Waste Management Approach

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 Contents of the chapter
 Waste Audit – Refer to EIA course (Unit 6)

 Volume and strength reduction

 Material and process modifications

 Recycle, Reuse and by product recovery

 Zero effluent discharge

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A waste audit is a formal, structured process used
to quantify the amount and types of wastes being
generated by an organization.
 Information from audits will help identify current
waste practices and how they can be improved.
Being waste-wise can mean: A more efficient and
effective organization.
 A waste audit is a systematic review of all waste
that is generated within a workplace.
 It gives an organisation a clear idea of what they
are throwing out, how much, and what common
contaminants people are producing.
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 What is the meaning of volume reduction?

 Volume reduction means those methods

including, but not limited to,
 biological,

 chemical,

 mechanical and

 thermal methods used to reduce the amount of

space that waste materials occupy and to put them
into a form suitable for storage or disposal.
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The following are Volume and strength reduction
 Use a reusable bottle/cup for beverages on-the-go

 Use reusable grocery bags, and not just for groceries

 Purchase wisely and recycle

 Compost it!

 Avoid single-use food and drink containers and utensils

 Buy secondhand items and donate used goods

 Shop local farmers markets and buy in bulk to reduce

packaging

 Curb your use of paper: mail, receipts, magazines

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 What is volume reduction in industrial waste
treatment?
 Solid waste volume reduction can occur at
several points in the waste management
process.
 Solid waste volume reduction takes the form
of recycling or re-use behavior on consumers.
 This behavior reduces solid waste at the source
and prevents materials from entering the
waste stream.
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 What is the method of volume reduction of
waste?
 Incineration is the most common method
used to reduce the volume of waste
chemically, and is used both for volume
reduction and power production.
 These other chemical methods used to
reduce volume of waste chemically include
 pyrolysis,
 hydrolysis and
 chemical conversions.

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 Reducing waste will
 not only protect the environment
 but will also save on costs or reduce expenses for
disposal.

 In the same way, recycling and/or reusing the

waste that is produced benefits the
environment by lessening the need to extract
resources and lowers the potential for
contamination.

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 What is the process of reducing waste?
 The best way to reduce waste is not to
produce it in the first place.
 So, reuse items whenever possible.
 For example, instead of buying plastic bottles of
water,

 use a reusable bottle and refill it at home or at a

free drinking water tap.

 If you're going shopping,

 bring your own reusable shopping bags.
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 What are the three major ways by which we can
reduce waste?
 Reduce your consumption of single-use
products, such as plastic bags and water
bottles.

 Reuse items like glass jars and shopping bags.

 Recycle as much as possible.

 Compost: Composting is a great way to reduce

the amount of food waste you produce.
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 What are the 7 R's in order?
The 7 R's Of Recycling
 Refuse
 Reduce
 Reuse
 Repair.
 Re-gift.
 Recycle.
 Recover.

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 Recycle
What is global recycled standard?
 The Global Recycled Standard (GRS) is an
international, voluntary, full product standard that
sets requirements for third-party certification of
Recycled Content, chain of custody, social and
environmental practices, and chemical restrictions.
 What is the ISO standard for recycled content?
 ISO 14021 defines recycled contents “the proportion,
by mass, of recycled material in a product.
 Only pre-consumer and post- consumer material shall
be considered as recycled content”.

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 What is the reuse of materials?
 Reuse of materials involves extended use
of a product (retrading auto tires) or use
of a product for other purposes (tin cans
for holding nails, soft drink bottles for
holding water in refrigerators, etc.).

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What are the methods of waste reduction in
order?
 The hierarchy ranks the various management
strategies from most to least
environmentally preferred.
 The hierarchy places emphasis on
 reducing,
 reusing,
 recycling and composting as key to sustainable
materials management.
 Thesestrategies reduce greenhouse gas
emissions that contribute to climate change.
Feb 21, 2024

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 Prevent – Top priority is placed on reducing or preventing waste. Can
waste be avoided by not using the material in the first place?
 Reduce – Can less materials be used in the design and manufacturing
stage?
 Reuse – Can materials be re-used in other areas of your production
process, or by someone else?
 Recycle – Can the materials be recycled, either in whole or in part to
turn the waste into a new product
 Recover – Where further recycling is not practical or possible, energy or
materials could be recovered from waste through processes such as
anaerobic digestion or incineration
 Dispose – When all else fails, materials that cannot be reused, recycled
or recovered for energy will be landfilled and incinerated (without
energy recovery). This is an unsustainable method of waste
management because waste that sits in landfills can continue to have a
damaging environmental impact.

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 What is the reuse of waste process?
 Reuse is the second preferred waste
management option after waste reduction.

 Reuse is the practice of using a material over

and over again in its current form.

 The essence of reuse is that it preserves

some or all of the energy and materials that
went into making an item.

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 What is the difference between reduce reuse
and recycle?
 Reduce means to minimize the amount of
waste we create.
 Reuse refers to using items more than once.
 Recycle means putting a product to a new
use instead of throwing it away.
 Rethink is about considering how our actions
affect the environment.

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 What is the act of reusing?
 Reuse is the action or practice of using an
item, whether for its original purpose
(conventional reuse) or to fulfill a different
function (creative reuse or repurposing).

 It should be distinguished from recycling,

which is the breaking down of used items to
make raw materials for the manufacture of
new products.
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 What is recovery and recycling?
 Recycling: Turning waste into a new
substance or product, therefore reducing the
amount of new materials needed.

 Recovery: Includes anaerobic digestion,

incineration with energy recovery, gasification
and pyrolysis which produce energy (fuels,
heat and power), and materials from waste.

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 Benefits of Reducing and Reusing.
 Reduces greenhouse gas emissions that contribute
to global climate change.

 Helps sustain the environment for future

generations.

 Reduces the amount of waste that will need to be

recycled or sent to landfills and incinerators.

 Allows products to be used to their fullest extent.

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 What are benefits of waste minimization?
 Source reduction and/or environmentally sound
recycling, reuse, and reclamation practices have
helped many organizations reduce:
 The quantity and toxicity of hazardous and solid
waste generation;

 Raw material and product losses;

 Raw material purchase costs;

 Waste management recordkeeping and paperwork

burden;
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 What is the importance of reducing the
amount of our waste?
 Reducing,
 reusing and
 recycling waste helps
 save landfill space by keeping useful
materials out.
 Theamount of energy and natural resources
needed to produce or collect the raw
materials and manufacture the product are
reduced.

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 What are the disadvantages of reducing waste?
 Reducing solid waste can lead to as many
potential unintended consequences as managing
it.
 Good can come from landfills in the form of "green"
energy, and
 bad can come from recycling in the form of
 Some times lower quality
 increased costs and
 pollution.

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 Zero effluent discharge
 What are the concepts of zero discharge?
 Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) is a classification of
water treatment processes intended to reduce
wastewater efficiently and produce clean water
that is suitable for reuse (e.g., irrigation).
 ZLD systems employ wastewater treatment
technologies and desalination to purify and
recycle virtually all wastewater received.

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What are the benefits of zero liquid discharge?
Benefits of ZLD plant

 Minimizes wastewater discharge.

 Maximizes water recovery.

 Creates a valuable product for sale and

further processing.

 Removes many environmental issues.

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 What are the advantages of zero liquid
discharge?
 Benefits of a ZLD system
The main advantages of the implementation
of a zero discharge system are the
following:
 Reduction in the company's environmental
impact by minimizing the production of
liquid waste, sludge and solid waste.
 Savings in external waste management.

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 Why is it important to treat wastewater before
discharge?
 The major aim of wastewater treatment is to
remove as much of the suspended solids as
possible before the remaining water, called
effluent, is discharged back to the environment.
 As solid material decays, it uses up oxygen,
which is needed by the plants and animals living
in the water.
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 What are the effluent guidelines and
standards?
 The standards are technology-based,
 i.e. they are based on the performance of
treatment and control technologies (e.g., Best
Available Technology).

 Effluent Guidelines are not based on risk or

impacts of pollutants upon receiving waters.

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 End of Chapter 3

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