HISTORY

Akshitha.B
X - Melody
 Nationalism in Europe

The Dream of Worldwide Democratic and

Social Republics – The Pact Between Nations, a
print prepared by Frédéric Sorrieu, 1848.

The cover of a German almanac designed by the journalist Andreas

Rebmann in
1798.
The image of the French Bastille being stormed by the revolutionary
crowd has been placed next to a similar fortress meant to represent
the bastion of despotic rule in the German province of Kassel.
Accompanying the illustration is the slogan: ‘The people must seize
their own freedom!’ Rebmann lived in the city of Mainz and was a
member of a German Jacobin group
 The Planting of Tree of Liberty in Zweibrücken, Germany.
The subject of this colour print by the German painter Karl
Kaspar Fritz is the occupation of the town of Zweibrücken by
the French armies. French soldiers, recognisable by their blue,
white and red uniforms, have been portrayed as oppressors as
they seize a peasant’s cart (left), harass some young women
(centre foreground) and force a peasant down to his knees.

The courier of Rhineland

loses all that he has on his
way home from Leipzig.
Napoleon here is
represented as a postman on
his way back to France after
he lost the battle of Leipzig in
1813. Each letter dropping
out of his bag bears the
names of the territories he
lost.
The Club of Thinkers, anonymous caricature
dating to c. 1820.
The plaque on the left bears the inscription:
‘The most important question of today’s
meeting: How long will thinking be allowed to
us?’

Giuseppe Mazzini and the

founding of Young Europe in
Berne 1833.Print by Giacomo
Mantegazza.
 The Frankfurt parliament
in the Church of St
Paul.Notice the women in
the upper left
gallery.

The proclamation of the

German empire in the
Hall of Mirrors at
Versailles, Anton von
Werner. At the centre
stands the Kaiser and
the chief commander of
the Prussian army,
General von Roon.

The Massacre at
Chios, Eugene
Delacroix, 1824.
 Unification
of Germany
(1866-71)

Caricature of Otto
von Bismarck in the
German
Reichstag(parliament
), from Figaro,
Vienna, 5 March 1870

Italy after
unification.

Italian states before

unification, 1858.
 Garibaldi helping King
Victor
Emmanuel II of
Sardinia�Piedmont to
pull on the boot
named ‘Italy

Postage stamps of
1850 with the
figure of Marianne
representing the
Republic of France.

Germania, Philip Veit, 1848.

 The fallen
Germania,
Julius
Hübner,
1850.

Germania guarding
the Rhine.
In 1860, the artist
Lorenz Clasen
was commissioned
to paint this
image. The
inscription on
Germania’s sword
reads: ‘The
German sword
protects the
German Rhine.

Peasants’
uprising, 1848.
 A map celebrating the British Empire.
At the top, angels are shown carrying the banner
of freedom. In the foreground, Britannia — the
symbol of the British nation — is triumphantly
sitting over the globe. The colonies are
represented through images of tigers, elephants,
forests and primitive people.The domination of
the world is shown as the basis of Britain’s
national pride.

Europe after the

Congress of Vienna,
1815.
 Nationalism in India

6 April 1919.
Mass processions on the streets became a
common feature during the national movement.

Indian workers in South Africa march through

Volksrust, 6 November 1913. Mahatma Gandhi
was leading the workers from Newcastle to
Transvaal. When the marchers were stopped and
Gandhiji arrested, thousands of more workers
joined the satyagraha against racist laws that
denied rights to non-whites.
 General Dyer’s ‘crawling
orders’
being administered by
British
soldiers, Amritsar,
Punjab, 1919.

The boycott of foreign cloth, July

1922. Foreign cloth was seen as
the symbol of Western economic
and cultural domination
 Chauri Chaura,
1922.
At Chauri Chaura in
Gorakhpur, a
peaceful
demonstration in a
bazaar turned into
a violent clash with
the police.

Meeting of
Congress
leaders at
Allahabad,
1931.

During the salt

march Mahatma
Gandhi was
accompanied by
78
volunteers. On
the way they
were joined by
thousands.
 Police cracked down on satyagrahis,1930.

Women join nationalist processions.During the

national movement, many women, for the first
time in their lives, moved out of their homes on
to a public arena. Amongst the marchers you
can see many old women, and mothers with
children in their arms
 Mahatma Gandhi,
Jawaharlal
Nehru and Maulana
Azad at
Sevagram Ashram,
Wardha,
1935.

Bal Gangadhar Tilak, an

early�twentieth-century
print. Notice
how Tilak is surrounded by
symbols of unity. The
sacred
institutions of different
faiths
(temple, church, masjid)
frame the
central figure.
 Bharat Mata,
Abanindranath
Tagore, 1905. Notice that
the mother figure here is
shown as dispensing
learning, food and
clothing. The mala in one
hand emphasises her
ascetic quality.

Nehru is here
shown holding the
image of Bharat
Mata and the
map of India close
to his heart. In a lot
of popular prints,
nationalist leaders
are shown offering
their heads to
Bharat Mata.
 This figure of
Bharat Mata is a
contrast to the
one painted by
Abanindranath
Tagore. Here she
is shown with a
trishul, standing
beside a lion and
an elephant –
both symbols of
power and
authority.

Women’s procession in Bombay during

the Quit India Movement
 Global World

Image of a ship on
a memorial
stone, Goa
Museum, tenth
century CE. F

Silk route trade as

depicted in a
Chinese cave
painting, eighth
century, Cave 217,
Mogao Grottoes,
Gansu, China.

Merchants from
Venice and the
Orient
exchanging
goods,from
Marco Polo, Book
of Marvels,
fifteenth
century.
 The Irish Potato Famine,
Illustrated London
News, 1849. Hungry
children digging for
potatoes in a field that
has already been
harvested, hoping to
discover some
leftovers.

Slaves for sale, New Orleans, Illustrated

London News, 1851.
A prospective buyer carefully inspecting
slaves lined up before the
auction.
 Print Culture

Book making before the

age of print,
from Akhlaq-i-Nasiri,1595.
This is a royal workshop in
the sixteenth century,
much before printing
began in India.

A page from the Diamond

Sutra.

Belonging to the mid-

13thcentury, printing
woodblocks of the
Tripitaka Koreana are a
Korean collection of
Buddhist scriptures.
 An ukiyo print by
Kitagawa Utamaro.
Kitagawa Utamaro,
born in Edo in 1753,
was widely known for
his contributions to an
art form called ukiyo
(‘pictures of the
floating world’) or
depiction of ordinary
human experiences,
especially urban ones.

A morning scene, ukiyo print by Shunman Kubo,

late eighteenth century.A man looks out of the
window at the snowfall while women prepare
tea and perform other domestic duties.
 Notice the long
handle attached
to the screw. This
handle was used
to turn the screw
and press down
the platen over
the printing block
that was placed
on top of a sheet
of damp paper.

Advertisements at a railway station in

England,a lithograph by Alfred Concanen,
1874.Printed advertisements and notices
were plastered on street walls, railway
platforms and public buildings
Gutenberg printed about
180 copies, of which no
more than 50 have
survived. Look at these
pages of Gutenberg’s
Bible carefully. They were
not just products of new
technology.

Pages from the Gita

Govinda of
Jayadeva, eighteenth
century. This is a
palm-leaf Handwritten
manuscript in
accordion format.

A European couple sitting

on chairs, nineteenth-
century woodcut. The
picture suggests traditional
family roles. The Sahib
holds a liquor bottle in his
hand while the Memsahib
plays the violin.
 A printer’s workshop, sixteenth century.
This picture depicts what a printer’s shop
looked like in the sixteenth century. All the
activities are going on under one roof.
J.V. Schley,
L’Imprimerie, 1739.
This is one of the many
images
produced in early
modern Europe,
celebrating the coming
of print.

A Portrait of Johann
Gutenberg,1584.
 The macabre dance.This
sixteenth-century print
shows how the fear of
printing was dramatised
in visual representations
of the time.

The nobility and the

common people
before the French
Revolution, a cartoon
of the late eighteenth
century.

Lakshminath
Bezbaruah (1868–
1938)He was a doyen
of modern Assamese
literature. Burhi Aair
Sadhu(Grandma’s
Tales) is among his
notable works.
 Frontispiece of
Penny Magazine.
Penny Magazine was
published between
1832 and 1835 in
England by
the Society for the
Diffusion of Useful
Knowledge.

Pages from the Diwan of

Hafiz, 1824.
Hafiz was a fourteenth -
century poet whose
collected works are
known as Diwan. Notice
the beautiful calligraphy
and the elaborate
illustration and design.
 Pages from the Rigveda.
Handwritten manuscripts continued to be
produced in India till
much after the coming of print.
Raja Ritudhwaj rescuing
Princess Madalsa from
the captivity of demons,
print by Ravi Varma. Raja
Ravi Varma produced
innumerable mythological
paintings that were
printed at the Ravi Varma
Press.

The cover page of Indian

Charivari.The Indian
Charivari was one of the
many journals of
caricature and satire
published in the late
nineteenth century.
 Ghor Kali (The End of the
World), coloured woodcut,
late nineteenth century. The
artist’s vision of the
destruction of proper family
relations. An Indian couple,
black and white woodcut.
The image shows the artist’s
fear that the cultural impact
of the West has turned the
family upside down.

An Indian couple,
black and white
woodcut.The image
shows the artist’s
fear that the
cultural impact of
the West has
turned the family
upside down.
The Jikji of Korea is among
the world’s oldest existing
books printed with
movable metal type. It
contains the essential
features of Zen Buddhism.
About 150 monks of India,
China and Korea are
mentioned in the book