MIL-STD-810H

METHOD 505.7

METHOD 505.7
SOLAR RADIATION (SUNSHINE)

CONTENTS
Paragraph Page

1. SCOPE......................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 PURPOSE. ...................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 APPLICATION. ............................................................................................................................................... 1
1.3 LIMITATIONS. ................................................................................................................................................ 1

2. TAILORING GUIDANCE ........................................................................................................................ 1

2.1 SELECTING THIS METHOD. ............................................................................................................................ 1
2.1.1 EFFECTS OF SOLAR RADIATION ENVIRONMENTS .......................................................................................... 1
2.1.1.1 HEATING EFFECTS. ........................................................................................................................................ 1
2.1.1.2 ACTINIC EFFECTS .......................................................................................................................................... 2
2.1.2 SEQUENCE AMONG OTHER METHODS ........................................................................................................... 2
2.2 SELECTING PROCEDURES .............................................................................................................................. 2
2.2.1 PROCEDURE SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS ................................................................................................... 2
2.2.2 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROCEDURES............................................................................................................ 3
2.3 DETERMINE TEST LEVELS AND CONDITIONS................................................................................................. 6
2.3.1 CLIMATIC CONDITIONS ................................................................................................................................. 6
2.3.2 TEST DURATION ............................................................................................................................................ 6
2.3.3 HUMIDITY ..................................................................................................................................................... 6
2.3.4 CONFIGURATION ........................................................................................................................................... 7
2.3.5 SPECTRAL POWER DISTRIBUTION - SEA LEVEL VERSUS HIGH GROUND ELEVATIONS................................... 7
2.3.6 TEMPERATURE .............................................................................................................................................. 7
2.3.7 AIRFLOW ....................................................................................................................................................... 7
2.4 TEST ITEM OPERATION.................................................................................................................................. 8

3. INFORMATION REQUIRED .................................................................................................................. 8

3.1 PRETEST ........................................................................................................................................................ 8
3.2 DURING TEST ................................................................................................................................................ 8
3.3 POST-TEST .................................................................................................................................................... 9

4. TEST PROCESS ........................................................................................................................................ 9

4.1 TEST FACILITY .............................................................................................................................................. 9
4.1.1 SUBSTRATE ................................................................................................................................................... 9
4.1.2 SOLAR RADIATION SOURCE ........................................................................................................................ 10
4.2 CONTROLS................................................................................................................................................... 11
4.3 TEST INTERRUPTION.................................................................................................................................... 12
4.3.1 INTERRUPTION DUE TO CHAMBER MALFUNCTION ...................................................................................... 12
4.3.2 INTERRUPTION DUE TO TEST ITEM OPERATION FAILURE ............................................................................ 13
4.4 TEST EXECUTION ........................................................................................................................................ 13
4.4.1 PREPARATION FOR TEST .............................................................................................................................. 13
4.4.1.1 PRELIMINARY STEPS ................................................................................................................................... 13
4.4.1.2 PRETEST STANDARD AMBIENT CHECKOUT ................................................................................................. 13
4.4.2 PROCEDURE I - CYCLING ............................................................................................................................. 14
4.4.3 PROCEDURE II - STEADY STATE .................................................................................................................. 14

5. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS ...................................................................................................................... 15

505.7-i
 MIL-STD-810H
METHOD 505.7

CONTENTS - Continued
Paragraph Page
6. REFERENCE/RELATED DOCUMENTS ............................................................................................ 15
6.1 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS .......................................................................................................................... 15
6.2 RELATED DOCUMENTS ................................................................................................................................ 15

TABLES
TABLE 505.7-I SPECTRAL POWER DISTRIBUTION................................................................................................... 7
TABLE 505.7-II TEST PARAMETER TOLERANCES .................................................................................................. 12

FIGURES
FIGURE 505.7-1 PROCEDURE I - CYCLING TEST ....................................................................................................... 4
FIGURE 505.7-2 PROCEDURE II - STEADY STATE TEST ............................................................................................ 5

METHOD 505.7, ANNEX A

DETAILED GUIDANCE ON SOLAR RADIATION TESTING
1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................A-1
2. IRRADIANCE AND SPECTRAL DISTRIBUTION .......................................................................... A-1
2.1 IRRADIANCE ..............................................................................................................................................A-1
2.2 SPECTRAL DISTRIBUTION - SEA LEVEL VERSUS HIGH ALTITUDE ..............................................................A-1

3. OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED .................................................. A-1

4. RADIATION SOURCES .......................................................................................................................A-1
4.1 GENERAL .................................................................................................................................................. A-1
4.2 FILTERS ..................................................................................................................................................... A-2
4.3 UNIFORMITY OF IRRADIANCE .................................................................................................................... A-2

5. MEASUREMENTS ................................................................................................................................A-2
5.1 MEASUREMENT OF SPECTRAL DISTRIBUTION ........................................................................................... A-2
5.2 MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE ............................................................................................................A-2

6. PREPARATION OF TEST FACILITY AND MATERIEL UNDER TEST ....................................A-3

6.1 TEST FACILITY ..........................................................................................................................................A-3
6.2 MATERIEL UNDER TEST ............................................................................................................................ A-3
6.3 GROUND REFLECTED RADIATION ............................................................................................................. A-3

7. INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS ....................................................................................................A-3

7.1 COMPARISON WITH FIELD EXPERIENCE ....................................................................................................A-3
7.2 THERMAL EFFECTS ...................................................................................................................................A-4
7.3 DEGRADATION OF MATERIALS..................................................................................................................A-4

8. HAZARDS AND PERSONNEL SAFETY ...........................................................................................A-5

8.1 GENERAL .................................................................................................................................................. A-5
8.2 ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION ........................................................................................................................A-5
8.3 OZONE AND HARMFUL FUMES ..................................................................................................................A-5
8.4 RISK OF LAMP EXPLOSIONS ......................................................................................................................A-5
8.5 ELECTRIC SHOCK ......................................................................................................................................A-5

505.7-ii
 MIL-STD-810H
METHOD 505.7

CONTENTS - Continued
Paragraph Page
ANNEX A TABLE
TABLE 505.7A-I TEST PARAMETER TOLERANCES ............................................................................................. A-3

METHOD 505.7, ANNEX B

INSTRUMENTATION INSTALLATION, PLACEMENT AND GUIDANCE
INSTRUMENTATION ........................................................................................................................................... B-1

ANNEX B TABLE
TABLE 505.7B-I INSTRUMENT ACCURACY........................................................................................................ B-2

METHOD 505.7, ANNEX C

GUIDANCE ON TABLES AND FIGURES
EXAMPLES .............................................................................................................................................................C-1

ANNEX C TABLES
TABLE 505.7C-I SPECTRAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTION AND PERMITTED TOLERANCE .......................................... C-1
TABLE 505.7C-II EXAMPLE CALCULATION OF SPECTRAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTION AND PERMITTED
TOLERANCE ............................................................................................................................ C-6

ANNEX C FIGURES
FIGURE 505.7C-1 EXAMPLE OF ESTABLISHING TARGET AND UNIFORMITY LEVELS OVER SURFACE TARGET
PLANE..................................................................................................................................... C-2
FIGURE 505.7C-2 EXAMPLE 1 - FLAT SURFACE EXPOSURE ................................................................................ C-3
FIGURE 505.7C-3 EXAMPLE 2 - TEST ITEM SURFACE SHAPE EXPOSURE ............................................................. C-4
FIGURE 505.7C-4 EXAMPLE 3 - MULTIPLE SOLAR SURFACE TARGET PLANES ................................................... C-5
FIGURE 505.7C-5 METHOD FOR CONDUCTING PROCEDURE I WITH SOLAR RADIATION CONTROLLED IN ONE-
HOUR STEPS ........................................................................................................................... C-7
FIGURE 505.7C-6 METHOD FOR CONDUCTING PROCEDURE I WITH SOLAR RADIATION CONTROLLED IN HALF-
HOUR STEPS ........................................................................................................................... C-8

505.7-iii
 MIL-STD-810H
METHOD 505.7

(This page is intentionally blank.)

505.7-iv
 MIL-STD-810H
METHOD 505.7

METHOD 505.7
SOLAR RADIATION (SUNSHINE)
NOTE: Tailoring is essential. Select methods, procedures, and parameter levels based on the
tailoring process described in Part One, paragraph 4.2.2, and Annex C. Apply the general
guidelines for laboratory test methods described in Part One, paragraph 5 of this standard.

1. SCOPE.
1.1 Purpose.
This method has two purposes:
a. To determine the heating effects of solar radiation on materiel.
b. To help identify the actinic (photo degradation) effects of exposure to solar radiation.
1.2 Application.
Use this method to evaluate materiel likely to be exposed to solar radiation during its life cycle in the open in hot
climates, and when heating or actinic effects are of concern. This Method is valuable in evaluating the effects of direct
exposure to sunlight (solar spectrum and energy levels at sea level). Procedure I is useful in determining the
temperature increase (over ambient) of materiel caused by solar loading. Although not intended for such, Procedure
II may be used to simulate the ultraviolet effect of solar radiation at different locations and altitudes by using various
radiation sources that allow reasonable comparison to measurements of these natural solar radiation conditions.
In addition to using Procedure I to evaluate the effects of direct sunlight (actinic effects as well as directional and non-
uniform heating for exposed materiel), use Procedure I for determining the heating effects (response temperature) for
materiel enclosed within an outer container.
Use Procedure II to evaluate the actinic effects on materiel exposed to long periods of sunshine. The spectrum of the
solar array must be measured and conform to the spectrum identified in Table 505.7-I. Deviations from this table may
be justified if the test requirements are based on the tailoring process, or if a specific frequency band is of concern.
Detail and justify any deviation.
1.3 Limitations.
a. This test Method does not consider all of the effects related to the natural environment (see Annex A,
paragraph 7.2) and, therefore, it is preferable to test materiel at appropriate natural sites.
b. If the installed environment for an item is within an enclosure, the enclosure must be provided in order to
characterize the environment and properly address the heating effects. Once the enclosed environment has
been characterized, further testing could be done using Method 501.7.
c. This Method is not intended to be used for space applications due to the change in irradiance.
2. TAILORING GUIDANCE.
2.1 Selecting this Method.
After examining requirements documents, review of the LCEP, and applying the tailoring process in Part One of this
Standard to determine where solar radiation effects are foreseen in the life cycle of the test item, use the following to
confirm the need for this Method and to place it in sequence with other methods.
2.1.1 Effects of Solar Radiation Environments.
2.1.1.1 Heating Effects.
The heating effects of solar radiation differ from those of high air temperature alone in that solar radiation generates
directional heating and thermal gradients. In the solar radiation test, the amount of heat absorbed or reflected depends
primarily on the absorptive or reflective surface properties (e.g., roughness, color, etc.) on which the radiation is
incident. If a glazing system (glass, clear plastic, or translucent media, e.g., windshield) is part of the test item
configuration, and the component of concern is exposed to solar energy that has passed through the glazing system,
use a full spectrum source. In addition to the differential expansion between dissimilar materials, changes in the

505.7-1
 MIL-STD-810H
METHOD 505.7

intensity of solar radiation may cause components to expand or contract at different rates that can lead to severe
stresses and loss of structural integrity. In addition to those identified in Method 501.7, consider the following typical
problems to help determine if this Method is appropriate for the materiel being tested. This list is not intended to be
all-inclusive.
a. Jamming or loosening of moving parts.
b. Weakening of solder joints and glued parts.
c. Changes in strength and elasticity.
d. Loss of calibration or malfunction of linkage devices.
e. Loss of seal integrity.
f. Changes in electrical or electronic components.
g. Premature actuation of electrical contacts.
h. Changes in characteristics of elastomers and polymers.
i. Blistering, peeling, and de-lamination of paints, composites, and surface laminates applied with adhesives
such as radar absorbent material (RAM).
j. Softening of potting compounds.
k. Pressure variations.
l. Sweating of composite materials and explosives.
m. Difficulty in handling.
2.1.1.2 Actinic Effects.
In addition to the heating effects of paragraph 2.1.1.1, certain degradation from solar energy may be attributable to
other portions of the spectrum, particularly the ultraviolet. Since the rate at which these reactions will occur generally
increases as the temperature rises, use the full spectrum to adequately simulate the actinic effects of solar radiation.
The following are examples of deterioration caused by actinic effects. The list is not intended to be comprehensive.
a. Fading of fabric and plastic color.
b. Checking, chalking, and fading of paints.
c. Deterioration of natural and synthetic elastomers and polymers through photochemical reactions initiated by
shorter wavelength radiation. (High strength polymers such as Kevlar are noticeably affected by the visible
spectrum. Deterioration and loss of strength can be driven by breakage of high-order bonds (such as pi and
sigma bonds existing in carbon chain polymers) by radiation exposure.)
2.1.2 Sequence Among Other Methods.
a. General. Use the anticipated life cycle sequence of events as a general sequence guide (see Part One,
paragraph 5.5).
b. Unique to this Method. Generally, consider applying the solar radiation test at any stage in the test program.
However, high temperatures or actinic effects could affect material's strength or dimensions that could affect
the results of subsequent tests such as vibration.
2.2 Selecting Procedures.
This Method includes two test procedures: Procedure I (Cycling for heating effects) and Procedure II (Steady State
for actinic effects). Determine the procedure(s) to be used.
2.2.1 Procedure Selection Considerations.
When selecting procedures, consider:
a. The operational purpose of the test item. Physical degradation that occurs during exposure may produce
adverse effects on materiel performance or reliability. Based on the purpose of the materiel, determine
functional modes and test data needed to evaluate the performance of the test item during and after exposure
to solar radiation.

505.7-2
 MIL-STD-810H
METHOD 505.7

b. The anticipated areas of deployment.

c. The test item configuration.
d. The anticipated exposure circumstances (use, transportation, storage, etc.).
e. The expected duration of exposure to solar radiation.
f. The expected problem areas within the test item.

Caution: When temperature conditioning, ensure the total test time at the most severe temperature
does not exceed the life expectancy of any material (see Part One, paragraph 5.19).

2.2.2 Difference Between Procedures.

While both procedures involve exposing test items to simulated solar radiation, they differ on the basis of timing and
level of solar loads. Procedure I is designed to determine the heat produced by solar radiation, and effects of that heat
by exposing materiel to continuous 24-hour cycles of simulated solar radiation (or thermal loading) at realistic
maximum levels typical throughout the world. Procedure II (Steady State (actinic effects)) is designed to accelerate
photo degradation effects produced by solar radiation. This procedure exposes materiel to cycles of intensified solar
loads (approximately 2.5 times normal levels) interspersed with dark periods to accelerate actinic effects that would
be accumulated over a longer period of time under normal solar loads. Actual acceleration ratios are material
dependent, and 2.5 times the natural solar exposure may not provide equal acceleration. This could, however, provide
a more rapid test provided the failure mechanisms follow the path expected in the real environment. The key to using
either procedure successfully is maintaining enough airflow to prevent the test item from exceeding temperatures that
would be attained under natural conditions. Therefore, prior to conducting Procedure II, the maximum response
temperature from procedure I or field/fleet data must be known. However, do not use so much airflow that it produces
unrealistic cooling.
a. Procedure I – Cycling (heating and/or minimal actinic effects). Use Procedure I to investigate response
temperatures when materiel is exposed in the open in realistically hot climates, and is expected to perform
without degradation during and after exposure. Although Procedure I can be performed using simple heat-
generating lamps (providing the guidance in paragraph 4.1.2 is followed), limited evaluation of actinic effects
is possible if full spectrum lamps are used instead. It is preferable to use the solar radiation test (as opposed
to the High Temperature test, Method 501.7) when the materiel could be affected by differential heating (see
paragraph 2.1.1.1), or when the levels or mechanisms of heating caused by solar radiation are unknown (this
encompasses almost all materiel).
b. Procedure II – Steady State (actinic effects). Use Procedure II to investigate the effects on materiel of long
periods of exposure to sunshine. Actinic effects usually do not occur until materiel surfaces receive large
amounts of sunlight (as well as heat and moisture). Therefore, it is inefficient to use the repeated, long cycles
of normal levels of solar radiation (as in Procedure I) to generate actinic effects. Using Procedure I for this
purpose could take months. The approach, therefore, is to use an accelerated test that is designed to reduce
the time to reproduce cumulative effects of long periods of exposure. The 4-hour "lights-off" period of each
24-hour cycle allows for test item conditions (physical and chemical) to return toward "normal" and provide
some degree of thermal stress exercising. The key to using Procedure II successfully is maintaining enough
cooling air to prevent the test item from exceeding peak response temperatures that would be attained under
natural conditions or Procedure I.

505.7-3
 MIL-STD-810H
METHOD 505.7

2.3 Determine Test Levels and Conditions.

Having selected this Method and relevant procedures (based on the materiel's requirements documents and the
tailoring process), complete the tailoring process by identifying appropriate parameter levels, special test conditions
and techniques for these procedures such as the diurnal cycle, test duration, test item configuration, relative humidity,
and any additional appropriate conditions. Base these test parameter levels on the Life Cycle Environmental Profile
(LCEP – Part One Task 402), requirements documents (see Part One, Figure 1-1), and information provided with this
Method. Consider the following in light of the operational purpose and life cycle of the materiel.
2.3.1 Climatic Conditions.
For Procedure I, there are two high temperature diurnal cycles included that correspond to the maximum
meteorological conditions in the two climatic categories, A1 and A2 of MIL-HDBK-310 (paragraph 6.1, reference a).
Figure 505.7-1 shows the daily cycles of temperature and solar radiation corresponding to categories A1 and A2 for
Procedure I. Choose the conditions for the test according to the planned climatic categories for use of the materiel:
a. Worldwide deployment. Cycle A1 has peak conditions of 1120 W/m2 (355 BTU/ft2/hr) and 49 C (120 F)
(but not occurring at the same time of day), and is normally accompanied by some degree of naturally
occurring winds. It represents the hottest conditions exceeded not more than one percent of the hours in the
most extreme month at the most severe locations that experience very high temperatures accompanied by
high levels of solar radiation, namely, hot, dry deserts of north Africa, southwest and south central Asia,
central and western Australia, northwestern Mexico, and the southwestern USA.
b. Cycle A2 has peak conditions of 1120 W/m2 and 43 C (110 F) (but not occurring at the same time of day)
and represents less severe conditions at locations that experience high temperatures accompanied by high
levels of solar radiation, winds, and moderately low humidity, namely, the most southerly parts of Europe,
most of the Australian continent, south central Asia, northern and eastern Africa, coastal regions of north
Africa, southern parts of the US, and most of Mexico. Use this cycle when the materiel is to be used only in
geographical locations described in category A2, but not in category A1.
c. Figure 505.7-2 shows the corresponding temperature and solar radiation levels for Procedure II.
2.3.2 Test Duration.
a. Procedure I. Expose the test item to continuous 24-hour cycles of controlled simulated solar radiation and
temperature as indicated on Figure 505.7-1 or as identified in the requirements documents. A goal of this
test is to establish the highest temperature that the test item will reach during repeated cycles. Perform at
least three continuous cycles. If the maximum of the peak response temperature of the previous 24-hour
cycle) is not reached ( 2 C ( 3.6 F)) during three cycles, continue the cycles until repeated peak
temperatures are reached, or for seven cycles, whichever comes first. In the absence of other guidance, the
maximum test duration of seven cycles was chosen because the peak high temperature for the selected
climatic region occurs approximately one hour in each of seven cycles in the most extreme month. If more
exact simulation is required, consult meteorological data for the particular areas under consideration. This may
include adjustment of solar energy, if appropriate, to account for latitude, altitude, month of anticipated
exposure, or other factors (for example, a product exclusively used in northern areas, or exclusively used in
winter months). Any deviation from the standard conditions must be detailed and justified in the test report.
b. Procedure II. Procedure II produces an acceleration factor of approximately 2.5 as far as the total energy
received by the test item is concerned, i.e., one 24-hour cycle as shown on Figure 505.7-2 provides
approximately 2.5 times the solar energy experienced in one 24-hour (natural) diurnal cycle plus a 4-hour
lights-off period to allow for alternating thermal stressing and for the so-called "dark" processes to occur. To
simulate 10 days of natural exposure, for instance, perform four 24-hour cycles as shown on Figure 505.7-2.
Recommend ten 24-hour cycles (as on Figure 505.7-2) for materiel that is occasionally used outdoors, such
as portable test items, etc. For materiel continuously exposed to outdoor conditions, recommend 56 or more
24-hour cycles. Do not increase the irradiance above the identified level. Presently there is no indication
that attempting to accelerate the test in this way gives results that correlate with materiel response under
natural solar radiation conditions.
2.3.3 Humidity.
Various levels of relative humidity occur naturally, and humidity combined with temperature and solar radiation can,
in many cases, have deleterious effects on materiel. If the materiel is known or suspected to be sensitive to RH,

505.7-6
 MIL-STD-810H
METHOD 505.7

(200 ft/min) can cause a reduction in temperature rise of over 20 percent as compared to still air. To ensure test
repeatability, the air speed must be measured and recorded in the test report.
For Procedure II, use the minimum required airspeed required to maintain the thermal response as measured in the
natural environment or Procedure I. This implies that before this test can be performed, the maximum temperature
response the materiel would experience under natural conditions (by using field/fleet data or as determined by running
Procedure I) must be known. However, do not use so much cooling air that it produces unrealistic cooling. Similarly,
if multiple and identical test items are to be tested, use one or more of the items for the preliminary test to determine
the maximum temperature response. Since actinic effects are highly dependent upon the solar radiation spectrum (as
well as intensity and duration), the spectrum must be as close as possible to that of natural sunlight (see Table 505.7-
I).
2.4 Test Item Operation.
When it is necessary to operate the test item, use the following guidelines for establishing test operating procedures.

WARNING: If the sheltered environment is intended to be occupied by personnel during exposure to

high temperature, it is recommended that sensors are installed to detect VOCs, CO, and Phthalates due
to potential out-gassing.

a. General. See Part One, paragraph 5.8.2.

b. Unique to this Method.
(1) Include operating modes that consume the most power (generate the most heat).
(2) Include the required range of input voltage conditions, if changes in voltage could affect the test item
thermal dissipation or response (e.g., power generation or fan speed).
(3) Introduce any cooling media that normally would be applied during service use (e.g., forced air or
liquid coolant). Consider using cooling medium inlet temperatures and flow rates that represent both
typical and worst-case degraded temperature and flow conditions.
3. INFORMATION REQUIRED.
3.1 Pretest.
The following information is required to conduct solar radiation tests adequately.
a. General. Information listed in Part One, paragraphs. 5.7 and 5.9, and Annex A, Task 405 of this Standard.
b. Specific to this Method.
(1) Appropriate diurnal cycle (for Procedure I) to include humidity if appropriate.
(2) Test item operational requirements.
(3) Spectral power distribution of the source lighting (e.g., to reproduce conditions of a previous test).
(4) Any additional guidelines.
(5) Temperature/radiation measurement techniques and locations.
(6) Substrate or method of test item mounting.
(7) Wind speed.
(8) Identify sensor location(s) for determination of peak response temperature stabilization.
(9) Location and mounting configuration for the pyranometer (see Annex B, paragraph 1.3)
c. Tailoring. Necessary variations in the basic test procedures to accommodate environments identified in the
LCEP.
3.2 During Test.
Collect the following information during conduct of the test:
a. General. Information listed in Part One, paragraph 5.10, and in Annex A, Tasks 405 and 406 of this Standard.

505.7-8
 MIL-STD-810H
METHOD 505.7

b. Specific to this Method.

(1) Record of chamber temperatures (and humidity if required) and light intensity versus time conditions.
(2) Record of the test item temperature-versus-time data for the duration of the test.
(3) Record of test wind speed.
3.3 Post-Test.
The following post-test data shall be included in the test report.
a. General. Information listed in Part One, paragraph 5.13, and in Annex A, Task 406 of this Standard.
b. Specific to this Method.
(1) Location of temperature sensors on the test item.
(2) Test item response temperatures (and humidity if required), and number of diurnal cycles or exposure
periods.
(3) Record of test wind speed.
(4) Spectral power distribution of the source lighting (e.g., to reproduce conditions of a previous test).
(5) Solar lamp bank identification.
(6) Any additional data required.
(7) Any deviations from the original test plan – to include wind speed (if necessary to adjust it).
(8) Any deviation from the required spectral power distribution as stated in Table 505.7-I, and justification.
(9) Location and mounting configuration for the pyranometer
4. TEST PROCESS.
4.1 Test Facility.
a. The facility requirements consist of a chamber or cabinet, auxiliary instrumentation, and a solar lamp bank.
This apparatus must be capable of maintaining and monitoring (see Part One, paragraph 5.18) the required
conditions of temperature, airflow, and irradiation.
b. Full spectrum lamps are recommended for both procedures, however Procedure I can be performed using
lamps that do not meet the spectral energy distribution of Table 505.7-I, provided the guidance in paragraph
4.1.2 is followed.
c. For both procedures consider the possible cooling effects of airflow over the test specimens. Caution is
advised on the use of the low airspeed; rarely do high solar and high temperature events occur in nature
without accompanying winds.
(1) Procedure I: Unless otherwise justified, use an airspeed between 1.5 to 3.0 m/sec (300 to 600 ft/min).
See paragraph 2.3.7 for additional details.
(2) Procedure II: Unless otherwise justified, use an airflow rate sufficient enough to maintain the test item
response temperature that was either determined from Procedure I or obtained from field data.
d. To minimize or eliminate re-radiation from chamber surfaces, experience has shown that the best method is
when the volume of the test chamber is a minimum of 10 times that of the envelope volume of the test item.
(Consider the beam angles of the light source hitting the walls of the test chamber.)
e. It is recommended that the solar radiation source area be such that the length and width of the target area of
the test item are no more than one-half the dimensions of the lamp bank.
4.1.1 Substrate.
Mount the test item either on raised supports or on a substrate of specified properties, e.g., a layer of concrete of
specified thickness or a sand bed of a thermal conductivity and reflectivity representative of actual deployment, as
provided in the requirements documents.

505.7-9
 MIL-STD-810H
METHOD 505.7

4.1.2 Solar Radiation Source.

a. Full spectrum lamps are recommended for both procedures.
b. Use a maximum irradiance intensity of 1120 W/m2 ( 4 percent or 15 W/m2, whichever is greater) and ensure
the radiation across the upper surface of the test item area of concern is uniform to within 10 percent of the
desired value.
c. The diurnal variation in solar energy may be applied continuously (see Figure 505.7-I) or incrementally (see
Figures 505.7C-5 and -6), with a minimum of eight levels, provided that the total energy of the cycle is
maintained.
d. Where only thermal effects, Procedure I, are being assessed, it is essential to maintain at least the visible and
infrared portions of the spectrum as in Table 505.7-I. However, if not feasible, deviate from the spectral
distribution as necessary, but adjust the irradiance to give an equivalent heating effect. Document any
deviation from the solar power distribution (Table 505.7-I), and record it in the test report. If using infrared
lamps, exercise caution because infrared-reflecting/absorbing coatings will reflect or absorb energy based on
spectrum and an infrared light system may not produce realistic thermal effects when various material colors
and structures are under evaluation. If a glazing system is incorporated in the materiel (see paragraph 2.1.1.1),
verify that the infrared transmission is not affected when using an infrared source. Use a full spectrum source
if attenuating coatings, glazing, or other systems that may affect spectral reflection/absorption are used in/on
the test item. In order to determine the amount of adjustment necessary, employ either of two methods below,
and document it in the test report:
(1) Mathematically calculate the adjustment using the spectral reflectance or transmittance of the irradiated
surfaces, and the spectral energy distribution of the particular lamps being used (and also the effect of
any associated reflectors or glasses).
(2) Empirically determine the adjustment by conducting a pre-test on samples that are representative of the
materiel (the most important characteristics are material composition, color, and surface roughness).
Measure the temperature rise above ambient air temperature of test samples under natural solar radiation
conditions (the climatic category identified in the LCEP as the most extreme), and compare the results
with the temperature rise above ambient (chamber) air temperature of test samples under simulated
solar radiation. Gather an adequate amount of data under the natural condition portion of the test to
account for the cooling effects of airflow over the samples (i.e., outdoor conditions rarely provide zero
wind), and extrapolate the temperature rise at zero wind conditions to be comparable to results from
chamber samples. This process requires the use of extensive multi-year stable data sets to establish a
statistically viable analysis.
e. Where actinic effects are to be assessed, (Procedure II), ensure the spectral distribution of the light source
adheres to the distribution given in Table 505.7-I (within the given tolerances).
f. Direct the radiation onto the test item and irradiate the entire surface of the test item facing the solar radiation
source. To provide the highest degree of confidence in the measurements, the value of 1120 W/m2
theoretically includes all radiation received by the test item, including any radiation reflected from the
chamber walls and any long-wave infrared radiation (but not greater than 3 m) emitted by the chamber walls.
Radiation reflected or emitted from the chamber walls is generally substantially lower than the radiation
emitted directly from the light source, and a measurement device that has a measurement range of 285-
2800 nm should be sufficient to measure direct and reflected radiation. Additionally, if the intent of the test
is to determine thermal heat loading (see paragraph 4.1.2h(2)), use a radiation measuring device that has the
capability to measure infrared energy, and calibrate the radiation measuring device in the full wavelength
range it is designed to measure.
g. To prevent localized effects such as unintentional heating from individual bulbs, locate the radiation source
at least 76 cm (30 inches) away from any surface of the test item. Spot lamps (as opposed to flood lamps)
may produce a non-uniform exposure.
h. Light source. The following lists are not intended to exclude new lamps made available by advanced
technology. It may be necessary to use filters to make the spectrum comply with that specified in Table
505.7-I. Further guidance is given in Annex A.

505.7-10
 MIL-STD-810H
METHOD 505.7

(1) Tests conducted for degradation and deterioration of materials due to actinic effects as well as heat
buildup within the test items must satisfy the full spectrum of Table 505.7-I and may use one of the
following acceptable radiation sources:
(a) Metal halide lamps (designed for full spectrum application).
(b) Xenon arc or mercury xenon arc (used singularly) with suitable reflector.
(c) Combination of high pressure sodium vapor and improved mercury vapor with suitable reflectors.
(d) High-intensity multi-vapor, mercury vapor (with suitable reflectors), and incandescent spot
lamps.

NOTE: Use other combinations of the lamps listed above and below if it is proven that the combination
produces the spectrum of Table 505.7-I.

(2) Use the appropriate lamps from the following list for tests conducted to assess heating effects alone
(and not actinic effects).
(a) Mercury vapor lamps (internal reflector type only).
(b) Combination of incandescent spot and tubular-type mercury vapor lamps w/ external reflectors.
(c) Combination of incandescent spot lamps and mercury vapor lamps with internal reflectors.
(d) Metal halide.
(e) Xenon arc or mercury xenon arc lamps with suitable reflectors.
(f) Multi-vapor (clear or coated bulb) with suitable reflectors.
(g) Tungsten filament lamps.
(h) Any other heat producing lamp.
4.2 Controls.
a. Temperature. Maintain the chamber air temperature (as specified in the test plan) in accordance with Part
One, paragraph 5.2a. In order to adequately measure the temperature of the air surrounding the test item,
measure it (with adequate shielding from radiated heat - see Annex A, paragraph 5.2) at a point or points in
a horizontal reference plane at the approximate elevation of the upper surface of the test item, and as close
as possible to the test item, making adequate provision for shielding from the effects of radiant heat from the
test item. This is one way to ensure reasonable control of the envelope of air surrounding the test item. The
temperature sensors used to measure the thermal response of the test item will also be affected by direct
radiation of the light source. When practical, mount these sensors to the inside surface of the external case
(upper surface) of the test item.
b. Test Sensors and Measurements. Use a pyranometer, pyrheliometer or other suitable device to measure the
total radiated energy imposed on the test item. Use a pyranometer with suitable filters or a spectroradiometer
to measure the spectral distribution of the radiation imposed on the test item. A filtered pyranometer can
only provide an approximate measurement of the spectral distribution. However, a spectroradiometer,
although more delicate to employ, can provide a precise measurement of the spectral distribution. Use other
measuring instruments only if they can satisfy the required specifications. See Annex B for the required
measurement accuracy of these commonly used instruments. Test parameter tolerances appear in Table
505.7-II.

505.7-11
 MIL-STD-810H
METHOD 505.7

(2) Overtest interruption. Follow any overtest conditions by a thorough examination and checkout of the
test item to verify the effect of the overtest. Since any failure following continuation of testing will be
difficult to defend as unrelated to the overtest, use a new test item and restart the test at the beginning.

4.3.2 Interruption Due to Test Item Operation Failure.

Failure of the test item(s) to function as required during mandatory or optional performance checks during testing
presents a situation with several possible options.
a. The preferable option is to replace the test item with a “new” one and restart from Step 1.
b. A second option is to replace / repair the failed or non-functioning component or assembly with one that
functions as intended, and restart the entire test from Step 1.

NOTE: When evaluating failure interruptions, consider prior testing on the same test item
and consequences of such.

4.4 Test Execution.

The following steps, alone or in combination, provide the basis for collecting necessary information concerning the
test item in a solar radiation environment.
4.4.1 Preparation for Test.
4.4.1.1 Preliminary Steps.
Before starting the test, review pretest information in the test plan to determine test details (e.g., procedures, item
configuration, cycles, durations, parameter levels for storage/operation, etc.). (See paragraph 3.1 above.)
a. The required test procedures.
b. The diurnal cycle to be used.
c. Other variables, such as number of cycles, etc.
d. Degree of removal of surface contamination necessary (see paragraph 4.2b). If the effects of surface
contamination are to be assessed, include in the relevant requirements document the necessary information
on preparation of surfaces.
e. Comparative information. For eventual comparison between pre- and post-test items, photograph the test
item and take material samples (if required).
4.4.1.2 Pretest Standard Ambient Checkout.
All items require a pretest standard ambient checkout to provide baseline data. Conduct the checkout as follows:
Step 1. In order to determine thermal response (paragraph 3.3b(2)), install temperature sensors in, on, or around
the test item as described in the test plan.
Step 2. Install the test item in the chamber (Part One, paragraph 5.8) and stabilize it at standard ambient
conditions (Part One, paragraph 5.1) and in a manner that will simulate service use, unless the storage
configuration is specified (see paragraph 2.3.4). Position the test item in accordance with the following:
a. As near the center of the test chamber as practical and so that the surface of the item is not closer
than 30 cm (12 in.) to any wall or 76 cm (30 in.) to the radiation source when the source is adjusted
to the closest position it will assume during the test
b. Oriented, within realistic limits, to expose its most vulnerable parts to the solar radiation, unless a
prescribed orientation sequence is to be followed.
c. Separated from other items that are being tested simultaneously, to ensure that there is no mutual
shading or blocking of airflow unless this, also, is representative of the materiel's field use.

505.7-13
 MIL-STD-810H
METHOD 505.7

Step 3. Conduct a visual examination of the test item with special attention to stress areas, such as corners of
molded cases, and document the findings.
Step 4. Conduct an operational checkout in accordance with the test plan and record the results.
Step 5. If the test item operates satisfactorily, place it in its test configuration (if other than operational) and
proceed to the first test as identified in the test plan. If not, resolve the problem and restart the checkout
procedure.
4.4.2 Procedure I - Cycling.
Step 1. Adjust the chamber temperature and stabilize the test item to the conditions shown in the appropriate
climatic category (zone A1 or A2) for time 0000.
Step 2. Expose the test item to continuous 24-hour cycles of controlled simulated solar radiation and dry-bulb
temperature as indicated on Figure 505.7-1 or as identified in the requirements document, measuring and
recording test item temperatures throughout the exposure period. If the test facility is unable to perform
the continuous curve of Figure 505.7-1, increase and decrease the solar radiation intensity in a minimum
of eight levels (see Annex C, Figures 505.7C-5 and C-6 for the stepped levels) for each side of the cycle,
provided the total energy of the cycle as well as the spectral power distribution is maintained. Perform at
least three continuous cycles. If the maximum of the peak response temperature of the previous 24-hour
cycle is not reached (+2 C (+3.6 F)) during three cycles, continue the cycles until repeated peak
temperatures are reached, or for seven cycles, whichever comes first.
Step 3. Based on the requirements document, the test item may or may not be operated continuously throughout
the test. If operation is required, operate the test item when the peak response temperature occurs. For
some single-use items (e.g., rockets), use thermocouples affixed to critical portions of the test item to
determine the time and value of peak temperature. Conduct the operational checkout of the test item as
in paragraph 4.4.1.2, Step 5. Document the results as well as the peak temperature. If the test item fails
to operate as intended, follow the guidance in paragraph 4.3.2 for test item failure.
Step 4. Adjust the chamber air temperature to standard ambient conditions and maintain until temperature
stabilization of the test item has been achieved.
Step 5. Conduct a complete visual examination of the test item and document the results. For comparison
between pre- and post test items, photograph the test item and take material samples (if required).
Step 6. Conduct an operational checkout of the test item as in paragraph 4.4.1.2, Step 5. See paragraph 5 for
analysis of results.
Step 7. Compare these data with the pretest data.
4.4.3 Procedure II - Steady State.

NOTE: If Procedure I has not been previously performed and no field/fleet data are available, conduct a
preliminary test carried out in accordance with Procedure I (absolute minimum of three complete cycles)
to determine the approximate maximum response temperature of the test item.

Step 1. Adjust the chamber air temperature to the max temperature shown in the appropriate climatic zone (zone
A1 or A2) as indicated on Figure 505.7-2 or the temperature identified in the test plan.
Step 2. Adjust the solar radiation source to a radiant energy rate of 1120 47 W/m2 or as identified in the test
plan. Use sufficient air speed to maintain the test item temperature to the peak response temperature
obtained in procedure I or obtained from field data.
Step 3. Maintain these conditions for 20 hours, measuring and recording the test item temperatures. If required,
conduct operational checks during the last four hours of each 20-hour exposure when test temperatures
are maximized. If the test item fails to operate as intended, follow the guidance in paragraph 4.3.2 for
test item failure.
Step 4. Turn off the solar radiation source for four hours.
Step 5. Repeat Steps 1 through 4 for the number of cycles identified in the test plan.

505.7-14
 MIL-STD-810H
METHOD 505.7

Step 6. At the end of the last radiation cycle, allow the test item to return to standard ambient conditions.
Step 7. Conduct a visual examination and an operational check as in Steps 3 and 5 of paragraph 4.4.1.2, and
document the results. Take photographs of the test item and material samples (if required) for
comparison between pre- and post-test items. See paragraph 5 for analysis of results.
5. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS.
In addition to the guidance provided in Part One, paragraphs 5.14 and 5.17, the following information is provided to
assist in the evaluation of the test results. Analyze any failure of a test item to meet the requirements of the materiel
specifications.
a. Procedure I. Do not alter the performance characteristics either at the peak temperature or after return to
standard ambient conditions to the extent that the test item does not meet its requirements. Record as
observations only those actinic effects that do not affect performance, durability, or required characteristics.
b. Procedure II. Do not alter the performance and characteristics (such as color or other surface conditions) of
the test item to the extent that the test item does not meet requirements. Record actinic effects that do not
affect performance, durability, or required characteristics as observations only. The fading of colors could
result in higher heating levels within the test item.
6. REFERENCE/RELATED DOCUMENTS.
6.1 Referenced Documents.
a. MIL-HDBK-310, Global Climatic Data for Developing Military Products.
b. NATO STANAG 4370, Allied Environmental Conditions and Test Publication (AECTP) 230; Climatic
Conditions.
c. “Ultraviolet Radiation,” L.R. Koller; Wiley, 2nd Edition, 1965.
d. ISO 9060, “Solar Energy – Specification and Classification of Instruments for Measuring Hemispherical Solar
and Direct Solar Radiation,” 1990-11-01.
e. ISO-9847 “Solar Energy – Calibration of Field Pyranometers by Comparison to a Reference Pyranometer,”
1992.
f. ASTM E824-05, Standard Test Method for Transfer of Calibration from Reference to Field Radiometers,
2005
g. The Photonics Dictionary, 2002 48th edition; Laurin Publishing.
6.2 Related Documents.
a. AR 70-38, Research, Development, Test and Evaluation of Materiel for Extreme Climatic Conditions.
b. Synopsis of Background Material for MIL-STD-210B, Climatic Extremes for Military Equipment. Bedford,
MA: AF Cambridge Research Laboratories, January 1974. DTIC number AD-780-508.
c. Egbert, Herbert W. “The History and Rationale of MIL-STD-810 (Edition 2),” January 2010; Institute of
Environmental Sciences and Technology, Arlington Place One, 2340 S. Arlington Heights Road, Suite 100,
Arlington Heights, IL 60005-4516.
d. NATO STANAG 4370, Allied Environmental Conditions and Test Publication (AECTP) 300, Climatic Test
Methods, Method 305, Solar Radiation.
e. “Ultraviolet Spectral Energy Distribution of Natural Sunlight and Accelerated Test Light Sources,” R.C. Hirt,
R.G. Schmitt, N.D. Searle and A.P. Sullivan; Journal of the Optical Society of America, July 1960, vol. 50,
p. 706.
f. “Studies of Spectral Energy Distribution of Different Light Sources in Connection with Solar Simulation,” D.W.
Gibson and J. Weinard; Institute of Environmental Sciences 1962 Proceedings, p. 453. Institute of
Environmental Sciences and Technology, Arlington Place One, 2340 S. Arlington Heights Road, Suite 100,
Arlington Heights, IL 60005-4516.
g. “An Artificial Sunshine Solarium,” G.F. Prideaux, Illuminating Engineering, 1946, Vol. 12, p.762.

505.7-15
 MIL-STD-810H
METHOD 505.7

h. “'Project Assess - a Report of a Long Term Solar Simulation Test,” R. Kruger, Institute of Environmental
Sciences 1966 Proceedings, p. 271. Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology, Arlington Place
One, 2340 S. Arlington Heights Road, Suite 100, Arlington Heights, IL 60005-4516.
i. “Spectral Distribution of Typical Daylight as a Function of Correlated Color Temperature,” D.B. Judd, D.L.
MacAdam and G. Wyszecki; Journal of the Optical Society of America, August 1964, vol. 54, p. 1031.
j. “Simulating the Solar Spectrum with a Filtered High-pressure Xenon Lamp,” E.A. Boettner and L.J. Miedler,
Applied Optics, 1963, vol. 2, p. 105.
k. “Modular Xenon Solar Simulation of Large Area Application,” J.A. Castle, Institute of Environmental
Sciences, 1967 Proceedings, p. 687. Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology, Arlington Place
One, 2340 S. Arlington Heights Road, Suite 100, Arlington Heights, IL 60005-4516.
l. “Four-foot Solar Simulation System,” R.N. Harmon, Institute of Environmental Sciences 1966 Proceedings
p. 531. Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology, Arlington Place One, 2340 S. Arlington Heights
Road, Suite 100, Arlington Heights, IL 60005-4516.
m. “Radiation Instruments and Measurements,” International Geophysical Year Manual, Part VI, 1958,
Pergamon Press.
n. “Deterioration of Materials,” G.A. Greathouse and C.J. Wassel, Reinhold, New York, 1954.
o. “The Simulation of Solar Radiant Energy,” P.W. Baker, Environmental Engineering Quarterly June 1963, p.
17-19 and Sept 1963, p. 14-17.
p. “Measurement of Spectral Irradiance,” J. Arveson, Handbook of Solar Simulation for Thermal Vacuum
Testing, Section 9B Institute of Environmental Sciences, 1968. Institute of Environmental Sciences and
Technology, Arlington Place One, 2340 S. Arlington Heights Road, Suite 100, Arlington Heights, IL 60005-
4516.
q. “The Solar Constant and the Solar Spectrum Measured from a Research Aircraft,” M.P. Thekaekara, NASA
TR R-351, Washington, DC, Oct 1970.

(Copies of Department of Defense Specifications, Standards, and Handbooks, and International

Standardization Agreements are available online at https://assist.dla mil.
ASTM documents are available from the ASTM International Website.
Requests for other defense-related technical publications may be directed to the Defense Technical Information Center
(DTIC), ATTN: DTIC-BR, Suite 0944, 8725 John J. Kingman Road, Fort Belvoir VA 22060-6218,
1-800-225-3842 (Assistance--selection 3, option 2), http://www.dtic.mil and the National Technical Information
Service (NTIS), Springfield VA 22161, 1-800-553-NTIS (6847), http://www.ntis.gov/.

505.7-16
 MIL-STD-810H
METHOD 505.7, ANNEX A

METHOD 505.7, ANNEX A

DETAILED GUIDANCE ON SOLAR RADIATION TESTING
1. INTRODUCTION.
This Annex describes methods of simulation designed to examine the effects of solar radiation on materiel. The main
quantities to be simulated are the spectral energy distribution of the sun as observed at the Earth's surface and the
intensity of received energy, in combination with controlled temperature conditions. However, it may be necessary
to consider a combination of solar radiation - including sky radiation - with other environments, e.g., humidity, air
velocity, etc.
2. IRRADIANCE AND SPECTRAL DISTRIBUTION.
The effect of radiation on the materiel will depend mainly on the level of irradiance and its spectral distribution.
2.1 Irradiance.
The irradiance by the sun on a plane perpendicular to the incident radiation outside the Earth's atmosphere at the mean
Earth-Sun distance is known as the solar constant “I0.” The irradiance at the surface of the Earth is the result of the
solar constant and the influence of attenuation and scattering of radiation in the atmosphere. For test purposes, a
maximum intensity of 1120 W/m2 is specified to simulate the global (total) radiation at the surface of the Earth from
the Sun and the sky with the Sun at zenith, based on a solar constant I0 = 1350 W/m2. The true solar constant is thought
to be about 1365-1370 W/m2.
2.2 Spectral Distribution - Sea Level versus High Altitude.
At high altitude, solar radiation contains a greater proportion of damaging UV radiation than at sea level. The
internationally-agreed spectrum (see Table 505.7-I) recommended for general testing is a representation of the real
environment at sea level. This spectrum is recommended for use at both sea level and at high altitude.
3. OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED.
Attention is drawn to the possible cooling effects of air flow over materiel. In practice, high solar radiation conditions
are rarely accompanied by complete absence of wind. It may be necessary, therefore, to assess the effect of different
air velocities over materiel under test. The materiel specification should state any special requirements in this respect.
It is essential, therefore, to measure and control the rate of air flow in order to maintain the required air temperature
at the test item. Excessive or un-controlled air flow can also result in misleading errors in open-type thermopiles used
to monitor radiation intensity; ventilation of pyranometers may be necessary to keep the glass dome cool.
4. RADIATION SOURCES.
4.1 General.
The radiation source may comprise one or more lamps and their associated optical components, e.g., reflectors, filters,
etc., to provide the required spectral distribution and irradiance. The high pressure xenon arc lamp with filters can
provide the best spectral match. Mercury vapor and xenon-mercury lamps have considerable deficiencies in matching
that would lead to error. If not already covered in test method characteristics of these sources, features of filters,
optical arrangements, etc., are covered in the following paragraphs. The following general information about several
light sources may be helpful.
a. Xenon lamps. The configuration and size of the lamp(s) used will depend on the test required. The relative
spectral distribution of the xenon arc radiation has been found to be substantially independent of lamp power.
However, variation of lamp power will change the temperature of the electrodes and hence the spectral
distribution of their radiation. With long arc lamps, it is relatively simple to mask off the electrode radiation.
The form of construction of the short arc lamp leads to considerably wider manufacturing variation compared
with the long arc, a point particularly important when replacement becomes necessary. Routine replacement
of either type of lamp will be needed, since the emission will change continuously with life, and there may
be wide variations of the life characteristic from lamp to lamp.
b. Metal Halide (HMI). Metal Halide lamps that are properly filtered and using proper electrical power supply
to the lamp can meet the defined spectral requirements. Care must be taken regarding lamp age and lamp
power adjustment as spectral shifting can occur leading to changes in spectrum (critical for Procedure II
testing).

505.7A-1
 MIL-STD-810H
METHOD 505.7, ANNEX A

4.2 Filters.
Liquid filters have certain disadvantages such as the possibility of boiling, the temperature coefficient of spectral
transmission, and long term drift in spectral characteristics. The present preference is for glass filters to be used,
although the characteristics of glass filters are not as accurately reproduced as those of a chemical solution filter.
Some trial and error may be necessary to compensate for different optical densities by using different plate thicknesses.
Glass filters are proprietary articles and manufacturers should be consulted concerning the choice of filters suitable
for particular purposes. The choice will depend on the source and its methods of use. For example, a xenon source
may be test-compensated by a combination of infrared and ultraviolet absorbing filters. Some glass infrared filters
may be prone to rapid changes in spectral characteristics when exposed to excessive ultraviolet radiation. This
deterioration may be largely prevented by interposing the ultraviolet filter between the source and the infrared filter.
Interference type filters, that function by reflecting instead of absorbing the unwanted radiation, (thus resulting in
reduced heating of the glass), are generally more stable than absorption filters.
4.3 Uniformity of Irradiance.
Owing to the distance of the sun from the Earth, solar radiation appears at the Earth's surface as an essentially parallel
beam. Artificial sources are relatively close to the working surface and means of directing and focusing the beam
must be provided with the aim of achieving a uniform irradiance at the measurement plane within specification limits
(i.e., 1120 W/m2 (see Table 505.7-I)). This is difficult to achieve with a short-arc xenon lamp with a parabolic reflector
because of shadows from the lamp electrodes and supports. Also, the incandescence of the anode can produce
considerable radiation at a much lower color temperature, slightly displaced from the main beam, if only the arc itself
is at the focus of the reflector. Uniform irradiation is more readily achieved with a long arc lamp mounted in a
parabolic 'trough' type reflector. However, by employing very elaborate mounting techniques, it is possible to
irradiate, with some degree of uniformity, a large surface by a number of short arc xenon lamps. It is generally
advisable to locate radiation source(s) outside the test enclosure or chamber. This avoids possible degradation of the
optical components, e.g., by high humidity conditions, and contamination of test items by ozone that has been
generated by xenon and other types of arc lamps. Precise collimation of the radiation beam is not normally required
except for testing special materiel such as solar cells, solar tracking devices, etc. However, some of the simulation
techniques developed for space research purposes could be adapted for Earth surface solar radiation studies.
5. MEASUREMENTS.
5.1 Measurement of Spectral Distribution.
Total intensity checks are readily made, but detailed checks on spectral characteristics are more difficult. Major
spectral changes can be checked by inexpensive routine measurements, using a pyranometer in conjunction with
selective filters. For checking the detail spectral distribution characteristics of the facility, it would be necessary to
employ sophisticated spectroradiometric instrumentation. However, there seems to be no practical instrumentation
obstacle to prevent this calibration being done either as a service by the facility manufacturer or by a visit from a
national calibration center. Achieve correlation between the filter/pyranometer and spectroradiometric methods at
regular intervals. Changes in the spectral characteristics of lamps, reflectors and filters may occur over a period of
time that could result in the spectral distribution being seriously outside the permitted tolerances. Manufacturing
tolerances may mean that lamp replacement could result in unacceptable changes in both the level of irradiation and
spectral distribution compared with that initially set up. Regular monitoring is therefore essential, but monitoring of
the detailed spectral distribution within the test facility may not be possible while an item is undergoing test. A method
of measuring the intensity of radiation below 320 nm based on the exposure of polysulphone film and that would
permit the monitoring of this wavelength range within the test facility is now established. Lower cost commercially
available spectrometers provide reasonable results, however extreme care must be taken when measuring the
ultraviolet range. Unless properly calibrated and evaluated, values in the ultraviolet range may be unreliable.
5.2 Measurement of Temperature.
Because of the high level of radiation, it is essential that temperature sensors are adequately shielded from radiant
heating effects. This applies both to measuring air temperatures within the test enclosure, and monitoring test item
temperatures. When monitoring test item temperatures, sensors, e.g., thermocouples, should be located on the inside
surfaces of the external case and should not be attached to the outside surfaces, unless the surface temperature is of
concern. Temperature-indicating paints and waxes are unsuitable for monitoring the temperature of irradiated
surfaces, since their absorption characteristics will not be the same. Commercially available self-adhesive surface
mount thermocouples can be used if properly insulated from the source radiation.

505.7A-2
 MIL-STD-810H
METHOD 505.7, ANNEX A

7.2 Thermal Effects.

a. The maximum surface and internal temperatures attained by materiel will depend on:
(1) the temperature of the ambient air.
(2) the intensity of radiation.
(3) the air velocity.
(4) the duration of exposure.
(5) the thermal properties of the materiel itself, e.g., surface reflectance, size and shape, thermal
conductance, and specific heat.
b. Materiel can attain temperatures in excess of 60 C (140 F) if fully exposed to solar radiation in an ambient
temperature as low as 35 to 40 C (95-104 F). The surface reflectance of an object affects its temperature
rise from solar heating to a major extent; changing the finish from a dark color, for example, to a gloss white
will effect a considerable reduction in temperature. Conversely, a pristine finish designed to reduce
temperature can be expected to deteriorate in time resulting in an increase in temperature. Most materials
are selective reflectors, i.e., their spectral reflectance changes with wavelength. For instance, paints, in
general, are poor infrared reflectors although they may be very efficient in the visible region. Furthermore,
the spectral reflectance of many materials changes sharply in the visible (producing a color sensation to the
human eye) and in the near infrared. It is important, therefore, that the spectral energy distribution of the
radiation source(s) used in any simulated test should closely duplicate that of natural radiation.
7.3 Degradation of Materials.
The combined effects of solar radiation, atmospheric gases, temperature, humidity changes, etc., are often collectively
termed “weathering,” and result in the “ageing” and ultimate destruction of most organic materials (e.g., plastics,
rubbers, paints, timber, etc.). Many materials that give satisfactory service in temperate regions have been found to
be completely unsuitable for use under more adverse conditions. Typical effects are the rapid deterioration and
breakdown of paints, the cracking and disintegration of cable sheathing, and the fading of pigments. The breakdown
of a material under weathering usually results not from a single reaction, but from several individual reactions of
different types occurring simultaneously, often with interacting effects. Although solar radiation, principally the
ultraviolet portion, resulting in photodegradation is often the major factor, its effects can seldom be separated, in
practice, from those of other weathering factors. An example is the effect of ultraviolet radiation on polyvinyl chloride,
where the apparent effects of ultraviolet radiation alone are small, but its susceptibility to thermal breakdown, in which
oxygen probably plays a major role, is markedly increased. Unfortunately, artificial tests occasionally produce
abnormal defects that do not occur under weathering. This can be often attributed to one or more of the following
causes:
a. Many laboratory sources of ultraviolet radiation differ considerably from natural solar radiation in spectral
energy distribution.
b. When the intensity of ultraviolet, temperature, humidity, etc., are increased to obtain accelerated effects, the
rate of the individual reactions (that occur under normal exposure conditions), are not necessarily increased
to the same extent. In some cases, e.g., fluorescent lamps, the infrared energy of the source is significantly
less than that of true solar loading, resulting in a surface test temperature that is lower than would be
experienced out-of-doors.
c. The artificial tests, in general, do not simulate all the natural weathering factors.

505.7A-4
 MIL-STD-810H
METHOD 505.7, ANNEX A

8. HAZARDS AND PERSONNEL SAFETY.

8.1 General.
The complex equipment employed for solar radiation testing purposes will necessarily call for operation and
maintenance by a skilled test staff, not only to ensure the prescribed performance of the test, but also because of the
various health and safety hazards that have to be considered.
8.2 Ultraviolet Radiation.
The most obvious dangers that have to be guarded against are those associated with the harmful effects of high
intensity radiation in the near ultraviolet region. In natural sunlight, the eyes are protected in two ways: the brightness
of the sun makes it almost impossible to look directly at it and the ultraviolet radiation is considerably attenuated by
the atmosphere. These protections may not apply to artificial sources. Due to the point sources and high UV
component of these sources, the eyes must be protected by filtered goggles or viewing apertures, particularly when
setting up the equipment. Warn all testing personnel that severe eye damage can result from only short exposure to
unfiltered radiation from arc-type lamps. Serious erythema (sunburn) of exposed skin will also occur. Koller
(paragraph 6.1, reference c) states the ultraviolet radiation of sunlight is a major causal factor in cancer of the skin in
the white population of the US. The use of suitable protective clothing including protection of the head and hands is
highly recommended, even when working in test enclosures irradiated by filtered sources.
8.3 Ozone and Harmful Fumes.
Another serious health hazard arising from the use of xenon and other arc lamps is the possible buildup of local toxic
concentrations of ozone during the testing period. However, the maximum production of ozone occurs at the initial
switching on of the lamp, and thereafter the hot envelope of the lamp tends to degrade the ozone back to oxygen.
Where forced-air cooling is employed, this cooling air should be removed from the building and not blown into the
lamp housing. In this way, the ozone hazard can be largely eliminated. Suitable detecting and measuring equipment
is commercially available. The combined effects of heat and ultraviolet radiation on certain plastics (e.g., melamine
laminates) may also produce toxic fumes. Take particular care in the choice of materials used in the construction of
a test facility.
8.4 Risk of Lamp Explosions.
The use of high pressure xenon discharge lamps as the primary radiation source can also result in serious accidents
unless a well planned code of practice for the handling of these arc discharge tubes has been specified and is adhered
to. All such lamps (whether hot or cold, used or new) have a liability to explode violently by reason of the considerable
internal pressure (two to three atmospheres when cold, but up to twenty atmospheres when hot). There should be no
visible dirt or oil on the envelope, so regular cleaning with detergent and alcohol is necessary using cotton gloves and
face protection during such cleaning. When cold lamps are to be stored, the effects of explosion may be limited by
two layers of 0.25 mm thick polycarbonate sheet. Particular care must be taken to limit the spread of chain reaction
breakdowns in multi-lamp equipment. It is possible to use armor plate glass for the dual purpose of protection against
lamp explosions and as a corrective filter. Individual lamp records should be kept as a matter of routine so as to be
able to detect abnormal voltage/current behavior.
8.5 Electric Shock.
Normal electric shock preventive measures must, of course, be adopted, particularly in the case of the high voltage
igniter systems used with arc lamps. In some xenon lamps, the arc ignition pulse exceeds 60 kV, and an interlock
system is therefore essential.

505.7A-5
 MIL-STD-810H
METHOD 505.7, ANNEX A

(This page is intentionally blank.)

505.7A-6
 MIL-STD-810H
METHOD 505.7, ANNEX B

METHOD 505.7 ANNEX B

INSTRUMENTATION INSTALLATION, PLACEMENT AND GUIDANCE

INSTRUMENTATION.
a. Measurement of Irradiance. The type of instrument considered most suitable for measuring/monitoring the
irradiance during test set up and test operation is the pyranometer. The pyranometer is designed for
measuring the irradiance (radiant-flux, watts/m2) on a plane surface that results from direct solar radiation
and from the diffuse radiation incident from the hemisphere above. ISO-9060 (paragraph 6.1, reference d),
provides additional information regarding definitions, design criteria, and proper use.
b. Pyranometer Classifications.
(1) Referring to ISO-9060, the pyranometer used for testing should be critically selected based on the
specific internal requirements for internal tractability/calibration certification, and the ability of the
selected pyranometer to meet the requirements of the test and test process (see ISO 9060, Table 1 for
classification details, paragraph 4.3.2, “Classification Criteria”).
(2) In tests where a direct traceability chain is required, recommend a pyranometer meeting the classification
of “secondary standard.” For typical test set-up and operation, a classification of “First Class
Instrument” is generally sufficient. As a minimum, calibrate all instruments on an annual basis.
c. Pyranometer Use Guidelines.
(1) Pyranometers are used for validating irradiance values during test set-up, for pre-test, during the test,
and post test to confirm the specified radiant energy values are maintained. Recommended the interval
used for radiant energy level verification during a test be once per day, OR as required based on historical
statistical charting showing test compliance for longer periods. For Procedure I, in addition to recording
the pretest calibration, it is recommended to record the intensity level at a sufficient interval to verify the
proper radiation intensity is achieved throughout the cycle. For Procedure II, in addition to recording
the pretest calibration, it is recommended to record the intensity once per-cycle and verify the UVa and
UVb portions of the spectrum every seventh cycle.
(2) If pyranometers are continuously exposed to the solar radiation source, consider thermal drift of the
radiant energy values provided by the pyranometer. Some pyranometers require a thermal offset value
based on temperature, while others have internal offset characteristics that minimize thermal drift.
(3) Periodic calibration certification of pyranometers is required, typically once per-year or as specified by
the pyranometer manufacturer. The pyranometer calibration is to be certified in accordance to ISO-
9847, paragraph 6.1, reference e, or ASTM E-824, paragraph 6.1, reference f.
(4) Proper mounting, mounting location, and horizontal placement of the pyranometer are critical to
achieving proper evaluation of the test item. The testing parties must agree to the mounting of the
pyranometer for the test, with mounting location and method recorded as part of the permanent test
record.
d. Evaluation of Spectral Power Distribution (SPD). Measuring and monitoring spectral power distribution of
the lamp demonstrates compliance with Table 505.7-I. Ensure the SPD measurement system is calibrated
and operating properly for accuracy, especially in the ultraviolet range. Instrument accuracy can be found in
Table 505.7B-I. Spectral power distribution evaluation guidelines:
(1) SPD measurements are critical for simulated solar testing. The pre and post test results should be
documented in the final test report.
(2) Often SPD measurement devices are limited to a maximum range of 800 nm or 1100 nm, and the
pyranometer reading is used to algebraically calculate the energy in the infrared range (780 nm-3000
nm).

505.7B-1
 MIL-STD-810H
METHOD 505.7, ANNEX C

NOTE: Grid size is typically unique to the chamber dimensions and solar simulator design.

Figure 505.7C-1. Example of establishing target and uniformity levels over surface target plane.

505.7C-2
 MIL-STD-810H
METHOD 505.7, ANNEX C

The second criteria is a uniform irradiance across a test item surface area (target plane). Method 505 uses the term
“uniformity”, other documents may reference “non-uniformity”. Both terms define a deviation between measured
and desired irradiance across positions on a measurement grid. A test item may have multiple grids or intensity
requirements, but the basic evaluation is the same. The uniformity evaluation can be performed with an imaginary
surface prior to placement of the test item in the chamber. Alternatively, measurements can be performed on the test
item if pre-test irradiance exposure is acceptable. In either case, documentation of measurement grid points and
irradiance is required to validate the test setup uniformity.

The central 3 x 4 target plane in Figure 505.7C-1 represents the Figure 505.7C-2 vehicle top surface. Each
pyranometer represents one portion of the target plane area, additional pyranometers are distributed around the
target plane. Figures 505.7C-3 and 505.7C-4 illustrate additional test configurations and target planes. Accurate
uniformity for the vehicle antenna and lower electronics enclosure is best represented by a multiple target plane
configuration. The upper plane receives irradiance from the main overhead array, and an auxiliary array is needed to
provide irradiance to the lower plane. Screen mesh or other material above higher components can also be used to
attenuate irradiance. The test configurations are for illustration only, actual testing must to be performed according
to the test plan and as agreed between the contractual parties.

505.7C-7