1.1. 21M.1.HL.TZ1.

33

A summary diagram of photosynthesis is shown. Which molecule represents ATP?

1.2. 19M.1.SL.TZ1.12

The graph shows the effect of increasing light intensity on the rate of CO2 uptake by a species of green
plant maintained in conditions of constant temperature and CO2 concentration.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

Which statement is consistent with the graph?

A. Photosynthesis stops at high light intensity.

B. Rates of photosynthesis increase with temperature.

C. Cell respiration leads to net production of CO2 at low light intensity.

What is a function of DNA polymerase I?

A. Adds nucleotides in a 5’ to 3’ direction to elongate the chain

B. Uncoils the DNA double helix and splits it into two template strands

C. Removes RNA primer and replaces it with DNA

D. Produces sugar-phosphate bonds to link Okazaki fragments

D. There is a negative correlation between CO2 uptake and light intensity.

1.4. 21M.1.HL.TZ1.26

Which regions of DNA code for the production of specific proteins?

A. Telomeres

B. Genes for ribosomal RNA

C. Exons

D. Regulators of gene expression

1.5. 19M.1.SL.TZ2.9

The base sequences of a short section of DNA are shown, together with mRNA that has been transcribed
from it and one of the tRNA anticodons that could be used to translate the mRNA.

Which strand of DNA is transcribed and to which codon in the mRNA would the tRNA anticodon bind
during translation?
1.6. 22M.1.HL.TZ1.27

During modification in eukaryotes, mRNA is spliced. What is splicing of mRNA?

A. Separation of mRNA from DNA during transcription

B. The removal of non-coding RNA sections in prokaryotic cells

C. Linking together exons

D. Replacement of primers with RNA bases

1.7. 19N.1A.SL.TZ0.17
What is PCR used for?

A. Separate fragments of DNA by size

B. Amplify small amounts of DNA

C. Compare DNA samples

D. Genetically modify organisms’ DNA

1.8. 22M.1.SL.TZ2.14

The karyogram shown belongs to a human being.

A. The person is a male with Down syndrome.

B. The person is a female with Down syndrome.

C. The person is a male with a genetic disorder.

D. The person is a female with a missing chromosome.

1.9. 22N.1.SL.TZ0.13

What is a difference between two alleles of a gene?

A. Their positions on homologous chromosomes

B. Their amino acid sequence

C. The characteristic they influence

D. Their base sequence

1.10. 22N.1.HL.TZ0.35

Black, short-haired guinea pigs, heterozygous for both characteristics, were crossed. They produced
offspring with the phenotypes black short-haired, black long-haired, white short-haired and white long-
 haired in the ratio 9:3:3:1. A different cross produced offspring with phenotypes in the ratio 1:1:1:1. What
were the genotypes of the parents in the second cross?

A. BbSs × BbSs

B. BBSs × BbSS

C. BbSs × bbss

D. bbSS × BBss

1.11. 23M.1.SL.TZ2.16

The pedigree chart shows the inheritance of three generations of Duane syndrome, a condition caused by a
dominant allele that affects alignment of the eyes.

[Source: Yang, M.-M., Ho, M. et al., 2013. Pedigree of a Chinese family with Duane retraction syndrome. [diagram online]

Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Pedigree-of-a-Chinese-family-with-Duane-retraction-syndrome-

Squares-men-circles_fig1_236921765 [Accessed 5 October 2021]. Public domain.]

If individuals II:1 and II:2 had a third child, what is the probability that the child would have Duane
syndrome?

A. 25 % B. 50 % C. 75 % D. 100 %
1.12. 23M.1.HL.TZ2.32
In the fruit fly Drosophila, the alleles for red eyes and brown bodies are dominant to the alleles for white
eyes and yellow bodies. Which cross would be suitable to determine whether the genes are linked?

A. Heterozygous red-eyed flies crossed with yellow-bodied flies

B. White-eyed flies crossed with homozygous brown-bodied flies

C. Homozygous red-eyed, brown-bodied flies crossed with white-eyed, yellow-bodied flies

D. Heterozygous red-eyed, brown-bodied flies crossed with white-eyed, yellow-bodied flies

1.13. 22M.1.SL.TZ1.16

Huntington’s disease is an autosomal dominant genetic disease. What are the chances of two parents that
are heterozygous for the gene having a child with Huntington’s disease?

A. 25 %

B. 50 %

C. 75 %

D. 100 %

1.14. 21M.1.SL.TZ2.15

A woman with blood type A has three children with a man who has blood type AB. The first child has
blood type B. What is the probability that the second child born to the couple will have blood type AB?

A. 0.75 B. 0.50 C. 0.25 D. 0.00

1.15. 22M.1.SL.TZ2.17

A group of students used quadrat sampling to gather data on the presence of two plant species in an area.
They performed a chi-squared test to assess whether the distribution of the two species was associated.
The calculated value of the chi-squared test was below the critical value. What can be deduced from the
results of the chi-squared test?

A. The alternative hypothesis is accepted.

B. The distribution of one species is independent from the other.

C. Both species are evenly distributed in the grassland ecosystem.

D. The distribution of both species is correlated with abiotic factors

People with the inherited disease hemophilia have a deficiency in one of the proteins that act as clotting
factors in blood.

(a) Outline how a protein is made in a cell by the process of translation. [5]

(b) A family has a history of hemophilia that is caused by a sex-linked recessive allele. A woman from this
family is a carrier and marries a man who does not have the allele. Showing your working,
determine the probability of their children having the disease.

[3]
3. 19M.2.HL.TZ1.2

(a) Distinguish between the structure of the chromosomes of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

[2]

(b) Outline the causes of sickle cell anemia.

[2]

4. 14.2.HL
Describe the use of DNA profiling in forensic investigations. [4]

5. 18N.2.HL.TZ0.7
(a) Isolated communities in rural Finland, Hungary and some of the Scottish islands have a high incidence
of red-green colour blindness. Describe the inheritance of red-green colour blindness.

[3]
 (b) Outline the causes of variation in one example of continuous variation in humans.

[5]

6. 22M.2.SL.TZ1.4

The pedigree chart shows the incidence of hemophilia in some of the descendants of Queen Victoria.

(a) State the probability that Edward had hemophilia.

(b) Explain the reasons for none of the females in the pedigree chart having hemophilia.
7. 21M.2.HL.TZ2.5

Autosomal genes are located in chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes. The inheritance of autosomal
genes is affected by whether the genes are linked or unlinked. Explain the two types of inheritance, using
the example of parents that are heterozygous for two genes A and B.

© International Baccalaureate Organization, 2024