SIGNALLING DEVICES AND SYSTEMS: LIGHT-SOUND BUTTON INDICATORS

Complete Scientific Research Title

Alphabetically arranged listed Surname, First Name of Authors

Senior High School, PNTC Colleges

Course Strand
Name of Research Adviser/Instructor
May 22, 2024
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Title
(Title of the study should be centered in inverted pyramid where the first letters are
capitalized. Include double-spaced before the authors)

(Authors are listed here in alphabetical order and italicized. The authors’ name is centered.
Write all names on the same line. For three or more authors, separate the names with
commas, and include “and” before the final author’s name)
Example:

Every scientific paper must have a self-explanatory title. By reading the title, the work being

reported should be clear to the reader without having to read the paper itself. The title, "A

Biology Lab Report", tells the reader nothing. An example of a good, self-explanatory title

would be: "The Effects of Light and Temperature on the Growth of Populations of the

Bacterium, Escherichia coli ". This title reports exactly what the researcher has done by stating

three things:

1. The environmental factors that were manipulated (light, temperature).

2. The parameter that was measured (growth).

3. The specific organism that was studied (the bacterium, Escherichia coli).

If the title had been only "Effects of Light and Temperature on Escherichia coli ", the reader

would have to guess which parameters were measured. (That is, were the effects on

reproduction, survival, dry weight or something else?) If the title had been "Effect of

Environmental Factors on Growth of Escherichia coli ", the reader would not know which
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environmental factors were manipulated. If the title had been "Effects of Light and Temperature

on the Growth of an Organism", then the reader would not know which organism was studied. In

any of the above cases, the reader would be forced to read more of the paper to understand what

the researcher had done.

Exceptions do occur: If several factors were manipulated, all of them do not have to be listed.

Instead, "Effects of Several Environmental Factors on Growth of Populations of Escherichia coli

" (if more than two or three factors were manipulated) would be appropriate. The same applies if

more than two or three organisms were studied. For example, "Effects of Light and Temperature

on the Growth of Four Species of Bacteria" would be correct. The researcher would then include

the names of the bacteria in the Materials and Methods section of the paper.

Abstract
One-paragraph summary of the entire study – typically no more than 250 words in length (and in

many cases it is well shorter than that), the Abstract provides an overview of the study.

The abstract section in a scientific paper is a concise digest of the content of the paper. An

abstract is more than a summary. A summary is a brief restatement of preceding text that is

intended to orient a reader who has studied the preceding text. An abstract is intended to be self-

explanatory without reference to the paper but is not a substitute for the paper.

The abstract should present, in about 250 words, the purpose of the paper, general materials and

methods (including, if any, the scientific and common names of organisms), summarized results,

and the major conclusions. Do not include any information that is not contained in the body of

the paper. Exclude detailed descriptions of organisms, materials and methods. Tables or figures,

references to tables or figures, or references to literature cited usually are not included in this

section. The abstract is usually written last. An easy way to write the abstract is to extract the
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most important points from each section of the paper and then use those points to construct a

brief description of your study.

Introduction

What is the topic and why is it worth studying? – the first major section of text in the paper, the

Introduction commonly describes the topic under investigation, summarizes or discusses relevant

prior research, identifies unresolved issues that the current research will address, and provides an

overview of the research that is to be described in greater detail in the sections to follow.

The Introduction is the statement of the problem that you investigated. It should give readers

enough information to appreciate your specific objectives within a larger theoretical framework.

After placing your work in a broader context, you should state the specific question(s) to be

answered. This section may also include background information about the problem such as a

summary of any research that has been done on the problem in the past and how the present

experiment will help to clarify or expand the knowledge in this general area. All background

information gathered from other sources must, of course, be appropriately cited. A helpful

strategy in this section is to go from the general, theoretical framework to your specific question.

However, do not make the Introduction too broad. Remember that you are writing for classmates

who have knowledge similar to yours. Present only the most relevant ideas and get quickly to the

point of the paper.

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Materials and Methods

What did you do? – a section which details how the research was performed. It typically features

a description of the participants/subjects that were involved, the study design, the materials that

were used, and the study procedure. If there were multiple experiments, then each experiment

may require a separate Methods section. A rule of thumb is that the Methods section should be

sufficiently detailed for another researcher to duplicate your research.

This section explains how and, where relevant, when the experiment was done. The researcher

describes the experimental design, the apparatus, methods of gathering data and type of control.

If any work was done in a natural habitat, the worker describes the study area, states its location

and explains when the work was done. If specimens were collected for study, where and when

that material was collected are stated. The general rule to remember is that the Materials and

Methods section should be detailed and clear enough so that any reader knowledgeable in basic

scientific techniques could duplicate the study if she/he wished to do so.

DO NOT write this section as though it were directions in a laboratory exercise book. Instead of

writing:

First pour agar into six petri plates. Then inoculate the plates with the bacteria. Then put the

plates into the incubator . . .

Simply describe how the experiment was done:

Six petri plates were prepared with agar and inoculated with the bacteria. The plates were

incubated for ten hours.

Also, DO NOT LIST the equipment used in the experiment. The materials that were used in the

research are simply mentioned in the narrative as the experimental procedure is described in

detail. If well-known methods were used without changes, simply name the methods (e.g.,
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standard microscopic techniques; standard spectrophotometric techniques). If modified standard

techniques were used, describe the changes.

Results

What did you find? – a section which describes the data that was collected and the results of any

statistical tests that were performed. It may also be prefaced by a description of the analysis

procedure that was used. If there were multiple experiments, then each experiment may require a

separate Results section.

Here the researcher presents summarized data for inspection using narrative text and, where

appropriate, tables and figures to display summarized data. Only the results are presented. No

interpretation of the data or conclusions about what the data might mean are given in this section.

Data assembled in tables and/or figures should supplement the text and present the data in an

easily understandable form. Do not present raw data! If tables and/or figures are used, they must

be accompanied by narrative text. Do not repeat extensively in the text the data you have

presented in tables and figures. But do not restrict yourself to passing comments either. The text

describes the data presented in the tables and figures and calls attention to the important data that

the researcher will discuss in the Discussion section and will use to support Conclusions.

Present the results of your study according to the sequence of your objectives.

In providing images, please ensure its clarity and good resolution.

Discussion

What is the significance of your results? – the final major section of text in the paper. The

Discussion commonly features a summary of the results that were obtained in the study,
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describes how those results address the topic under investigation and/or the issues that the

research was designed to address, and may expand upon the implications of those findings.

Limitations and directions for future research are also commonly addressed.

Here, the researcher interprets the data in terms of any patterns that were observed, any

relationships among experimental variables that are important and any correlations between

variables that are discernible. The author should include any explanations of how the results

differed from those hypothesized, or how the results were either different from or similar to those

of any related experiments performed by other researchers. Remember that experiments do not

always need to show major differences or trends to be important. "Negative" results also need to

be explained and may represent something important--perhaps a new or changed focus for your

research.

A useful strategy in discussing your experiment is to relate your specific results back to the broad

theoretical context presented in the Introduction. Since your Introduction went from the general

to a specific question, going from the specific back to the general will help to tie your ideas and

arguments together.

Conclusions

This section simply states what the researcher thinks the data mean, and, as such, should relate

directly back to the problem/question stated in the introduction. This section should not offer any

reasons for those particular conclusions--these should have been presented in the Discussion

section. By looking at only the Introduction and Conclusions sections, a reader should have a

good idea of what the researcher has investigated and discovered even though the specific details

of how the work was done would not be known.

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Acknowledgements

In this section you should give credit to people who have helped you with the research or with

writing the paper. If your work has been supported by a grant, you would also give credit for that

in this section.

Literature Cited

List of articles and any books cited – an alphabetized list of the sources that are cited in the paper

(by last name of the first author of each source). Each reference should follow specific APA

guidelines regarding author names, dates, article titles, journal titles, journal volume numbers,

page numbers, book publishers, publisher locations, websites, and so on.

This section lists, in alphabetical order by author, all published information that was referred to

anywhere in the text of the paper. It provides the readers with the information needed should

they want to refer to the original literature on the general problem. Note that the Literature Cited

section includes only those references that were actually mentioned (cited) in the paper. Any

other information that the researcher may have read about the problem but did not mention in the

paper is not included in this section. This is why the section is called "Literature Cited" instead

of "References" or "Bibliography".

The system of citing reference material in scientific journals varies with the particular journal.

The method that you will follow is the "author-date" system. Listed below are several examples

of how citations should be presented in the text of your paper. The name(s) of the author(s) and

year of publication are included in the body of the text. Sentence structure determines the

placement of the parentheses.

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One author: 'Scott's (1990) model fails to ...' or 'The stream model (Scott 1990) is ...'

Two authors: 'Libby and Libby (1991) show...' or 'Previous moose migration studies (Libby and

Libby 1991)...'

Three or more authors: 'Roche et al. (1991) reported that ...' or 'During April, moose sightings

increased over those in a previous study (Roche et al. 1991) .....'

Entries in the Literature Cited section are listed alphabetically by author(s) and chronologically

for papers by the same author(s). The following citations illustrate the details of punctuation and

order of information for a journal article, book, Internet source, and your laboratory packet.

Examples:

Schneider, M.J., Troxler, R.F. and Voth, P.D. 1967. Occurrence of indoleacetic acid in the

bryophytes. Bot. Gaz. 28(3): 174-179.

Stebbins, G.L. 1977. Processes of Organic Evolution. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey. 269 pp.

MSW Scientific Names: Microtus ochrogaster. Online. Smithsonian Institution. Available:

http://www.nmnh.si.edu/cgi-bin/wdb/msw/names/query/22128. updated August 8, 1996

[accessed 8/10/98]

Colby Biology Department. 1998. Salt Tolerance in Phaseolus vulgaris. In: Introduction to

Biology: Organismal Biology. Waterville, ME: Colby Custom Publishing

Generally, most references will be to the primary literature (i.e., journal articles) and, to a lesser

extent, books. Popular literature and the Internet should be used sparingly and with caution.

Other sources such as book chapters and pamphlets typically have their own specific citation

formats. If necessary, be sure to find out what these formats are and use them appropriately.
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Tables and Figures

Graphs and data (optional in some cases) – depending on the type of research being performed,

there may be Tables and/or Figures (however, in some cases, there may be neither). In APA

style, each Table and each Figure is placed on a separate page and all Tables and Figures are

included after the References. Tables are included first, followed by Figures. However, for

some journals and undergraduate research papers, Tables and Figures may be embedded in the

text.

Reminder:

Pagination: Top of page, right side, page number should appear on all pages except for the first

page.

References:

A Guide to Writing Scientific Papers. (n.d.). Retrieved from https:// www.colby.edu/ reload/

biology /BI17x/writing_papers.html

Bonifacio, J.B. (n.d).”IMRaD Research Format”. Retrieved from https://rdc.ubagui.edu/p-

content/uploads/2021/10/IMRaD-Research-For mat .pdf