Date commands:

date = display system current time

date -u = display time in UTC(coordinated universal time) time zone
date --date="02/15/2023" = dispalay given string in date format
date --d="15 feb 2023" = dispalay given string in date format
date --d="2 years ago 11:12:13" = dispalay given string in date format
##5 seconds ago, yesterday, 2 month ago, 10 days ago,
date --d="next tue" = date and time for upcoming particular week day
##2 day, tomorrow, 1 year,
date --set="Tue Nov 13 15:34:32 IST 2018" = set date of system
date --file=file.txt = display dates from file in date format
date -r file.txt = display last modified timestamp of file
date "+%D" = display date in ddmmyy
#%D: Display date as mm/dd/yy.
#%d: Display the day of the month (01 to 31).
#%a: Displays the abbreviated name for weekdays (Sun to Sat).
#%A: Displays full weekdays (Sunday to Saturday).
#%h: Displays abbreviated month name (Jan to Dec).
#%b: Displays abbreviated month name (Jan to Dec).
#%B: Displays full month name(January to December).
#%m: Displays the month of year (01 to 12).
#%y: Displays last two digits of the year(00 to 99).
#%Y: Display four-digit year.
#%T: Display the time in 24 hour format as HH:MM:SS.
#%H: Display the hour.
#%M: Display the minute.
#%S: Display the seconds.
# ^ for capital letters.
date "+%D %T" = display date in ddmmyy with time
date "+%Y-%m-%d" = display date with - seperated
date "+%Y/%m/%d" = display date with / seperated
date "+%A %B %d %T %y" = display day, month, date, time, year

Uptime commands:
uptime = display current time, systems uptime and cpu usage of 1,5 & 15 minutes
lscpu = to check cpu detalils
uptime -h = help
uptime -p = display only uptime
uptime -s = display system up since
uptime -V = display uptime version

Hostname commnads:
hostname = display long host name
hostname -a = display alias name of the host system
hostname -A = display all long host name
hostname -b = set deafult hostname if not available
hostname -d = display domain name, empty if not available
hostname -f = display long host name
hostname -i = display ip address of host
hostname -I = display all ip adreesses of host
hostname -s = display short host name
hostname -V = display version of hostname
hostname new_hostname = to set new hostname
hostname -F file.txt = set hostname from file

Uname (unix name) commands:

uname = displays informantion about system
uname -a = Kernel name, network node hostname, kernel release date, kernel version, machine
hardware name, hardware platform, operating system
uname -s = displays kernel name
uname -n = display hostname of network node
uname -r = display kernel release date
uname -v = display current kernel version
uname -m = display machine hardware name
uname -p = display type of processor
uname -i = display platform of hardware
uname -o = display operating system

Which commands:
which cat = display path of cat command
which -a cat = display all matching path of cat command

Cal (calender) commands:

cal = display calender of current month
cal -3 = display calender of previous, current and next month
cal -y = display calender of current year
cal 08 2002 = display calender of august 2002
cal 2013 = display calender of mentioned year
cal 2018 | more/less = display calender with navigation
cal -j = display calender of current month in julian calender
cal -s = display sunday as first day of month
cal -m = display monday as first day of month
cal -V = display version of cal command

Bc (basic calculator) commands:

#1.Arithmetic operators (+,-,*,/,%,^):
echo "30+5" | bc = performs addition
echo "5^5" | bc = performs power
x = `echo "5*5" | bc` \n echo $x = to store value in variable and print it
#2.Assignment operators (+,-,*,/,%,^):
echo "var=50;var" | bc = store value in variable & print
echo "var=50;var^2" | bc = store, calculate & print
x = `echo "var=5;var^2" | bc` \n echo $x = store in another variable, calculate & print
#3.Increment or Decrement operators (++,--):
echo "var=10;var++" | bc = post increment & print
echo "var=10;++var" | bc = pre increment & print
echo "var=10;var--" | bc = post decrement & print
echo "var=10;--var" | bc = pre decrement & print
#4.Comparison or Relational operators (<,<=,>,>=,==,!=),(1 true, 0 false):
echo "25>39" | bc = compare & results
echo "25==39" | bc = compare & results
#5.Logical or Boolean operators (&&, ||, !),(1 true, 0 false):
echo "25 && 22" | bc = Results 1 if both expressions are non-zero
echo "0 && 5" | bc = Results 1 if either expression is non-zero
#6.Math functions: we'll se in shell scripting
#7.Conditional statements (): we'll se in shell scripting
#8.Iterative statements (): we'll se in shell scripting
#write arithmetic expressions in a file and then execute
cat > file.txt
50+55;
10/2;
var = 10*20
var
print var
quit
ctrl+d, to save file
#execute file
bc file.txt
bc -q file.txt
Ps (process status) commands: used to list
the currently running processes
ps = Result contains four columns of information.
PID - the unique process ID
TTY - terminal type that the user is logged into
TIME - amount of CPU in minutes and seconds that the process has been running
CMD - name of the command that launched the process.
ps -ef / -aux = List currently running process in full format
ps -ax = List currently running process
ps -u <username> = List process for specific user
ps -C <command> = List process for given command
ps -p <PID> = List process with given PID
ps -ppid <PPID> = List process with given ppid (parent process ID)
pstree = Show process in hierarchy
ps -U root -u root u = Show process running by root

Bg commands: place the suspended job in

the background / place foreground jobs in
background.
jobs = display stopped commands with id
cat > abc.txt & ctrl+z = to execute and stop command
bg %ID = place job in background in running state

Fg commands: restarts a suspended job in

the foreground / place background job in
foreground.
jobs = display stopped commands with id
fg %ID = brings job to foreground
#options of bg & fg,
#%n : Refer to job number n.
#%str : Refer to a job which was started by a command beginning with str.
fg %c = it will command starting with c to foreground (if there are multiple commands starting with c
it will show error)
#%?str : Refer to a job which was started by a command containing str.
#%% or %+ : Refer to the current job. fg and bg will operate on this job if no job_spec is given.
#%- : Refer to the previous job.

Nice commands: helps in execution of a

program/process with modified scheduling
priority
#priority refers from -20 to +19, wherer +19 reprsent lowest & -20 highest priority.
ps -l = to check nice value of running process
top = to check nice value of running process
nice = display nice value of terminal
nice -20 ping www.google.com = to set highest priority to ping command
nice --20 ping www.google.com = to set lowest priority to ping command
#renice: change priority of running process
ps -el | grep gnome-terminal = to check priority of temrinal
renice -n 5 -p 5529 = -n 5 to set priority, -p specify process id of terminal

Ifconfig (interface congifuration)

commands: configure and view the status of
the network interfaces in Linux o s
ifconfig = to check number of active network available on system
ifconfig network_interface_name = to chek specific network information
ifconfig network_interface_name mtu 2000 = to change maximum transmission unit
ifconfig network_interface_name down = to stop specific network service
ifconfig network_interface_name up = to start specific network service
ifconfig network_interface_name inet new_ip = to set new ip address to system
ifconfig network_interface_name netmask new_ip = to set new ip address of netmask to system
(255.255.255.0 to 255) to connect number of system to network
ifconfig network_interface_name broadcast new_ip = to set new ip address of broadcast to system
ifconfig -a = to check all active & inactive network interface
ifconfig network_interface_name promisc = to enable Promiscuous Mode for specific interface
ifconfig network_interface_name -promisc = to enable Promiscuous Mode for specific interface

Ping (packet internet groper) commands:

ping www.google.com = check network connectivity between host & server
ping -c 5 www.google.com = it will send 5 packets to server (5 pings)
ping -s 40 -c 5 www.google.com = to control size of packet
ping -i 2 www.google.com = it will wait for 2sec for sending next packet
ping -f www.google.com = to test network performance (flooding with ping)
ping -p ff www.google.com = to fill packet with data
ping -c 5 -M want www.google.com = to find out maximum MTU a TCP pth can take

Traceroute commands:
treaceroute www.chitkara.edu.in = display the routes while connecting to server
traceroute -In www.chitkara.edu.in = display the routes details while connecting to server
traceroute -w15 www.chitkara.edu.in = wait time
traceroute www.chitkara.edu.in -n = to disable hostname
traceroute www.chitkara.edu.in -w 5 = wait time
traceroute -n www.chitkara.edu.in -q 3 = configure number of queries per hope
traceroute -n www.chitkara.edu.in -f 8 = configure TTL value to start with