GUJARAT TECHNOLOGIAL UNIVERSITY

(GTU)
AHEMADABAD- 382424

Vishwakarma Government Engineering College, Chandkheda-382424

(Affiliated with Gujarat Technological University, Ahemadabad)
A
Report subject Design Engineering - IIB (3160001)
On
AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER

Prepared as a part of the requirement for the subject of

B.E- Semester- VI
(Power Electronics Branch)

Submitted by:

Sr. No. Name Enrollment No.

1 BHALWALA KHUSHAL 210170124039
2 VANALIYA RAVIL 210170124050
3 SIDDHAPURA HARSHIL 210170124005

Guided by:
Prof. N. D. Mehta
Assistant Professor, Power Electronics Engineering, VGEC, Chandkheda
Head of department:
Dr. I. N. Trivedi
Professor & Head, Power Electronics Engineering, VGEC, Chandkheda
Academic Yea
2023-24
 Department of Power electronics
Vishwakarma Government Engineering College, Chandkheda
Opp. Sangath Mall, Visat-Koba Road, Chandkheda, Ahmedabad
Email: hod_power@vgecg.ac.in Web site: http://pwe.vgecg.ac.in

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Design Engineering IIB (3160001)

“AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER”

Submitted by
Sr. No. Name Enrollment No.

1 BHALWALA KHUSHAL 210170124039

2 VANALIYA RAVIL 210170124050
3 SIDDHAPURA HARSHIL 210170124005

towards the partial fulfil of Design Engineering IIB (3160001) (Power Electronics Engineering)
of Gujarat Technological University is the record of work carried out by him under our
supervision and guidance in the Academic Year 2023-24.

The work submitted has in our opinion reached a level required for being accepted for
examination. The results embodied in this Project Work to the best of our knowledge have not
been submitted to any other University or diploma.

Guided by:

Prof. N. D. Mehta Dr. I. N. Trivedi

Assistant Professor, Professor & Head,
Department of Power Electronics Engineering, Department of Power Electronics Engineering,
Vishwakarma Government Engineering College, Vishwakarma Government Engineering College,
Chandkheda – 382424 Chandkheda – 382424

Date:

Place : Vishwakarma Government Engineering College, Chandkheda- 382424

Ahemadabad ( India )
 ABSTRACT

Our project is based on AC voltage controller of 220 v - 230 v, 0-

5 amp. It aims to regulate the voltage supplied to an AC load such
as fan by controlling the firing angle of thyristor. The components
required thyristor, resistor, potentiometer, etc. The advantages are
as energy efficiency, improve power factor. It use to control the
speed of single phase ac drives. it might highlight the significance
of such as controller in enhancing the performance and lifespan of
ac fans.

GIST OF TEAMWORK
Our team includes three members starting with me Khushal, the leader of
the team. I handled the research work for the components used in the
working model and also helped in preparation of working model. Harshil
worked on the strategy to prepare canvas with perfection. Isha was
leading the observation strategy and also helped in preparing log book &
the canvases. Ravil was to prepare the strategical framework of process
to construct the working model. With all of our hard work and dedication
we mange to complete this project together.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With great pleasure, I take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude
and indebtedness to my renowned and esteemed guide Prof. N. D. Mehta Assistant
Professor, Department of Power Electronics Engineering, Vishwakarma Government Engineering
College, Chandkheda for his consummate knowledge, due criticism, invaluable guidance and
encouragement which has enabled us to give present shape to this work.

I am heavily indebted to Dr. I.N. Trivedi, Professor & Head, Department of Power
Electronics Engineering, Vishwakarma Government Engineering College, Chandkheda, for his
everlasting willingness to extend his profound knowledge and experience in the preparation of
this report. Any attempt to define this indebtedness would be incomplete. I am immensely
thankful to Dr. V.S. Purani, Principal, Vishwakarma Government Engineering College,
Chandkheda, for her valuable support and inspiration.

I am immensely thankful to Dr A. M. Haque and other faculty member of the department

for his everlasting willingness to extend his support and help in the completion of this work.

Finally, I would like to thank our friends and family for their support and patience
throughout the year, especially to our parents who without their encouragement and financial
support, this would not have been possible.

Sr. Name Enrollment no.

No.
1 Bhalwala Khushal 210170124039

2 Vanaliya Ravil 210170124050

3 Siddhapura Harshil 210170124005

Sr. Name of Student Enrollment No. Email-id Mobile No. Passport
No. Photograph

1 Bhalwala Khushal 210170124039 khushalbhalwala@gmail.co 8140833281

m

2 Vanaliya Ravil 210170124050 vanaliyaravil2479@gmail.c 7203972872

om

3 Siddhapura Harshil 210170124005 siddhapuraharshil2004@g 9773482877

mail.com

Guides and Mentors: -

1. Prof. N. D. Mehta, Assistant Professor of Power Electronics Department at VGEC

2. Dr. A. M. Haque: Assistant Professor of Power Electronics Department at VGEC
 3. Dr. S.N. PANDYA: Professor & Head of Power Electronics Department at VGEC

Contents

1. CANVASES....................................................................................1
1.1 AEIOU SUMMARY...................................................................1
1.2 MIND MAPPING........................................................................2
1.3 EMPATHY CANVAS.................................................................2
1.4 IDEATION CANVAS.................................................................4
1.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT CANVAS:..................................5
1.6 LEARNING NEED MATRIX.....................................................6
2. INTRODUCTION TO CONCEPT.................................................6
3. AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER....................................................7
3.1 AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER.................................................7
3.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER :7
4. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM...........................................................11
5. COMPONENTS LIST..................................................................12
6. WORKING MODEL....................................................................16
7. GROUP PHOTO...........................................................................17
8. EXPERIMENTAL RESULT........................................................17
9. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE.....................................18
10. REVERSE ENGINEERING.........................................................19
11. REFERENCES..............................................................................20
11.1 URL REFERENCES:..............................................................20
11.2 BOOK REFERENCES:...........................................................20
12. PRIOR ART SEARCH.................................................................21
12.1 SUMMARY PAPERS AND ITS CONCLUSION:.................21
 TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 1: AEIOU SUMMARY CANVAS................................................1

Figure 2: MIND MAP CNAVAS..............................................................2
Figure 3: EMPATHY CANVAS...............................................................3
Figure 4: IDEATION CANVAS...............................................................4
Figure 5: PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT CANVAS.................................5
Figure 6: LEARNING NEEDS MATRIX.................................................6
Figure 7: SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM WHEN POT-HG IS 100..............11
Figure 8: SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM WHEN POT-HG IS ZERO..........11
Figure 9: WORKING MODEL...............................................................16
Figure 10: GROUP PHOTO....................................................................17
Figure 11: WAVEFORMS......................................................................17
 1. CANVASES

1.1 AEIOU SUMMARY

1. ACTIVITY:
 This section will include the applications of the product such as: Adjusting voltage
of machines, etc.
2. ENVIRONMENT:
 This will include the effect of the objects placed in its surroundings such as:
Industries, living room, etc.
3. INTERACTION:
 This will include the Stakeholders such as vendors, manager, electrician.
Engineers, faculties, etc.
4. OBJECTS:
 This section of the canvas includes the equipment used for the production such as
capacitor, traic, diac, resistor, potentiometer, etc.
5. USERS:
 As usual it will include the people who are associated with the product like
students, shopkeepers, vendors, engineers, etc.

FIGURE 1: AEIOU SUMMARY CANVAS

1.2 MIND MAPPING

FIGURE 2: MIND MAP CNAVAS

1.3 EMPATHY CANVAS

This is the first step of the project or a problem. In this canvas, we will find out what is user? Who
is a User? What is Stakeholder? Who are they? And what are the broad stories of their activities?
1. User:
 In this stage, we find various users who are directly or indirectly related to our
product
 For Example: Engineers, Students, Professionals, Common People, etc.
2. Stakeholders:
 Stakeholders are people or an organization with an interest.
 In this stage, we find those users which are directly or indirectly related to the
users.
 For Example: Industries,Electricians, Colleges, Residences, etc.
3. Activities:
 Activities are directly or indirectly related to the stakeholders.
 For Example: Adjusting voltage of machines, etc.

4. Story Boarding:
 Happy: Once upon a time, in a bustling town nestled between rolling hills, there
was an inventor named Alex. Alex was passionate about creating solutions that
improved people's lives. One day, inspired by the need for more efficient energy
 usage, Alex set out to invent an AC voltage controller.After months of hard work
and countless experiments in their workshop, Alex finally perfected their
invention. The AC voltage controller allowed people to precisely regulate the
voltage of their electrical appliances, saving energy and reducing electricity bills.
 Happy: Word of Alex's invention spread quickly throughout the town, and soon,
people from far and wide came to witness the marvel of the AC voltage controller.
Families were able to enjoy brighter lights, smoother-running appliances, and
lower electricity bills, all thanks to Alex's innovation.
Grateful townsfolk hailed Alex as a hero, and the inventor's name became
synonymous with progress and ingenuity. With the success of the AC voltage
controller, Alex continued to invent solutions that made life easier and more
sustainable for everyone in the town and beyond. And they all lived happily ever
after, powered by innovation and creativity.
 Sad: In the quiet hum of the factory, the AC voltage controller stood as the silent
guardian of the machinery. Day in and day out, it faithfully regulated the voltage,
ensuring smooth operations. But one fateful day, a power surge struck,
overwhelming the controller's circuits.
 Sad: With a final sputter, it gave out, leaving the machinery vulnerable. The once
bustling factory fell silent, echoing the loss of the unsung hero that kept it alive..

FIGURE 3: EMPATHY CANVAS

1.4 IDEATION CANVAS
This canvas consists of the ideology behind the user, so in this canvas some brief ideas are
expressed. People section consists of persons related to user technically and similar persons may
relate to user. Then we divided activities in social & technical and try to find out the importance
of each activity and situations & location regarding are find out related to each.
PEOPLE:
 Engineers
 Students
 Electricians
 Domestic Users
ACTIVITIES:
 Control fan speed
 Adjusting voltage

FIGURE 4: IDEATION CANVAS

LOCATION:
 Industries
 Schools
 Colleges
1.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT CANVAS:

PURPOSE:
 To control ac voltages
 To control power
PEOPLE:
 Families
 Industries
 Hospital
PRODUCT FEATURES:
 To control Ac voltages
 Child lock Feature
PRODUCT FUNCTIONS:
 Improving Efficency
 Soft start and stop functions
CUSTOMER REVALIDATION:
 Increase lifespan
 Improving safety features
 Adding digital display
 Increase amperes

REJECT, REDESIGN, AND RETAIN:
1. Reject – increase amperes
2. Redesign – improving safety features ,adding digital display
3. Retain–increase lifespan

FIGURE 5: PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT CANVAS

1.6 LEARNING NEED MATRIX

FIGURE 6: LEARNING NEEDS MATRIX

2. INTRODUCTION TO CONCEPT

Voltage sags and extended undervoltage are one of the main concerns of industry
today. These voltage sags could cause high negative impact on productivity, which
is certainly an undesirable aspect in industrial and commercial applications. Current
tap-changing transformers used in distribution systems have proven to be
inadequate in solving these problems related to line regulation. A solution to these
problems is to install an ac voltage controller that has been developed primarily for
voltage-sag correction. This system incorporates Silicon controlled rectifier
switching technology and was designed to provide the speed and efficiency required
by industrial customers. Further-more, the system will provide the flexibility of
installation with or without the incorporation of tap-changing.
 3. AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER

3.1 AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER

AC voltage controllers (ac line voltage controllers) are employed to vary the
RMS value of the alternating voltage applied to a load circuit by introducing SCR
between the load and a constant voltage ac source. The RMS value of alternating
voltage applied to a load circuit is controlled by controlling the triggering angle of
the Thyristors in the ac voltage controller circuits.

In brief, an ac voltage controller is a type of SCR power converter which is

used to convert a fixed voltage, fixed frequency ac input supply to obtain a variable
voltage ac output. The RMS value of the ac output voltage and the ac power flow to
the load is controlled by varying (adjusting) the trigger angle ‘a’

V0 (RM S)
AC Vs AC Va ria b le AC
In p u t Vo lta g e RMS O /P Vo lta g e
Vo lta g e fs C o n tro lle r
fs fS

3.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER :

The basic principle of on-off control technique is explained with reference to a

single-phase full wave ac voltage controller circuit shown below. The thyristor
switches and are turned on by applying appropriate gate trigger pulses to
connect the input ac supply to the load for ‘n’ number of input cycles during the
time interval . The thyristor switches and are turned off by blocking the
gate trigger pulses for ‘m’ number of input cycles during the time interval . The
ac controller ON time usually consists of an integral number of input cycles.
 = Load Resistance

Single phase full wave AC voltage controller circuit

Vs n m

wt

Vo
io

wt

ig 1 G ate pulse of T 1

wt
ig 2 G ate pulse of T 2

wt

Waveforms

Referring to the waveforms of ON-OFF control technique in the above diagram,

Two input cycles. Thyristors are turned ON during for two input
cycles.
One input cycle. Thyristors are turned OFF during for one input
cycle
 Power Factor

Thyristors are turned ON precisely at the zero voltage crossings of the input
supply. The thyristor is turned on at the beginning of each positive half cycle by
applying the gate trigger pulses to as shown, during the ON time . The load
current flows in the positive direction, which is the downward direction as shown in
the circuit diagram when conducts. The thyristor is turned on at the beginning
of each negative half cycle, by applying gating signal to the gate of , during .
The load current flows in the reverse direction, which is the upward direction when
conducts. Thus we obtain a bi-directional load current flow (alternating load
current flow) in a ac voltage controller circuit, by triggering the thyristors
alternately.
This type of control is used in applications which have high mechanical
inertia and high thermal time constant (Industrial heating and speed control of ac
motors). Due to zero voltage and zero current switching of Thyristors, the
harmonics generated by switching actions are reduced.
For a sine wave input supply voltage,

RMS value of input ac supply = = RMS phase supply voltage.

If the input ac supply is connected to load for ‘n’ number of input cycles and
disconnected for ‘m’ number of input cycles, then
 Where = input cycle time (time period) and

= input supply frequency.

= controller on time = .
= controller off time = .

= Output time period = .

We can show that,

Output RMS voltage

Where is the RMS input supply voltage = .

 4. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

FIGURE 7: SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM WHEN POT-HG IS 100

FIGURE 8: SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM WHEN POT-HG IS ZERO

 5. COMPONENTS LIST

4.1. Traic (BTA16-600B)

The BTA16-600B is a commonly used high-power, high-voltage thyristor or silicon-

controlled rectifier (SCR) semiconductor device. It is designed for switching and
controlling high-voltage AC power in a wide range of applications.

4.2. DIAC (DB3)

DB3 is a three-layer, two-junction diode known as a DIAC (diode for

alternating current). It is commonly used in triggering and control
circuits for thyristors and triacs, among other applications. It has a
breakdown voltage range of 28-32V.
4.3. CAPACITOR 100N

A 100 n capacitor, also known as a 0.1 µF capacitor, is commonly used in a variety of electronic
applications. Here are some common uses for a 100 n capacitor.Decoupling and Bypass
Capacitor: One of the most common uses of a 100 n capacitor is as a decoupling or bypass
capacitor. It is placed close to an integrated circuit (IC) or other component to filter out high-
frequency noise and stabilize the power supply voltage. By providing a low-impedance path for
high-frequency currents, it helps reduce voltage spikes and improves the stability of the circuit.

4.4. RESISTOR (10k,5k,100R)

In an AC voltage controller project, resistors serve various important purposes depending on the
specific design and requirements of the controller. Here are several common uses of resistors in
such projects.Voltage Divider: Resistors can be used in voltage divider circuits to provide a
reference voltage or to scale down the voltage level. This can be useful for providing feedback or
setting reference voltages in control circuits.Current Limiting: Resistors can limit the current
flowing through a circuit, protecting components from excessive current. In an AC voltage
controller, resistors may be used in series with the load or in the control circuitry to limit the
current to a safe level.Voltage Dropping: In some cases, resistors are used to drop voltage across a
circuit or component. This can be useful for reducing the voltage supplied to certain parts of the
circuit or for biasing purposes.Voltage Regulation: Resistors can be part of voltage regulation
circuits, helping to stabilize the output voltage of the controller. They may be used in conjunction
with other components such as diodes or transistors in voltage regulation circuits like voltage
dividers or feedback networks.
4.5. INDUCTOR 100N

Inductors play several crucial roles in AC voltage controller projects, particularly in power
electronics and control circuits. Here are some key applications of inductors in such
projects.Filtering and Smoothing: Inductors are commonly used in conjunction with capacitors to
create LC filters for smoothing out ripple voltage in rectified AC power supplies. In AC voltage
controller projects, where the goal is often to regulate or modulate AC voltage levels, inductors
can be employed to reduce AC ripple and provide a more stable output voltage.

4.6. POTENTIOMETER 500K

Potentiometers, commonly known as pots, have several potential uses in an AC voltage controller
project.Voltage Control: In an AC voltage controller project, a potentiometer can be used as a
variable voltage divider to adjust the output voltage level. By connecting the potentiometer in
series with a load or in the feedback loop of a voltage regulator circuit, you can vary the voltage
applied to the load.Dimmer Control: For controlling the brightness of lamps or the speed of AC
motors, potentiometers can be used as dimmer controls. By adjusting the resistance of the
potentiometer, you can change the amount of AC voltage delivered to the load, thus controlling its
intensity or speed.
 6. WORKING MODEL

FIGURE 9: WORKING MODEL

 7. GROUP PHOTO

FIGURE 10: GROUP PHOTO

8. EXPERIMENTAL RESULT

 With the help of this circuit we are able to control the speed of the induction
motor by varying the voltage supplied to it using diac and triac. The voltage
supplied to the induction motor is controlled by controlling the firing angle of
the triac. Diac is used to control the gate pulse of the triac

FIGURE 11: WAVEFORMS

 9. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

CONCLUSION – We built a basic AC voltage controller by using a TRIAC

& DIAC. we had to synchronize the trigger pulses to the electric mains. The
controller allowed us to change the voltage output (speed of our induction motor).
We also noticed that the snubber network allowed us to reduce the surges caused by
the inertia of our rotating motor, by changing the values of such capacitors we can
then also change the frequency of the dampened response caused by the RLC net-
work. We also learned that to measure directly onto the motor with an equipment
that is also connected to the electrical mains. First we had to make sure which
terminal was the live, ground, and neutral by using a volt-meter, grabbing one
terminal and then connecting to each terminal in the connector. Then we proceed
to connect the common ground with the neutral wire.

FUTURE SCOPE - The future of AC voltage controllers is bright, driven by

the need for efficient energy management, grid modernization, and the transition to
cleaner energy sources. Continued research and development in power electronics,
control algorithms, and grid integration will further enhance the capabilities and
applications of AC voltage controllers in the years to come.
 10. REVERSE ENGINEERING

Introduction:
Opposite engineering is a pivotal process in expertise the inner workings of
diverse electronic gadgets, together with ac voltage controller materials. A ac
voltage controller deliver is an essential thing in electronic circuits, providing
a strong and regulated voltage output. know-how its design and capability via
reverse engineering can unveil valuable insights into its operation, enabling
optimization, troubleshooting, and capacity upgrades. Reverse engineering
entails dissecting a device to determine its additives, connections, and
operational concepts. For ac voltage controller resources, this typically
entails reading the circuitry, identifying key components which includes
resistors, triac, capacitors, and diac, and comprehending their roles in
regulating voltage and modern.

Process:
We commenced the manner of opposite engineering by capturing the facts
from the existing element & identifying the assembly components and their
interrelationships. Then we construct the circuit in proteus software program
for a proper outlook of the electric circuit of the version. We attempted
exceptional combinations of circuit preparations to get the fine end result. At
final, we manufactured the circuit in real and attempted extraordinary
mixture in breadboard to make it compact.

Conclusion:
The concept of opposite engineering helped us to discover the faults within
the finished venture. It helped us in getting the in-depth knowledge of the
finished task. We had been able to run analyses & tolerance simulations of
the finished task. We explored the prevailing designs and guy oeuvres with
the aid of reconstructing the product circuit more than one times in proteus.
We have been capable of find out diverse vulnerabilities of the product at the
side of this we additionally explored the most green way to design the
product
 11.REFERENCES

11.1 URL REFERENCES:

 www.google.com
 www.wikipedia.org
 https://qr.ae/psnMU0
 https://electricalbaba.com/what-is-ac-voltage-controller-definition-
working-and-application/
 https://youtu.be/R8DIwXzZh50?si=gckoWc9bA4Zy0tod
 https://youtu.be/pKBGSPvybyc?si=FLNrDzAQ-d8Cx07N

11.2 BOOK REFERENCES:

 Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices and Applications, Third edition by M.

H. Rashid, PHI.
 Dr. P. S Power Electronics by. Bhimbra, Khanna Publishers
 Integrated Power Electronic Converters and Digital Control by Ali Emadi,
CRC Press
 Power Electronics Handbook by M H Rashid, Academic Press
 12.PRIOR ART SEARCH

12.1 SUMMARY PAPERS AND ITS CONCLUSION:

PAPER-1
Performance analysis of single-phase AC voltage regulator under static load using phase
angle control
(https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317211927_Performance_analysis_of_single_pha
se_AC_voltage_regulator_under_static_load_using_phase_angle_control)

In this paper, performance analysis of TRIAC based AC regulator has been proposed. Here, phase angle
control has been used for triggering TRIAC. This kind of converter offers fixed AC voltage to variable AC
voltage with high reliability and simple structure along with fixed output frequency. By controlling the
firing angle of TRIAC, output voltage of this controller can be regulated. As distortion occurs in the output
voltage, Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) has been calculated with variation of firing angle. Due to
ageing and other natural phenomena like moisture and dust, the performance of regulator has been
deteriorated.

PAPER-2
AC-Voltage Controller for Grid-Forming Converters
(https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10004015)

This article presents a voltage controller designed to operate grid-forming (GFM) converters
under different grid impedance scenarios demonstrating good performance in conjunction with
external power-synchronization loops (PSLs), e.g., droop control. GFM converters are required
to have fast, accurate and stable voltage–frequency response, self-synchronization, power
balance, grid supporting and fault ride-through (FRT) capabilities; either they are connected to
the grid or to other generators.
 PAPER-3
Power factor improvement of single-phase ac voltage controller employing extinction angle
control technique

(https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1562481)
The general study of power converters is to improve the overall efficiency of the power system by
switches leads to improved power factor in dc converters. Similar techniques may be applied to
improve the performance of ac controllers.

PAPER-4
Ac Voltage Controller Using Triac
(https://www.scribd.com/document/104547436/Project-on-Ac-Voltage-Controller-Using-Triac)
In this paper, we learned terminal in the connector. Then we proceed to connect the common
ground with the neutral wire. that to measure directly onto the motor with an equipment that is
also connected to the electrical mains. First we had to make sure which terminal was the live,
ground, and neutral by using a volt-meter, grabbing one terminal and then connecting to each

PAPER-5
Comparison Analysis of AC Voltage Controllers Based on Experimental and Simulated
Application Studies
(https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4115489)
This paper introduces a detailed comparison between possible connections of AC voltage
controllers. For each configuration, the experimental setup is implemented and the
corresponding simulation program is presented using Simulink under Matlab. The simulated and
experimental instantaneous voltage and current waveforms in case of resistive and inductive
loads are matched well, validating the simulation comparison for analysis. The comparison
analysis includes the required number of devices and isolated gate signals, which determines the
complexity and the size, hence the overall cost.