GEOGRAPHY GR12 QP JUNE 2023 - English - 074346

NATIONAL
SENIOR CERTIFICATE
GRADE 12
JUNE 2023
GEOGRAPHY
MARKS: 150
TIME: 3 hours
This question paper consists of 21 pages.

2 GEOGRAPHY (EC/JUNE 2023)
INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION
1. This question paper consists of TWO SECTIONS.
SECTION A:
QUESTION 1: The Atmosphere (40)
QUESTION 2: Geomorphology (40)
QUESTION 3: Settlement (40)
SECTION B:
QUESTION 4: Geographical Skills and Techniques (30)
2. Answer all FOUR questions.
3. All diagrams are included in the QUESTION PAPER.
4. Leave a line between subsections of questions answered.
5. Start EACH question at the top of a NEW page.
6. Number the questions correctly according to the numbering system used in

this question paper.
7. Do NOT write in the margins of the ANSWER BOOK.
8. Draw fully labelled diagrams when instructed to do so.
9. Answer in FULL SENTENCES, except when you have to state, name, identify
or list.
10. Units of measurement MUST be indicated in your final answer, e.g.

1 020 hPa, 14 °C and 45 m.
11. You may use a non-programmable calculator.
12. You may use a magnifying glass.
13. Write neatly and legibly.
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION FOR SECTION B
14. In SECTION B you are provided with a 1 : 50 000 extract of the topographic map
(2527 DB/DD HARTBEESPOORT DAM) and an orthophoto map (2527 DB 23
ortho-rectified) of a part of the mapped area.
15. The area demarcated in RED/BLACK on the topographic map represents the
area covered by the orthophoto map.
16. Show ALL calculations. Marks will be allocated for this.
17. You must hand in the topographic and the orthophoto map to the invigilator at
the end of this examination session.
Copyright reserved Please turn over

(EC/JUNE 2023) GEOGRAPHY 3
QUESTION 1: WEATHER AND CLIMATOLOGY
1.1 Match the statements in COLUMN A with the options in COLUMN B. Write
down only Y or Z next to the question numbers (1.1.1 to 1.1.5) in the ANSWER
BOOK, for example 1.1.6 Y.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1.1.1 Winds that cause mid-latitude Y Easterlies
cyclones to generally move in an Z Westerlies
easterly direction
1.1.2 Causes the development of Y cold dense air that forces the
cumulonimbus clouds in the mid- warmer lighter air to rise
latitude cyclone
Z warmer lighter air that moves
slowly over the cold dense air
1.1.3 Type of occlusion indicated at A Y warm
Z cold
1.1.4 Weather station indicating backing Y

of the wind in Southern Hemisphere
Z
1.15 Air pressure from A to B in the Y Decreases then increases.

sketch below
Z Increases then decreases.
(5 x 1) (5)

1.2 Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions,
based on the synoptic weather map below. Choose the answer and write
only the letter (A–D) next to the question numbers (1.2.1 to 1.2.5) in the
ANSWER BOOK, for example 1.2.6 D.
[Source: https://www.weathersa.co.za/home/synopticcharts. Accessed on 12 February

2023.]
1.2.1 The air pressure at A (Walvis Bay) is approximately … hPa.
A 1020
B 1018
C 1016
D 1014
1.2.2 The high pressure at B is known as the … high pressure.
A South Atlantic
B Kalahari
C Continental
D South Indian

1.2.3 The synoptic weather map depicts winter conditions due to …

descending air and … conditions over the interior of South Africa.
(i) weak
(ii) strong
(iii) cloudless
(iv) overcast
A (i) and (iii)

B (i) and (iv)
C (ii) and (iii)
D (ii) and (iv)
1.2.4 The weather conditions of Port Elizabeth (enlarged) at C, is

influenced by … winds.
A offshore
B onshore
C adiabatic
D thermal
1.2.5 Weather station… below will represent D on the (synoptic weather

map) if there are the following weather changes in the area?
(i) Decrease in temperature of 4 °C

(ii) Increase in dew point temperature of 8 °C
(iii) Wind direction changes to southwest
(iv) Windspeed increases with 10 knots
A B
C D
(5 x 1) (5)

1.3 Refer to the stages and cross section of a tropical cyclone below.
STAGES OF A TROPICAL CYCLONE
CROSS SECTION OF A TROPICAL CYCLONE
[Adapted from https://www.google.com/search?q=cross+section+of+a+tropical+cyclone.

Accessed on 12 February 2023.]
1.3.1 In which hemisphere did the tropical cyclone develop? (1 x 1) (1)
1.3.2 Name the stage of development at A. (1 x 1) (1)
1.3.3 Which ONE of the stages A or B is represented by the cross-section

of the tropical cyclone? (1 x 1) (1)
1.3.4 Give a reason for your answer to QUESTION 1.3.3. (1 x 2) (2)
1.3.5 Refer to the Eye and Eye wall on the cross-section.
(a) Differentiate between the air movement in the Eye and the Eye
wall. (2 x 1) (2)
(b) In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, explain how the

air movement influenced the weather conditions in the Eye and
Eye wall. (4 x 2) (8)

1.4 Refer to the infographic below about berg winds in South Africa.
East London residents were subject to sweltering heat last Saturday after a
record-breaking heatwave resulted in a peak temperature of 43,9 ºC.
According to the South African Weather Service (SAWS), the heatwave was
a result of berg wind conditions, when hot dry winds blow towards the coast
from the country’s high central plateau.
“As the air descends it gets warmer and by the time it gets to the coast it is
extremely hot.”, SAWS spokesperson in Gqeberha (formerly Port Elizabeth)
Garth Sampson told the Daily Dispatch on Monday.
According to statistics released by SAWS, East London’s temperature on
Saturday was the second highest in the entire Eastern Cape on the day,
below Kenton-on-Sea 44,2 ºC and above the 42,6 ºC recorded in Gqeberha.
[Adapted from https://www.goexpress.co.za/2021/record-breaking-heatwave-hits-east-
london/]
[Adapted from: [Adapted from:

https://www.goexpress.co.za/2021//record- https://www.google.com/maps/place/]
breaking-heatwave-hits-east-london/]
1.4.1 What according to the extract, was the result of the record-breaking
heat wave in East London? (2 x 1) (2)
1.4.2 Why does air get warmer as it descends towards the coastal
regions? (1 x 2) (2)
1.4.3 According to the graph, how long did the maximum temperature of
44 °C last? (1 x 2) (2)
1.4.4 Explain the reason for the north westerly direction of the berg wind
in the satellite image. (1 x 2) (2)
1.4.5 Draw a weather station of East London that illustrates the wind
direction, cloud cover and air temperature at 13h00. (3 x 1) (3)
1.4.6 How will the physical (natural) environment be affected due to the
time (answer to QUESTION 1.4.3) that it has been exposed to the
44 °C of the berg wind? (2 x 2) (4)
[40]

QUESTION 2: GEOMORPHOLOGY
2.1 Match the statements in COLUMN A with the options in COLUMN B. Write
COLUMN A COLUMN B
2.1.1 An area drained by a river Y: Catchment basin
system Z: Drainage basin
2.1.2 The letter A on the sketch below Y: interfluve
is the Z: watershed
2.1.3 Illustrates the source of the river Y:
Z:
2.1.4 The upper layer of the saturated Y: water table

zone of ground water Z: through flow
2.1.5 The rate of infiltration will be Y: evaporation is slow
higher in areas where … Z: evaporation is rapid
(5 x 1) (5)

2.2 Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions,
based on drainage patterns. Choose the answer and write only the letter (A–D)
next to the question numbers (2.2.1 to 2.2.5) in the ANSWER BOOK, for
example 2.2.6 D.
Refer to the drainage pattern below to answer questions 2.2.1 to 2.2.3.
[Source: https://sageography.co.za]
2.2.1 The drainage pattern is known as the … pattern.
A trellis
B centripetal
C parallel
D radial
2.2.2 This pattern develops on the following underlying rock structure:
(i) Rock with uniform resistance to erosion
(ii) Folded mountains
(iii) Areas where volcanoes erupted
(iv) Hard and soft rock formations
A (i) and (ii)

B (i) and (iii)
C (ii) and (iii)
D (ii) and (iv)
2.2.3 The tributaries join the mainstream at … angles.
A acute
B right
C oblique
D obtuse

Refer to the dendritic drainage pattern to answer questions 2.2.4 and 2.2.5.
[Source: https://sageography.co.za]
2.2.4 The stream order at A is …
A 1.
B 2.
C 3.
D 4.
2.2.5 This drainage pattern usually flows on … slopes and in … valleys.
(i) gentle
(ii) steep
(iii) V-shaped
(iv) U-shaped
A (i) and (iii)

B (i) and (iv)
C (ii) and (iii)
D (ii) and (iv) (5 x 1) (5)

2.3 Refer to the river profiles below.
[Source: Examiner’s own sketch]
2.3.1 Identify the TWO types of river profiles indicated in the sketch.
(2 x 1) (2)
2.3.2 Differentiate between the shapes of profiles A and B. (2 x 1) (2)
2.3.3 Explain why there is a difference between the shapes of profiles A

and B. (2 x 1) (2)
2.3.4 Refer to the river profile C–D.
(a) Is the profile graded or ungraded? (1 x 1) (1)
(b) Why is the lake regarded as a temporary base level of erosion?

(1 x 2) (2)
(c) Explain why the river grading differs at X and Y. (2 x 2) (4)

2.4 Refer to the sketch below showing river capture.
[Adapted from https://www.easyelimu.com/qa/843/with-well-labelled-

diagrams-describe-how river-capture-occurs]
2.4.1 What is river capture? (1 x 2) (2)
2.4.2 Which letters represent the following features of river capture?
(a) Captor stream
(b) Misfit stream (2 x 1) (2)
2.4.3 Name a fluvial landform that might occur at the elbow of capture.
(1 x 1) (1)
2.4.4 What is the economic importance of the landform caused by

headward erosion at E? (1 x 2) (2)
2.4.5 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, explain the

processes of river capture. (4 x 2) (8)
[40]

QUESTION 3: RURAL AND URBAN SETTLEMENTS
3.1 Choose the correct concept/word/process between brackets.
3.1.1 The movement of people away from cities to rural areas is called
(rural-urban migration/counter urbanisation).
Refer to the bar graph, showing the urban population of a country,

and answer questions 3.1.2 and 3.1.3.
[Source: https://www.forbes.com/sites/judeclemente/urbanization-reducing-
poverty-and-helping-the-environment/?]
3.1.2 The value at A indicates urban (growth/expansion).
3.1.3 The percentage at B shows the (rate/level) of urbanisation.
Refer to the types of towns below to answer questions 3.1.4

and 3.1.5.
[Adapted from google sources]
3.1.4 (Junction/Gap) town develops at the intersection of two major

transport routes.
3.1.5 The letter (A/B) represents a break-of-bulk point. (5 x 1) (5)

3.2 Complete the statements in COLUMN A with the options in COLUMN B. Write
Refer to the sketches below based on central place theory.
Food stores Motor vehicle dealers
COLUMN A COLUMN B
3.2.1 The ranking of urban areas according Y: settlements
to size, function, and degree of Z: hierarchy
specialisation.
3.2.2 The range of the food stores are Y: there are more food
shorter than that of the vehicle stores.
dealers because … Z: there are more
motor vehicle
dealers.
3.2.3 The threshold population of the motor Y: more
vehicle shops is/are … than that of Z: less
the food stores.
3.2.4 Illustrates the sphere of influence of Y:
the food stores
Z:
3.2.5 Type of goods found when there are Y: lower

fewer urban centres Z: higher
(5 x 1) (5)

3.3 Refer to the extract below on land.
LAND REFORM: PLAN FOR GROWTH
Redistribution of farmland is a key catalyst for agricultural transformation and

growth in South Africa.
But what reforms and interventions are necessary to accomplish this?

The outcome for land reform from a social justice point of view and for a
more equitable distribution of productive farmland presents an important
growth opportunity if carried out appropriately.
Increased private sector participation in land redistribution, supported by

enabling policies, incentives and monitoring mechanisms of the state, is a
critical way to boost agricultural growth.
If done together with a series of interventions, it is likely that the real

agricultural gross value added could increase substantially by 2030. It is
clear that the provision of land alone (through land reform) is unlikely to
achieve the growth anticipated.
To improve agricultural growth, the land reform process should be carried

out by a central agency and, once the land is redistributed, financial and
technical support as well as offtake agreements or contracts should be
provided to beneficiaries.
[Source: https://www.news24.com/citypress/voices/joha\n-kirsten-land-reform-plan-for-
growth-20230129]
3.3.1 What is land redistribution? (1 x 2) (2)
3.3.2 Name ONE other policy (pillar), not mentioned in the extract, that
forms part of South Africa’s land reform outlook. (1 x 1) (1)
3.3.3 According to the extract, state TWO ways to boost agricultural

growth after land redistribution. (2 x 1) (2)
3.3.4 Why is technical support important after land has been

redistributed? (1 x 2) (2)
3.3.5 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, explain why has the

implementation of land reform been seen as a social justice issue
in South Africa. (4 x 2) (8)

3.4 Refer to the sketch below illustrating land use zones.
[Adapted from chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https]
3.4.1 Identify land use zone A. (1 x 1) (1)
3.4.2 Name TWO characteristics of land use zone A. (2 x 1) (2)
3.4.3 How does the road at B alleviate (ease) traffic congestion at land-
use zone A? (1 x 2) (2)
3.4.4 Describe the physical appearance of buildings in the zone of decay.

(1 x 2) (2)
3.4.5 Explain the contrast between the land values and the physical
appearance of buildings in the zone of decay. (1 x 2) (2)
3.4.6 Why is the location of the power station suitable (ideal)? (3 x 2) (6)
[40]

QUESTION 4: GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS AND TECHNIQUES
BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON HARTBEESPOORT DAM
Co-ordinates: 25°43′32″S 27°50′54″E
Hartbeespoort Dam (also known as Harties) is an arch type dam situated in

the North West Province of South Africa. It lies in a valley to the south of
the Magaliesberg mountain range and north of the Witwatersberg Mountain Range,
about 35 kilometres north west of Johannesburg and 20 kilometres west of Pretoria.
The name of the dam means "dam at the gorge of the hartebeest". Mismanagement
of wastewater treatment from urban zones within the Hartbeespoort Dam catchment
area is largely to blame for the poor condition of the water.
[Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Hartbeespoort_Dam]
The following English terms and their Afrikaans translations are shown on the
topographic and orthophoto maps:
ENGLISH AFRIKAANS
Agricultural holdings Landbouhoewes
Archaeological site Argeologiese terrein
Diggings Delwery
Estate Landgoed
Sewerage works Rioolwerke

4.1 MAP SKILLS AND CALCULATIONS
4.1.1 The map index sheet south east of 2527 DB/DD is …
A 2527 CC.
B 2528 CC.
C 2725 CC.
D 2825 CC. (1 x 1) (1)
4.1.2 Determine the following from the archaeological site F in block A5

to the shop at G in block B5.
(a) True bearing (TB) (1 x 2) (2)
(b) The magnetic bearing (MB) if the magnetic declination (MD)

is 24°36' west of true north.
Formula: MB = TB + MD (2 x 1) (2)
(c) Give ONE reason why it is important to use the magnetic

bearing rather than the true bearing to find your way from the
archaeological site. (1 x 1) (1)
4.1.3 The average gradient from 1 to 2 on the orthophoto map is 1 : 2,56.

Give the following:
(a) Vertical interval (VI) (1 x 1) (1)
(b) Horizontal Equivalent (HE) (2 x 1) (2)
(c) How does the orthophoto map indicate that the gradient is not
favourable to construct a road? (1 x 1) (1)

4.2 MAP INTERPRETATION
Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions,

based on the topographic and orthophoto maps. Choose the answer and write
only the letter (A–D) next to the question numbers (4.2.1 to 4.2.3) in the
ANSWER BOOK, for example 4.2.4 D.
4.2.1 The graph that illustrates the general temperature change from 3 to 4
on the orthophoto map is …
A B
C D
(1 x 1) (1)
4.2.2 The general northwest direction of flow of the non-perennial river in

block B3, at J,on the topographical map is indicated by … and …
(i) tributaries joining from the northwest and northeast

(ii) tributaries joining from the southwest and southeast
(iii)the bending of the contour lines in a north easterly and north
westerly direction
(iv) The bending of the contour lines in a south easterly and south
westerly direction
A (i) and (iii)

B (ii) and (iii)
C (i) and (iv)
D (ii) and (iv) (1 x 1) (1)

4.2.3 The settlement at L in block A1 is … and …
(i) nucleated
(ii) dispersed
(iii) uni-functional
(iv) multi-functional
A (i) and (iii)

B (i) and (iv)
C (ii) and (iii)
D (ii) and (iv) (1 x 1) (1)
Refer to the settlement at H in block E4 on the topographic map.
4.2.4 (a) Name the climatic factor that influenced the location of the
settlement at H (block E4), which is situated on the slopes of the
valley. (1 x 1) (1)
(b) What is the climatic importance of the location of the settlement

at H, for the people living in the area? (1 x 2) (2)
Refer to the encircled area at K in blocks B2/C2 on the topographic map.
4.2.5 (a) Identify the stage of the river in the encircled area at K in blocks
B2/C2. (1 x 1) (1)
(b) Give evidence to support your answer to QUESTION 4.2.5(a).

(1 x 1) (1)
Refer to the town Melodie in block C5 on the topographic map.
4.2.6 (a) Is the street plan (pattern) in Melodie a grid (rectangular) or

irregular plan (pattern)? (1 x 1) (1)
(b) Name ONE advantage of the street plan(pattern) in
Melodie(answer to QUESTION) 4.2.6(a)? (1 x 1) (1)
(c) Why was it easy to plan and construct this (answer to
QUESTION 4.2.6(a) street plan (pattern) in Melodie?
(1 x 2) (2)

4.3 GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS)
4.3.1 Is the topographical or the orthophoto map a primary source?

(1 x 1) (1)
4.3.2 Give a reason for your answer to QUESTION 4.3.1. (1 x 1) (1)
4.3.3 Refer to M in block E1, on the topographical map.
(a) Name the environmental injustice evident. (1 x 1) (1)
(b) Identify the type of vector data that was used to illustrate the
environmental injustice. (1 x 1) (1)
(c) What is the importance of using the vector data mentioned in

QUESTION 4.3.3(b)? (1 x 2) (2)
(d) How can buffering help to reduce the environmental injustice

at M? (1 x 2) (2)
[30]
GRAND TOTAL: 150

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NATIONAL

This question paper consists of 21 pages.

INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION

1. This question paper consists of TWO SECTIONS.

2. Answer all FOUR questions.

3. All diagrams are included in the QUESTION PAPER.

4. Leave a line between subsections of questions answered.

5. Start EACH question at the top of a NEW page.

6. Number the questions correctly according to the numbering system used in

7. Do NOT write in the margins of the ANSWER BOOK.

8. Draw fully labelled diagrams when instructed to do so.

10. Units of measurement MUST be indicated in your final answer, e.g.

11. You may use a non-programmable calculator.

12. You may use a magnifying glass.

13. Write neatly and legibly.

SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION FOR SECTION B

16. Show ALL calculations. Marks will be allocated for this.

Copyright reserved Please turn over

QUESTION 1: WEATHER AND CLIMATOLOGY

1.1.3 Type of occlusion indicated at A Y warm

1.1.4 Weather station indicating backing Y

1.15 Air pressure from A to B in the Y Decreases then increases.

Z Increases then decreases.

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[Source: https://www.weathersa.co.za/home/synopticcharts. Accessed on 12 February

1.2.1 The air pressure at A (Walvis Bay) is approximately … hPa.

1.2.2 The high pressure at B is known as the … high pressure.

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1.2.3 The synoptic weather map depicts winter conditions due to …

A (i) and (iii)

1.2.4 The weather conditions of Port Elizabeth (enlarged) at C, is

1.2.5 Weather station… below will represent D on the (synoptic weather

(i) Decrease in temperature of 4 °C

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STAGES OF A TROPICAL CYCLONE

CROSS SECTION OF A TROPICAL CYCLONE

[Adapted from https://www.google.com/search?q=cross+section+of+a+tropical+cyclone.

1.3.1 In which hemisphere did the tropical cyclone develop? (1 x 1) (1)

1.3.2 Name the stage of development at A. (1 x 1) (1)

1.3.3 Which ONE of the stages A or B is represented by the cross-section

1.3.4 Give a reason for your answer to QUESTION 1.3.3. (1 x 2) (2)

1.3.5 Refer to the Eye and Eye wall on the cross-section.

(b) In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, explain how the

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[Adapted from: [Adapted from:

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2.1.3 Illustrates the source of the river Y:

2.1.4 The upper layer of the saturated Y: water table

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Refer to the drainage pattern below to answer questions 2.2.1 to 2.2.3.

2.2.1 The drainage pattern is known as the … pattern.

A (i) and (ii)

2.2.3 The tributaries join the mainstream at … angles.

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2.2.4 The stream order at A is …

2.2.5 This drainage pattern usually flows on … slopes and in … valleys.

A (i) and (iii)

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2.3 Refer to the river profiles below.