Advanced Fluid Flow Answers

PGE-531
Abdul Rehman Sheikh

20203842
Q1: (ANS)
Reynolds transport theorem (also known as the
Leibniz-Reynolds transport theorem), or in short
Reynolds theorem, is a three-dimensional
generalization of the Leibniz integral rule. This
theorem is used to compute derivatives of
integrated quantities. Reynolds transport theorem
can be simply stated as - What was already there
plus what goes in minus what comes out is equal to
what is there. Reynolds theorem is used in
formulating the basic conservation laws of
continuum mechanics, particularly fluid dynamics
and large-deformation solid mechanics. These
conservation laws (law of conservation of mass,
law of conservation of linear momentum, and law
of conservation of energy) are adopted from
classical mechanics and thermodynamics where
the system approach is normally followed. In fluid
mechanics, it is often more convenient to work with
control volumes as it is difficult to identify and
follow a system of fluid particles. Thus, there is a
need to relate the system equations and
corresponding control volume equations. The link
between the two is given by the Reynolds transport
theorem. The theorem is named after Osborne
Reynolds (1842–1912).
Imagine a system and a coinciding control volume
with a control surface. Reynolds transport theorem
states that the rate of change of an extensive
property N, for the system is equal to the time rate
of change of N within the control volume and the
net rate of flux of the property N through the
control surface. For an example, the law of
conservation of mass states that rate of change of
the property, mass, is equal to the sum of the rate
of accumulation of mass within a control volume
and the net rate of flow of mass across the control
surface. The differential forms of these equations
with additional assumption of Newton's viscosity
law are commonly known as the Navier-Stokes
equations.
General form
The Reynolds transport theorem refers to any
extensive property, N, of the fluid in a particular
control volume. It is expressed in terms of a
substantive derivative on the left-hand side.
Let the total amount of property in a system be B.
B is known as an extensive property.
Then its intensive counterpart, b, the amount of
property per unit mass, is defined as
b=dB/dm In other words it can be written as:
B =  M bdm =  bd
Using a slightly different form of Bcv in the CV, the
RTT is obtained
DBsys/Dt = /t  cvbd +  cvbV.ndA
Timre rate of change of B for the system = Time
rate of change of B inside the CV + The net flux of
B through the CS of CV
 = Volume, CV = Control Volume, CS = Control
Surface
a) If the CV is fixed, /t cvbd = cv /t
(b)d
DBsys/Dt = cv /t (b)d + cvbV.ndA
b) If the flow is steady, DBsys/Dt = cvbV.ndA
Intergeral Conversation Equations

Combining the laws of mechanics and the RTT,
the integral or control volume forms of the laws
of fluid mechanics are obtained.
The dummy variable B becomes respectively,
mass (m), linear momentum (mV) and energy
(E).
Conservation of Mass
Let B=m, Then b=1 and RTT reduces into
DMsys/Dt = /t cvd + cv(V.n)dA = 0
The continuity equation is
/t cvd + cv(V.n)dA = 0
Conservation of Mass
For a steady flow,
cv(V.n)dA = 0
For an incompressible fluid (i.e.  = constant)
cv(V.n)dA = 0 and cv(V.n)dA = 0
Consider an arbitrary control surface, CS1
cs1(V.n)dA = Q1
Where Q1 is the volume flux through the CS1 and
called Discharge. In pipe and channel sections
average velocity is defined. V1 = Q1 /A1
In steady flow when there are number of CS with
cross-sectional average values of density and
velocity, the continuity may be expressed as
(iViAi)in = (iViAi)out
Where iViAi = iQi = mi is known as mass flux.
Conversation of Momentum
Newton’s second law of motion
Fexternal = ma = m DV/Dt = D(mV)/Dt
Where
Fexternal = FB+ FS = FB + Ft +Fn
Let B = mV then b = V and RTT reduces into
D(mV)/Dt = Fexternal = /t cvd + cvV(V.n)dA
Momentum equation
FS + FB = /t cvd + cvV(V.n)dA
First Law of Thermodynamics:
Consider an arbitrary system. It may move and
deform but may not transfer mass across its
boundary.
Let
Q = the net heat added to the system
W = The net work done by the system on the
surrounding during time interval delta(t).
{DE/Dt}system = dQ/dt – dW/dt
dBsys/dt = /t cvd + cvb(V.n)dA
For thermal energy balance we must now replace
the total energy by internal energy
{DE/Dt}sys = dQ/dt – dW/dt = d/dtcv ued + cv
ue(V.n)dA + cvQ. ndA
Q2(Ans):
a) The immiscible displacement of oil by
water through a porous and permeable
reservoir rock can be described by the use of
fractional flow curve water flooding project
parameter can be obtained from the fractional
flow curve, however developing a
representative fractional flow curve for a
specific reservoir can be quite challenging.
When fluid end special core analysis data is
limited or compromised. Hence, a
mathematical model for dependence of fw w on
s is developed by solving material balanced
equation algorithm using production data. The
results of the model were compared with
forecast from the conventional Blunkett Leveret
fractional flow equation and Corey’s correlation
and were found to be ferrite with mass time
and effort.
b) From the definition of fractional flow

qw = fwqr
qo = (1-fw)qr
Substitute into the darcy’s equation for each
phase,
qo = (1-fw)qr = -koA/uo{Po/x + ogsinα}
qw = fwqr = -kwA/uw{Pw/x + wgsinα}
Rearranging equations:
Solving the resulting equation for the fractional
flow of water, provide the complete fractional
flow equation
fw = 1/{1+(kouw/kwuo)} + {koA/uoqr{{Pc/x +
gsinα}/1+(kouw/kwuo)}
c) We can evaluate the derivate from the
fractional flow equation graphically or
analytically.
The fractional flow of water at the front fwf is
determined from the tangent line originating at
Swc. The corresponding water saturation at the
front is Swf, is given by the intersection at fw=
The location of the front is determined by the
given equation above with the slope of the
tangent to the fractional curve used for the
derivative function.
Q3(Ans):
a) Ko/Kw
0
335.5
51.7
19.38095
8.971429
4.481481
2.265823
1.257143
0.640288
0.307263
0.137615
0.041667
0

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PGE-531

Abdul Rehman Sheikh

Intergeral Conversation Equations

b) From the definition of fractional flow

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