not use testing
nparts only glass rod for flame test as the glass contains sodium silicateand calcium silicate, which
colour to the flame.
KSE
Chemistry Lab
Manual-IX 21
 5. Do not sprinkle salt directlvintothe flame of Bunsen hurner It will choke the burner or the
get coloured which is ditficult to remove flame m
VIVA-VOCE
1. What kind of flame is used in the detection of cations during flame test?
Ans. Non-luminous Bunsen flame is used in flame test.
2. Why do we use platinum wire during flame test? also doesn
Ans. Platinum is a noble metal which does not react with concentrated hydrochloric acid. It
vaporise in the non-luminous flame, and hence, does not impart colour.
during flame test?
3. Why do we use pure and concentrated hydrochloric acid
volatile in nature. The cations
Ans. Concentrated hydrochloric acid forms metal chlorides which are
the salts on volatilising impart colour to the non-luminous flame.
test?
4. Why do we not use glass rod or copper rod for flame
silicate and calcium silicate which impart colour
Glass is amixture of compounds like sodium
Ans.
non-luminous flame. Copper reacts with hydrochloric acid to form copper(I) chloride, whic
the
voiatilises and produces green flame. thiosulphate?
What colour is imparted to non-luminous flame, if a given salt is sodium
5.
yellow.
Ans. The colour of the flame is persistent golden (ii) calciur
colour is imparted to non-luminous flame, if a given salt is (i) copper carbonate
6. What
nitrate (iii) potassium chloride? green.
Ans. (i) The colour of the flame is non-persistent
non-persistent brick red.
(iü) The colour of the flame is
non-persistent lilac or violet.
(iii) The colour of the flame is discarded after the experiment?
acid used in flame test
7. Why is the conc.
hydrochloric
the salts, and hence, cannot be used for further flam
acid gets mixed with
Ans The conc. hydrochloric use.
analytic
testing or other

Manua
ICSE Chemistry Lab

22