TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC THƯƠNG MẠI

KHOA KINH TẾ VÀ KINH DOANH QUỐC TẾ

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BÀI BÁO CÁO THẢO LUẬN

BỘ MÔN: TIẾNG ANH CHUYÊN NGÀNH 1
TOPIC: TRANSPORTATION

Giảng viên hướng dẫn: Phạm Thị Phương Liên

Lớp học phần: 231_ENTI1011
Nhóm: 5

Hà Nội, tháng 10 năm 2023

CONTENTS
I. Introduction................................................................................................................2
A. General introduction to the transportation........................................................2
B. The significance of transportation in life............................................................3
II. Public Transportation..............................................................................................3
A. Definition and examples of public transportation............................................3
B. Benefits of using public transportation.............................................................3
C. Drawbacks of public transportation..................................................................6
D. Improving public transportation systems.........................................................7
III. PRIVATE TRANSPORTATION.........................................................................9
A. Definition and examples of private transportation............................................9
B. Benefits of using private transportation............................................................10
C. Drawback of private transportation.................................................................12
D. Enhancing private transportation.....................................................................15
IV. COMPARISON.....................................................................................................16
A. Comparing the pros and cons of both types of transportation.......................16
B. Analyzing the choice between public and private transportation based on
specific situations.....................................................................................................16
V. Solution for transportation....................................................................................18
REFERENCE..............................................................................................................19
I. Introduction
A. General introduction to the transportation
Transportation is the means to carry people and goods from one place to
another. This has become very important in each stage of human civilization. If the
present means of transportation were not developed, the situation of the world would
be totally different.
B. The significance of transportation in life
Transportation has contributed much to the development of economic, social,
political and cultural fields and uplifting their condition. Speedy industrialization is
impossible without development of transportation. It is unavoidably necessary to
promote a transport system for the proper development of the agricultural sector and
rural areas. Transportation helps in mass production.
In general, Transportation plays a crucial role in national development by
facilitating the movement of people, goods, and services. It connects different regions,
promotes trade and commerce, encourages tourism, and enhances economic growth.
Efficient transportation systems contribute to the development of industries, improve
accessibility to market, create employment opportunities, and promote social
integration. It helps people to live in permanent settlements and has given chances of
sustainable developments.
II. Public Transportation
A. Definition and examples of public transportation
Public transportation is a system of vehicles such as buses and trains that
operate at regular times on fixed routes and are used by the public. Another meaning
describes “Public transportation” is a form of local travel that enables more people to
commute together along designated routes.
Typical examples of types of public transportation include buses, trains, and
trams. High-speed rails, airlines, and coaches dominate public transportation between
cities.
B. Benefits of using public transportation
The benefits of public transportation can be classified as economic,
environmental, or social...
1. Environmental Benefits
 Of course, public transport benefits are wide and far-reaching. From an
environmental perspective, public transport:
● Ensures a Cleaner Ecosystem

Public transportation significantly reduces the number of cars on the road. This
means less pollution from motor vehicle emissions. Fumes produced by vehicles can
lead to respiratory diseases.
Few cars on the road mean a reduction in the possibility of these dangerous
diseases. A clean environment boosts living standards and brings immense benefits to
the economy.
● Prevents Global Warming

As the impacts of global warming become more apparent, world leaders are
looking for ways to bring down these effects. One of the easiest sectors to deal with is
transportation, which involves fewer automobiles on the roads.
Cars emit greenhouse gasses, which are responsible for global warming. By
reducing the number of vehicles, the amount of greenhouse gas produced will not be
enough to cause global warming.
● Reduces Carbon Footprint

Public transportation offers an immediate alternative for individuals seeking to

reduce their energy use and carbon footprints. This action far exceeds the benefits of
other energy-saving household activities, such as using energy-efficient light bulbs or
adjusting thermostats.
2. Cost savings
This is applicable at individual levels and in society at large. As the government
subsidizes public transport, it is cheaper than private vehicles. Traveling by public
transport also decreases the traveling cost per person.
When fewer private vehicles are being used, resources like petrol and diesel are
reduced. This helps in preserving non-renewable resources. Taking public
transportation instead of owning a second vehicle can save individuals significant
money each month in avoiding gas, maintenance, parking, and other expenses.
Household Expenses are also reduced by using public transit as the family gets rid of
buying one car and maintaining and operating the car.
 3. Reduction in traffic congestion
Urban congestion is one of the greatest challenges of developed
nations. Statistically, Australian cities incur a cumulative annual cost of $12.9 billion
due to traffic congestion. If transport systems are not modernized in the near future,
this cost could go up to $20 billion.
The solution to this nightmare lies in the expansion of public transportation. For
instance, a single railway can eliminate 1000 cars from the roads.
4. Social Benefits
From the social point of view, public transport;
● Improves Health

Bringing health policies in line with transport can significantly reduce the
burden on health services by encouraging active lifestyles. Public transport ensures
citizens are at their best healthwise by encouraging them to walk to bus and railway
stations while alleviating the stress that comes with driving a car on congested roads.
Research shows that every hour spent driving a car increases the possibility of
obesity by more than 6%. Conversely, each additional kilometer walked per day was
associated with a 4.8% reduction in the likelihood of obesity.
● Benefits the Aging Population

Research studies indicate that the number of people older than 65 years is
projected to go up from 14% in 2006 to 22% by 2030.
Older adults heavily depend on public transport to access essential services.
Public transport authorities must work hard to cater to this aging population.
● Freedom and Increased Mobility

Many people cannot drive, and even those who can would appreciate the ability
to walk, cycle, or take public transit, at least when required. Public transportation
allows them personal mobility to get to work, school, grocery store, doctor’s chamber,
or friends without having to engage a friend or relative to drive them.
Millions of non-drivers, specifically children, are usually stuck up in
automobile-dominated suburban locales where they must depend on others for rides.
● Frees Up Time
 In public transportation, passengers don’t have to drive, allowing them to use
their time and attention for other activities. They can read, work, study, or be
entertained during transit instead of focusing on the road. This can also lead to shorter
commute times.

● Public Transportation is Safer

Choosing public transport is often safer than driving a car. Public transit
vehicles are regularly maintained and operated by trained professionals. Transit
operators undergo extensive training, typically more than the average car driver (with
a minimum of 120 hours of training). They also receive regular refresher training to
ensure safety standards are maintained. This emphasis on training and maintenance
contributes to the overall safety of public transportation compared to personal car
travel.
In fact, a person can reduce his or her chance of being in an accident by more
than 90% simply by taking public transit instead of commuting by car.Traveling by
public transportation is 10 times safer per mile than traveling by automobile.
C. Drawbacks of public transportation
1. Limitations in flexibility and time constraints
Having looked at both sides, slowness is a major problem. One of the
disadvantages of using public transport is that you have to follow a specific schedule,
especially for buses, trains, or trams. This will include waiting time. The regularity of
public transport service is typically low, and you may have to wait over an hour for the
next bus or train. You have to pass multiple stops even when you are in a hurry. Many
are often behind the timetable, which brings about the loss of passengers.
For example, I went by bus to a recruiting company for an interview. However,
the bus did not run on the schedule so I was late when I went to the company, then the
company refused to recruit me.
2. Comfort and safety are not completely guaranteed
Another disadvantage is that public transport such as buses, trains are very
crowded during office hours. Sometimes, there is not enough space for passengers to
have a seat. It becomes very difficult for older people to travel on public transport
during these hours. It is also very difficult for people with claustrophobia or breathing
troubles. A crowded vehicle can lead to lightheadedness and nausea. The vehicles
are also used for a long time, therefore, they can be very out of date and dirty. All of
these factors make the passenger feel very inconvenienced.
You might come across some people with very bad attitudes that are definitely
going to have a negative impact. You can have your pocket picked up or your purse
stolen in a crowded bus. Sometimes, people, mostly women, are victims of sexual
harassment on public transport, and such an experience will be quite traumatizing.
III. PRIVATE TRANSPORTATION
A. Definition and examples of private transportation
Private transportation refers to the use of personally owned or privately
operated vehicles for the purpose of moving individuals or goods from one location to
another within a specific geographic area. It is a mode of transportation that is not
publicly owned or part of the public transportation system and is often characterized
by its exclusivity, allowing individuals or private organizations to determine and
control the entire transportation process.
Examples of private transportation and corresponding modes of transport
include:
Personal cars: Individuals own and operate their own cars for commuting
within a city or traveling on highways.
Motorcycles: Using personal motorcycles for urban commuting or
transportation. This is the most popular transportation in VietNam at present.
Bicycles: Using personal bicycles for commuting to work, school, or
recreational activities.
Car rentals: Individuals or businesses may rent private cars for specific trips or
purposes.
B. Benefits of using private transportation
1. Flexibility and convenience
Private transportation offers a multitude of advantages in terms of flexibility
and convenience that make it a preferred choice for many individuals. Whether it's
using your own car, a bicycle, a motorcycle, or even a private car service like Uber or
Grab, private transportation options provide a level of control and comfort that is hard
to match with public transportation or other alternatives.
 Customized Schedules: One of the key benefits of private transportation is the
ability to create a personalized schedule. Unlike public transportation, which operates
on fixed routes and timetables, private transport allows you to travel when it suits you.
Whether you need to leave early in the morning or late at night, you have the
flexibility to do so without being constrained by bus or train schedules.
Door-to-Door Service: Private transportation often offers door-to-door service,
which means you can be picked up at your exact location and dropped off exactly
where you need to go. This is a significant convenience, especially when you have
heavy luggage or need to reach a destination that isn't easily accessible by public
transit.
Comfort and Privacy: Private transportation options typically provide a higher
level of comfort and privacy compared to crowded buses or trains. You can listen to
your favorite music, control the temperature, and enjoy a peaceful ride without the
hustle and bustle of public transport.
Safety and Security: When using your own vehicle or a trusted private car
service, you have more control over your safety and security. You can lock your doors,
ensure that your belongings are secure, and travel with people you trust. This can be
especially important in unfamiliar or potentially unsafe areas.
Multi-Purpose Use: Private transportation options like bicycles, motorcycles, or
personal cars are versatile and can serve multiple purposes. They can be used for
commuting to work, running errands, or embarking on leisure trips, making them a
practical choice for daily life.
In conclusion, the flexibility and convenience offered by private transportation
make it a preferred choice for many people. It grants the freedom to travel according to
your schedule, offers comfort and privacy, and ensures a level of safety and security
that can be especially important in today's fast-paced world. While public
transportation has its merits, private transportation remains a versatile and reliable
option for those seeking a more tailored and hassle-free travel experience.
2. Freedom to distant locations
The allure of private transportation lies in the freedom it offers to traverse
distant and far-flung destinations. Whether you're behind the wheel of your own car,
straddling a powerful motorcycle, or embarking on a cross-country road trip with
companions, private transport becomes the key to unlocking a realm of exploration
and adventure.
Public transportation networks, by their very nature, tend to be urban-centric,
often leaving remote or rural areas beyond their reach. It is in this context that the
liberating essence of private transportation becomes vividly apparent. It allows you to
venture beyond the confines of the city, leading you on a journey of discovery through
mountains, forests, and coastlines that buses or trains cannot touch.
What distinguishes private travel is the flexibility it bestows upon the traveler.
The ability to chart your course, deviate from the conventional path, and stumble upon
hidden treasures along the way is a privilege reserved for those who venture with their
own modes of transportation.
Perhaps the most enchanting aspect of private travel is its spontaneity. The
decision to embark on an adventure can be made on a whim, with no need to conform
to the rigidity of scheduled public transport. When the mood strikes, you can pack
your vehicle and set off, following the call of the open road.
Many of Earth's most breathtaking national parks and pristine natural reserves
lie in remote hinterlands, far from the reach of public transportation. Here, private
vehicles come into their own, ferrying you to these natural wonders. You can hike the
trails, soak in the solitude, and bask in the unspoiled beauty of the wild.
For photographers and sightseers, private transportation is a treasure trove. It
provides the means to pause at picturesque viewpoints, capture the grandeur of
landscapes, and seek out hidden photographic gems along the journey.
Road trips are synonymous with private transportation, offering the freedom to
traverse vast distances and explore multiple destinations within a single adventure.
Road trips foster the discovery of new places and the forging of lasting memories with
companions.
With private transportation, you have complete control over your itinerary when
traveling to distant locales. You dictate the pace, the pit stops, and the adjustments to
the plan as the journey unfolds.
In essence, private transportation embodies the spirit of freedom and exploration. It
empowers you to break free from the confines of urban life, embrace the thrill of
adventure, and discover the vast tapestry of our world. Whether it's a cross-country
odyssey, a motorcycle journey through breathtaking landscapes, or simply the
convenience of reaching a remote beach, private transportation unfurls the canvas for
those who yearn for the exhilaration of discovery.
C. Drawback of private transportation
1. Traffic congestion and environmental pollution
Private transportation, while offering numerous benefits, also comes with its
fair share of drawbacks, including traffic congestion and environmental pollution.
These issues have become pressing concerns in many urban areas around the world.
Let's delve into how private transportation contributes to these problems and their
impacts.
Traffic Congestion:
Increased Vehicle Numbers: The popularity of private cars has led to a surge in
the number of vehicles on the road. In densely populated areas, this often results in
gridlock, especially during rush hours, as more and more individuals opt for private
cars.
Reduced Road Capacity: The constant presence of private vehicles reduces the
effective capacity of roads. Traffic congestion not only leads to longer commute times
but also causes frustration and stress among drivers.
Economic Costs: Traffic congestion has significant economic costs, including
increased fuel consumption, wear and tear on vehicles, and lost productivity due to
time spent in traffic. It can also deter businesses from investing in congested areas.
Environmental Pollution:
Air Pollution: Private transportation, particularly vehicles powered by fossil
fuels, is a major contributor to air pollution. Exhaust emissions release harmful
pollutants like carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter into the
atmosphere, degrading air quality and posing health risks to people.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Private cars are a significant source of greenhouse
gas emissions, primarily carbon dioxide (CO2). These emissions contribute to global
climate change and its associated consequences, such as rising temperatures and
extreme weather events.
 Noise Pollution: Private transportation, especially in urban areas, generates
noise pollution from engines, tires, and honking. Prolonged exposure to high levels of
noise can lead to stress, sleep disturbances, and other health issues.
To address these challenges, various measures are being taken, including promoting
the use of public transportation, encouraging carpooling and ridesharing, and
incentivizing the adoption of electric and hybrid vehicles. Additionally, urban planning
efforts often focus on creating pedestrian-friendly environments and enhancing cycling
infrastructure to reduce the reliance on private cars.
2. High costs
The High Costs and Their Impact of Private Transportation
Private transportation, while offering convenience and personal mobility, can
entail significant costs that affect individuals, families, and society at large. These
costs can manifest in various ways and have far-reaching implications. Here's an
exploration of the high costs associated with private transportation:
● Initial Vehicle Purchase
● Depreciation
● Fuel Costs
● Maintenance and Repairs
● Insurance Costs
● Parking Fees
● Tolls and Road Taxes
● Environmental Costs
In conclusion, while private transportation offers convenience and mobility, it
often entails high costs that extend beyond financial burdens. Recognizing these costs
and exploring more sustainable and affordable transportation solutions is essential for
achieving a balanced and cost-effective transportation system.
IV. COMPARISON
A. Comparing the pros and cons of both types of transportation
● Private transportation, such as owning a car, offers unparalleled convenience
and flexibility. You can go wherever and whenever you want, making it ideal
for long-distance travel or reaching remote locations. However, it comes with
 expenses like fuel, maintenance, insurance, and parking costs, contributing to
traffic congestion and environmental pollution.
● In contrast, public transportation is more cost-effective and environmentally
friendly, reducing the number of individual vehicles on the road. It can be a
stress-free way to commute, especially in urban areas, but it may be less
convenient due to fixed schedules and limited routes, potentially resulting in
longer travel times.
B. Analyzing the choice between public and private transportation based on
specific situations
The choice between private and public transportation depends on individual
preferences and circumstances, with a trade-off between convenience and
sustainability. Basing on some specific situations, we have the analyzing, the
following:
1. Urban Commuting:
● Public Transportation: In densely populated urban areas with well-
developed public transit systems like subways, buses, and trams, public
transportation is often the preferred choice. It can save you money on
parking and fuel, reduce congestion, and is more sustainable.
● Private Transportation: If you live in a city with limited or unreliable
public transit, owning a car might be necessary for your daily commute.
However, you may still opt for car-sharing or ride-sharing services as a
compromise.
2. Suburban Living:
● Public Transportation: Suburbs typically have fewer public
transportation options, making private transportation more practical.
However, if you live near a commuter rail or bus line that connects to
your workplace, using public transportation can be cost-effective and
reduce the stress of driving in heavy traffic.
3. Rural Areas:
● Private Transportation: Rural areas often lack public transit entirely or
have infrequent services. In such cases, owning a private vehicle is
 almost a necessity for accessing essential services, work, and
recreational activities.
4. Environmental Concerns:
● Public Transportation: If you prioritize reducing your carbon footprint,
public transportation is a clear winner. It generally produces fewer
emissions per passenger mile than private vehicles.
● Private Transportation: If you own an electric or highly fuel-efficient car
and drive it sparingly, you can still minimize your environmental impact.
5. Cost Considerations:
● Public Transportation: Public transit is often more cost-effective,
especially in urban areas where parking fees and fuel expenses can add
up quickly. Monthly or annual transit passes may offer substantial
savings.
● Private Transportation: While owning a car incurs higher initial costs, it
can be cost-effective if you need to commute long distances daily or
have multiple passengers sharing expenses.
6. Health and Stress:
● Public Transportation: Using public transit can reduce stress associated
with driving in traffic and allow you to relax or read during your
commute.
● Private Transportation: Having a private vehicle can offer more comfort
and privacy, which can be particularly appealing if you value these
aspects of your commute.
7. Special Needs or Circumstances:
● Public Transportation: If you have mobility issues or don't have a
driver's license, public transportation may be your only viable option.
● Private Transportation: Private vehicles offer the flexibility to
accommodate special needs, such as transporting large equipment, pets,
or individuals with disabilities.
V. Solution for transportation
 Transportation is a critical aspect of modern life, and there are various solutions
and strategies to address transportation challenges. These solutions often focus on
improving efficiency, reducing environmental impact, and enhancing overall
accessibility. Here are some transportation solutions:
Public Transportation: Investing in efficient and reliable public transportation
systems, such as buses, trams, subways, and commuter trains, can reduce congestion
and emissions. Expanding and improving public transit networks can make it easier for
people to choose alternatives to driving.
Carpooling and Ridesharing: Encouraging carpooling and ridesharing through
incentives, such as carpool lanes and apps like Uber and Lyft, can reduce the number
of individual vehicles on the road, leading to less congestion and lower emissions.
Active Transportation: Promoting walking and cycling through infrastructure
improvements like bike lanes and pedestrian-friendly streets can reduce the need for
short car trips and improve health outcomes.
Smart Transportation Systems: Implementing smart technologies, such as
traffic management systems, real-time traffic monitoring, and predictive analytics, can
optimize traffic flow, reduce congestion, and improve safety.
Telecommuting and Remote Work: Encouraging businesses to offer remote
work options can reduce the number of daily commutes, easing congestion and
reducing emissions.
Environmental Regulations: Enforcing stricter emissions standards for vehicles
and promoting cleaner fuels can reduce the environmental impact of transportation.
Infrastructure Investment: Governments and organizations should invest in the
maintenance and improvement of roads, bridges, and public transportation
infrastructure to ensure safety and efficiency
Behavioral Change Campaigns: Public awareness campaigns can encourage
people to make more sustainable transportation choices, such as walking, biking,
carpooling, or using public transit.
 CONCLUSION
The above presentation helps us have a somewhat more general view of transportation.
In short, we can’t deny the important role and enormous benefits of public
transportation for individuals and society. Each person can limit stress and impacts of
weather, focus on driving safely and enjoy life. Society also gets better when traffic
congestion, fuel consumption, and environmental pollution are no longer serious
problems. However, frankly speaking, the habit of public transportation has not yet
been popular in developing countries like Vietnam. People should be informed about
the advantages brought by public transportation to create a better world. Local leaders
need to take action to enhance the quality and efficiency of public transport systems,
carry out projects to raise funds, and create more livable communities for residents and
visitors. City planners also need to join hands to build effective public transportation
routes and services to reach more people, and encourage individuals to shift to public
transport.
 REFERENCE
1. https://www.educba.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-public-transport/
2. https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/benefits_of_public_transportation.php
3. https://thenextfind.com/pros-cons-of-using-public-transport/
4. https://blog.gunneboentrancecontrol.com/4-ways-to-improve-public-transport
5. https://blog.ballard.com/4-ways-to-improve-public-transport