Fundamentals of Image Processing

Fundamentals of Image Processing
Image processing is a fundamental and interdisciplinary field that deals with the
manipulation, analysis, and interpretation of digital images. It encompasses a wide range of
techniques and algorithms aimed at enhancing, understanding, and extracting information
from images. The fundamental concepts of image processing include:
1. Digital Image Representation:
Images are represented as a collection of discrete pixels, where each pixel corresponds to a
specific location in the image and carries intensity values that represent the color or grayscale
value at that point.
2. Image Enhancement:
Image enhancement techniques are used to improve the visual quality of images, making
them easier to interpret or analyze. Common enhancement techniques include contrast
stretching, histogram equalization, and spatial filtering.
3. Image Restoration:
Image restoration focuses on removing noise and others artifacts from images to recover their
original content and improve clarity.Techniques such as filters, denoising algorithms, and
deblurring methods are used for image restoration.
4. Image Transformation:
Image transformation involves changing the spatial or frequency domain representation of an

image.Techniques like geometric transformations (rotation, scaling, translation) and Fourier
transform fall under this category.
5. Image Segmentation:
Image segmentation aims to partition an image into meaningful regions or objects.

Techniques such as thresholding, region-growing, and clustering are used for image
segmentation.
6. Image Feature Extraction:
Feature extraction involves identifying and representing unique characteristics or patterns in

an image.Features can include edges, corners, texture, color histograms, etc.
7. Image Compression:
Image compression reduces the size of an image to save storage space and facilitate faster
transmission.Lossy and lossless compression methods are used in image compression.
8. Image Recognition and Object Detection:
Image recognition involves identifying and classifying objects or patterns in images using
machine learning algorithms.Object detection aims to locate and identify specific objects
within an image.
9. Morphological Image Processing:
Morphological operations are used to process images based on their shape and
structure.Erosion, dilation, opening, and closing are common morphological operations.
10. Image Analysis and Interpretation:

Image analysis involves extracting meaningful information and knowledge from images. It
includes tasks such as image classification, pattern recognition, and object tracking.
Digital Image Representation

Digital Image Representation refers to the method of representing images in a digital format
using discrete samples or pixels. In a digital image, the visual information is converted into
numerical data, which can be stored, processed, and transmitted by computers and digital
systems. Understanding digital image representation is fundamental to image processing and
computer vision applications. Here are the key aspects of digital image representation:
1. Pixel Grid: A digital image is represented as a two-dimensional grid of pixels, where each
pixel corresponds to a specific location in the image.
The grid is organized in rows and columns, and each cell in the grid represents a pixel.
2. Pixel Value: Each pixel in the image is associated with a numerical value, which
represents the intensity or color information at that specific location.
For grayscale images, the pixel value is a single intensity value representing the brightness
level of the pixel.
For color images, each pixel is typically represented as a combination of three colour
channels (Red, Green, and Blue - RGB), and each channel has its numerical value.
3. Image Resolution: The resolution of a digital image refers to the number of pixels in the
image's height and width.Higher resolution images have more pixels and thus contain more
detail.
4. Color Depth: Color depth refers to the number of bits used to represent each pixel's color
information.
For example, an 8-bit color depth allows 2 8 (256) possible color values for each channel in
an RGB image, resulting in 16.7 million possible colors overall.
5. Image Formats: Digital images are stored in various formats, such as JPEG, PNG, BMP,
GIF, etc. Each image format has its specific compression and storage properties.
6. Grayscale vs. Color Images: Grayscale images have only one color channel, and each
pixel is represented by a single intensity value. Color images have multiple color channels
(e.g., RGB), and each pixel is represented by a combination of color values.
7. Binary Images: Binary images are a special type of digital image that contains only two
colors (usually black and white) or two intensity values (0 and 1).Binary images are
commonly used for tasks like image segmentation or edge detection. Digital image
representation is the foundation of various image processing operations, including
enhancement, restoration, segmentation, and recognition. By converting visual information
into digital form, images become accessible to computational algorithms and can be analysed
and manipulated using a wide range of image processing techniques.

Fundamentals of Image Processing

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Fundamentals of Image Processing

1. Digital Image Representation:

Image transformation involves changing the spatial or frequency domain representation of an

Image segmentation aims to partition an image into meaningful regions or objects.

6. Image Feature Extraction:

Feature extraction involves identifying and representing unique characteristics or patterns in

9. Morphological Image Processing:

10. Image Analysis and Interpretation:

Digital Image Representation

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