Day-2: Control

Statement and
String
Manipulation
22/06/2018

Workshop on “Introduction to
Python”

Department Of
Computer Science
Engineering

SKFGI, Mankundu
 Control statements:
In general, statements are executed sequentially: The first statement in a
function is executed first, followed by the second, and so on. There may be
a situation when you need to execute a block of code several number of
times.
Programming languages provide various control structures that allow for
more complicated execution paths.
A loop statement allows us to execute a statement or group of statements
multiple times. The following diagram illustrates a loop statement −

Python programming language provides following types of loops to handle

looping requirements.
Sl No. Loop Type & Description
1 while loop
Repeats a statement or group of statements while a given
condition is TRUE. It tests the condition before executing the
loop body.
2 for loop
Executes a sequence of statements multiple times and
abbreviates the code that manages the loop variable.

3 nested loops
You can use one or more loop inside any another while, for or
do..while loop.
1.While loop:-
A while loop statement in Python programming language repeatedly
executes a target statement as long as a given condition is true. The
syntax of a while loop in Python programming language is −
while expression:
statement(s)
Here, statement(s) may be a single statement or a block of statements.
The condition may be any expression, and true is any non-zero value. The
loop iterates while the condition is true. When the condition becomes false,
program control passes to the line immediately following the loop.
Program-1:
count = 0
while count < 9:
print ('The count is:', count)
count = count + 1
print ("Exit from loop")
output:-
The count is: 0
The count is: 1
The count is: 2
The count is: 3
The count is: 4
The count is: 5
The count is: 6
The count is: 7
The count is: 8
Exit from loop
Program-2
print("enter the number")
x=(int)(input())
f=1
while x > 0:
f=f * x
x= x - 1
print(f)
output:-
enter the number
6
factorial is 720
Program-3
print("enter the number")
x=(int)(input())
rev=0
while x > 0:
r=x % 10
rev=rev*10+r
x= x // 10
print("reverse is",rev)
output:-
enter the number
123
reverse is 321
Program-4
print("enter the number")
x=(int)(input())
f=x
rev=0
while x > 0:
 r=x % 10
rev=rev*10+r
x= x // 10
print("reverse is",rev)
if (f == rev):
print(f ," is palindrome")
else:
print(f ," is not palindrome")
output:-
enter the number
121
reverse is 121
121 is palindrome
output:-
enter the number
123
reverse is 321
123 is not palindrome
Program-5
#Fibonacii Series upto n terms
print("enter the value of n")
n=(int)(input())
a=0
b=1
if(n==1):
print(a)
if(n==2):
print(a)
print(b)
if(n>2):
i=1
 print(a)
print(b)
while i<=n-2:
c=a+b
a=b
b=c
print(c)
i=i+1
output:-
enter the value of n
10
0
1
1
2
3
5
8
13
21
34

2.For loop:-
For loop is used for iterating over a sequence (that is either a list, a tuple
or a string). To loop through a set of code a specified number of times, we
can use the range() function which returns a sequence of numbers,
starting from 0 by default, and increments by 1 (by default), and ends
at a specified number.
Program-1
for x in range(6):
print(x)
output:-
0
1
2
3
4
5
Program-2
for x in range(2,6):
print(x)
output:-
2
3
4
5
Program-3
for x in range(2,16,3):
print(x)
output:-
2
5
8
11
14
Program-4
print("enter the range")
x=(int)(input())
for i in range(1,x,2):
print(i)
output:-
enter the range
10
1
3
5
7
9
Program-5
print("enter the range")
x=(int)(input())
f=1
for i in range(1,x+1):
f=f*i
print(f)
output:-
enter the range
5
120
Program-6
print("enter the number")
x=(int)(input())
rev=0
for i in range(x,0,-1):
r=x%10
rev=rev*10+r
x=x//10
if x==0:
break
print(rev)
/*alternative*/
reverse = ''
num = input()
for i in range(len(num), 0, -1):
reverse += num[i-1]
print(int(reverse))
output:-
enter the number
123
321
Nested loop:-
Program-1
*
**
***
****
print("enter the number")
n=(int)(input())
for i in range(1,n+1):
for j in range(1,i+1):
print("*",end=" ")
print("")

Program-2
print("enter the number")
n=(int)(input())
for i in range(n,1,-1):
for j in range(1,i,1):
print("*",end=" ")
print("")
output:-
enter the number
5
****
***
**
*
3.Break statement:-It terminates the current loop and resumes execution
at the next statement, just like the traditional break statement in C. The
most common use for break is when some external condition is triggered
requiring a hasty exit from a loop. The break statement can be used in
both while and for loops. If you are using nested loops, the break statement
stops the execution of the innermost loop and start executing the next line
of code after the block.

Program-1
for x in "Python":
if( x == 'h'):
break
print("Current Letter :", x)
output:-
Current Letter : P
Current Letter : y
Current Letter : t
Program-2
a = 10
while a > 0:
print ('value of a is:', a)
 a = a -1
if (a == 5):
break
print ("Happy ending!")
output:-
value of a is: 10
value of a is: 9
value of a is: 8
value of a is: 7
value of a is: 6
Happy ending!

4. Continue statement:- It returns the control to the beginning of the

while loop.. The continue statement rejects all the remaining statements in
the current iteration of the loop and moves the control back to the top of
the loop.

Program-1
for i in range(0,10):
if i==5:
continue
print(i)
print("end")
output:-
0
1
2
3
4
6
7
8
9
end

Program-2
for a in 'Python':
if (a == 'h'):
continue
print ('Current Letter :', a)
output:-
Current Letter : P
Current Letter : y
Current Letter : t
Current Letter : o
Current Letter : n
5.Pass statement:- The pass statement in Python is used when a
statement is required syntactically but you do not want any command or
code to execute. However, nothing happens when pass is executed.
Suppose we have a loop or a function that is not implemented yet, but we
want to implement it in the future. They cannot have an empty body. The
interpreter would complain. So we use the pass statement to construct a
body that does nothing.
Program-1
for a in 'Python':
if (a == 'h'):
pass
print ('This is pass block')
print ('Current Letter :', a)

print ("Happy ending!")

output:-
Current Letter : P
Current Letter : y
Current Letter : t
This is pass block
Current Letter : h
Current Letter : o
Current Letter : n
Happy ending!

String:-

Python string is a built-in type text sequence. It is used to handle textual

data in python. Python Strings are immutable sequences of Unicode points.
Creating Strings are simplest and easy to use in Python.

We can simply create Python String by enclosing a text in single as well as

double quotes. Python treat both single and double quotes statements same.

Note: String are immutable which means that once created they can not
changed. Whenever we try to modify an existing string variable , a new
string created .

s1 ="listen"
print(s1,id(s1))
s1+= "silent"
print(s1,id(s1))
Output:
listen 35714656

listensilent 36958064
6.Accessing Python Strings
o In Python, Strings are stored as individual characters in a contiguous
memory location.
o The benefit of using String is that it can be accessed from both the
directions (forward and backward).
o Both forward as well as backward indexing are provided using Strings
in Python.
o Forward indexing starts with 0,1,2,3,....
 o Backward indexing starts with -1,-2,-3,-4,....
1. str[0]='P'=str[-6] , str[1]='Y' = str[-
5] , str[2] = 'T' = str[-
Example 4] , str[3] = 'H' = str[-3]
2. str[4] = 'O' = str[-2] , str[5] = 'N' = str[-1].

Program-1
var1 = 'Hello World!'
var2 = "Python Programming"
print ("var1[0]: ", var1[0])
print ("var2[1:5]: ", var2[1:5])
output:-
var1[0]: H
var2[1:5]: ytho
Program-2 program to retrieve String in reverse as well as normal form.
name="Rajat"
length=len(name)
i=0
for n in range(-1,(-length-1),-1):
print name[i],"\t",name[n]
i+=1
Output:
R t
a a
j j
a a
t R
>>>
7. Python Strings Operators
To perform operation on string, Python provides basically 3 types of
Operators that are given below.

1. Basic Operators.
2. Membership Operators.
 3. Relational Operators.

7.1Python String Basic Operators

There are two types of basic operators in String "+" and "*".
7.1.1String Concatenation Operator (+)
The concatenation operator (+) concatenates two Strings and creates a new
String.
Python String Concatenation Example
>>> "ratan" + "jaiswal"
Output:
'ratanjaiswal'
>>>

Expression Output

'10' + '20' '1020'

"s" + "007" 's007'

'abcd123' + 'xyz4' 'abcd123xyz4'

NOTE: Both the operands passed for concatenation must be of same

type, else it will show an error.

Eg:

'abc' + 3
>>>
output:

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "", line 1, in
'abc' + 3
TypeError: cannot concatenate 'str' and 'int' objects
>>>
7.1.2Python String Replication Operator (*)

Replication operator uses two parameters for operation, One is the integer
value and the other one is the String argument.
The Replication operator is used to repeat a string number of times. The
string will be repeated the number of times which is given by the integer
value.

Python String Replication Example

>>> print(5*"Vimal" )
Output:

'VimalVimalVimalVimalVimal'

Expression Output

"soono"*2 'soonosoono'

3*'1' '111'

'$'*5 '$$$$$'

NOTE: We can use Replication operator in any way i.e., int * string or
string * int. Both the parameters passed cannot be of same type.

7.2Python String Membership Operators

Membership Operators are already discussed in the Operators section. Let

see with context of String.

There are two types of Membership operators

1) in:"in" operator returns true if a character or the entire substring is

present in the specified string, otherwise false.

2) not in:"not in" operator returns true if a character or entire substring

does not exist in the specified string, otherwise false.

Python String membership operator Example

>>> str1="javatpoint"
>>> str2='sssit'
>>> str3="seomount"
 >>> str4='java'
>>> st5="it"
>>> str6="seo"
>>> str4 in str1
True
>>> str5 in str2
>>> st5 in str2
True
>>> str6 in str3
True
>>> str4 not in str1
False
>>> str1 not in str4
True

7.3 Python Relational Operators

All the comparison (relational) operators i.e., (<,><=,>=,==,!=) are also

applicable for strings. The Strings are compared based on the ASCII value or
Unicode(i.e., dictionary Order).

Python Relational Operators Example

>>> "RAJAT"=="RAJAT"
True
>>> "afsha">='Afsha'
True
>>> "Z"<>"z"
True
'sayon'>'sazon'
False
Explanation:

The ASCII value of a is 97, b is 98, c is 99 and so on. The ASCII value of A is
65,B is 66,C is 67 and so on. The comparison between strings are done on
the basis on ASCII value.

Python String Slice Notation

Python String slice can be defined as a substring which is the part of the
string. Therefore further substring can be obtained from a string.

There can be many forms to slice a string, as string can be accessed or

indexed from both the direction and hence string can also be sliced from
both the directions.
8.1.Python String Slice Syntax

<string_name>[startIndex:endIndex],
<string_name>[:endIndex],
<string_name>[startIndex:]
Python String Slice Example 1
>>> str="Nikhil"
>>> str[0:6]
'Nikhil'
>>> str[0:3]
'Nik'
>>> str[2:5]
'khi'
>>> str[:6]
'Nikhil'
>>> str[3:]
'hil'
Note: startIndex in String slice is inclusive whereas endIndex is
exclusive.

String slice can also be used with Concatenation operator to get whole
string.

8.2Specififying stride while slicing string:

In the slice operation, we can specify a third argument as the stride, which
refers to the number of characters to move forward after the first character
is retrieved from the string. The default value is stride is 1.

Program-1

str="welcome to the world of python"

print(str[2:15])

print(str[2:15:1])

print(str[2:105:2])

print(str[2:15:3])
output:-
lcome to the
lcome to the
loet h ol fpto
lmtt
Program-2 reverse of a string using slice operation

str="welcome to the world of python"

print(str[::-1])
output:-
nohtyp fo dlrow eht ot emoclew

Program-3 wap to check a string is palindrome or not

str="madam"
s2=str[::-1]
if str==s2:
print("palindrome")
else:
print("not")
output:-
palindrome

9.Built-in String Methods

9.1.isnumeric():-Returns true if a unicode string contains only numeric
characters and false otherwise.
Program-1
str = u"this2009"
print (str.isnumeric())
str = u"23443434"
print (str.isnumeric())
output:-
False
True
9.2.capitalize():-
It returns a copy of the string with only its first character capitalized.
Program-1
str = "this is string example....wow!!!"
print ("output is: ", str.capitalize())
output:-
output is: This is string example....wow!!!
9.3. count(string,begin,end):-
The method count() returns the number of occurrences of substring sub in
the range [start, end].
Program-1
str = "this is string example....wow!!!"
sub = "i"
print ("output is : ", str.count(sub, 4, 40))
output:-
output is : 2
Program-2
str = "this is string example....wow!!!"
sub = "wow"
print ("output is : ", str.count(sub))
output:-
output is : 1
9.4. find(substring ,beginIndex, endIndex):
It determines if the specified string to be searched is present or not and it
returns the index if it is found otherwise -1.
Program-1
str1 = "this is string example"
str2 = "exam"
print (str1.find(str2))
print (str1.find(str2, 10))
print (str1.find(str2, 40))
output:-
15
15
-1
9.5. isalnum():-
It checks whether the string consists of alphanumeric characters. This
method returns true if all characters in the string are alphanumeric and
there is at least one character, false otherwise.
Program-1
str = "abcd2009"
print (str.isalnum())
str = "abcd ef"
print (str.isalnum())
output:-
True
False
9.6. isalpha():-This method returns true if all characters in the string are
alphabetic and there is at least one character, false otherwise.
Program-1
str = "this"
print (str.isalpha())
str = "this is"
print (str.isalpha())
output:-
True
False
9.7. isdigit():-This method returns true if all characters in the string are
digits and there is at least one character, false otherwise.
Program-1
str = "123456"
print (str.isdigit())
str = "1abc"
print (str.isdigit())
output:-
True
False
9.8. islower():-This method returns true if all cased characters in the
string are lowercase and there is at least one cased character, false
otherwise.
Program-1
str = "THIS "
print (str.islower())
str = "this "
print (str.islower())
output:-
False
True
9.9. upper():-This method returns a copy of the string in which all case-
based characters have been uppercased.
Program-1
str = "abcd"
print ("output is: ", str.upper())
output:-
output is: ABCD
9.10. swapcase() :- This method returns a copy of the string in which all
the case-based characters have had their case swapped.
Program-1
str = "this is STRING"
print (str.swapcase())
output:-
THIS IS string
9.11. min():-This method returns the min alphabetical character from the
given string.
Program-1
str = "bass"
print ("Min character: " + min(str))
output:-
Min character: a
9.12. max():-This method returns the max alphabetical character from the
given string .
Program-1
str = "bass"
print ("Max character: " + max(str))
output:-
Max character: s
9.13. replace():-It replaces a string with another string.
Program-1
a = "Hello, World!"
print(a.replace("H", "J"))
output:-
Jello, World!
9.14 endswith(suffix ,begin=0,end=n):
It returns a Boolean value if the string terminates with given suffix between
begin and end.

Program-1
string1="Welcome to SSSIT"
substring1="IT"
substring2="to"
print (string1.endswith(substring1) )
print (string1.endswith(substring2,2,16))

Output:

>>>
True
False
9.15 isupper():-It returns False if characters of a string are in Upper case,
otherwise False.
Program-1
string1="Hello Python"
 print (string1.isupper())
string2="WELCOME TO"
print (string2.isupper())
Output:
>>>
False
True

9.16. isspace(): It returns True if the characters of a string are whitespace, otherwise false.

Program-1
string1=" "
print (string1.isspace())
string2="WELCOME TO WORLD OF PYT"
print (string2.isspace())
Output:
>>>
True
False
>>>
9.17 len(string):-
It returns the length of a string.
Program-1
string1=" "
print (len(string1))
string2="WELCOME TO SSSIT"
print (len(string2))
Output:
>>>
4
16
>>>
9.18 lower():-
It converts all the characters of a string to Lower case.
Program-1
string1="Hello Python"
print (string1.lower() )
string2="WELCOME TO SSSIT"
print (string2.lower())
Output:
>>>
hello python
welcome to sssit
 >>>
9.19: startswith(string,start index, end index):-
This method returns a Boolean value if the string starts with given str
between begin and end.
Program-1
string1="Hello Python"
print (string1.startswith('Hello'))
string2="welcome to SSSIT"
print (string2.startswith('come',3,7))
Output:
>>>
True
True
>>>
9.20 lstrip():-
It removes all leading whitespace of a string and can also be used to remove
particular character from leading.
Program-1
string1=" Hello Python"
print (string1.lstrip())
string2="@@@@@@@@welcome to SSSIT"
print (string2.lstrip('@'))
Output:
>>>
Hello Python
welcome to world to SSSIT
>>>
9.21rstrip() :-
It removes all trailing whitespace of a string and can also be used to remove
particular character from trailing.
Program-1
string1=" Hello Python "
print (string1.rstrip() )
string2="@welcome to SSSIT!!!"
print (string2.rstrip('!') )
Output:
>>>
Hello Python
@welcome to SSSIT
>>>
9.22strip():-It removes all trailing and leading whitespace of a string and
can also be used to remove particular character from trailing.
Program-1
string2="!!!welcome to SSSIT!!!"
print (string2.strip('!') )
Output: welcome to SSSIT

9.23 title():- returns string in title case(capitalized each word )

Program-1
str=”the world is beautiful”
print(str.title())
output: The World Is Beautiful

9.24 split():- returns a list of substring separated by the specified

delimiter. If no delimiters is specified then by default it split string on all
whitespace character

Program-1
str="abc,def,ghi,jkl"
print(str.split(','))

Sample Program:-
output: ['abc', 'def', 'ghi', 'jkl']
9.25 join(list):- it is just the opposite of spilt. The function joins a list of
string using the delimiter with which the function is invoked
Program-1
l=['abc', 'def', 'ghi', 'jkl']
print(','.join(l))
output: abc,def,ghi,jkl
9.26 enumerate(str):- returns an enumerate object that list the index and
value of all characters in the string as pair
Program-1
str="hello"
print(list(enumerate(str)))
output: [(0, 'h'), (1, 'e'), (2, 'l'), (3, 'l'), (4, 'o')]
9.27 ljust(width, fillchar):- returns a string left-justified to a local of
width column. Column without characters are padded with the character
specified in the fill char argument.
Program-1
str="hello"
print(str.ljust(10,"*"))
output: hello*****
9.28 rjust(width, fillchar):- returns a string right-justified to a local of
width column. Column without characters are padded with the character
specified in the fill char argument.
Program-1
str="hello"
print(str.rjust(10,"*"))
output: *****hello
9.29 Center (width, fillchar):- returns a string with the original string
centered to a total width columns and filled with fillchar in column that not
have character
Program-1
str="hello"
print(str.center(10,"*"))
output: **hello***

1. Program to check whether a string is Palindrome or not.

my_str = 'MadAm'
my_str = my_str.casefold()
rev_str = reversed(my_str)
if list(my_str) == list(rev_str):
print("It is palindrome")
else:
print("It is not palindrome")
output:-
It is palindrome

2. Program to sort alphabetically the words form a string provided

by the user
my_str = input("Enter a string: ")
words = my_str.split()
words.sort()
print("The sorted words are:")
for word in words:
print(word)
output:-
Enter a string: my college name is skfgi
The sorted words are:
college
is
my
name
skfgi
3. Identify the larger string between two strings taken as user
input:-
string1=input("Enter first string:")
string2=input("Enter second string:")
count1=0
count2=0
for i in string1:
 count1=count1+1
for j in string2:
count2=count2+1
if(count1<count2):
print("Larger string is:")
print(string2)
elif(count1==count2):
print("Both strings are equal.")
else:
print("Larger string is:")
print(string1)
output:-
Enter first string:abc
Enter second string:ABCD
Larger string is:
ABCD
4. Check if a substring is present in a given string:-
string = "college name skfgi"
sub_str ="college"
if (string.find(sub_str) == -1):
print("NO")
else:
print("YES")
output:-
YES

5. Check if two strings are anagram or not:-

An anagram of a string is another string that contains same
characters, only the order of characters can be different. sorted() is an
 inbuilt function which does not modify the original string, but returns
sorted string.

s1 ="listen"
s2 ="silent"
if(sorted(s1)== sorted(s2)):
print("The strings are anagrams.")
else:
print("The strings aren't anagrams.")
output:-
The strings are anagrams.
6. To count the number of vowels and digits in a string:-
string=input("Enter string:")
vowels=0
count1=0
for i in string:
if(i=='a' or i=='e' or i=='i' or i=='o' or i=='u' or i=='A' or i=='E'
or i=='I' or i=='O' or i=='U'):
vowels=vowels+1
if(i.isdigit()):
count1=count1+1
print("Number of vowels are:")
print(vowels)
print("The number of digits is:")
print(count1)
output:-
Enter string:abcd1234
Number of vowels are:
1
The number of digits is:
4
 7. WAP that encrypts a message by adding a key value to every
character (Caesar cipher)[take key=3]
str="Hello"
index=0
s=""
while index<len(str):
l=str[index]
s+=chr(ord(l)+3)
index+=1
print(s)
output:-
Khoor
8. WAP to check A PAN number format is valid or not
s=input('enter the PAN Card number')
s1=s[0:5]
s2=s[5:9]
s3=s[9]
if s1.isalpha()==True and s2.isdigit()== True and s3.isalpha()==True:
print("correct format of pan number")
else:
print("not a valid pan number")
output:-
enter the PAN Card number 120aumpg5d
not a valid pan number

10.String Format (.format)

Python’s str.format() method of the string class allows you to do variable
substitutions and value formatting.
Formatters work by putting in one or more replacement fields or
placeholders — defined by a pair of curly braces {} — into a string and
calling the str.format() method. You’ll pass into the method the value you
want to concatenate with the string. This value will be passed through in the
same place that your placeholder is positioned when you run the program.
Let’s print out a string that uses a formatter:
1. print("Sammy has {} balloons.".format(5))
output: Sammy has 5 balloons.
2. open_string = "Sammy loves {}."
print(open_string.format("open source"))
output: Sammy loves open source.
When we leave curly braces empty without any parameters, Python
will replace the values passed through the str.format() method in
order. As we have seen, so far, a formatter construction with two
empty curly braces with two values passed through will look like this:
3. sammy_string = "Sammy loves {} {}, and has {} {}."
print(sammy_string.format("open-source", "software", 5, "balloons"))
#Pass 4 strings into method
output: Sammy loves open-source software, and has 5 balloons.
4. We can pass these index numbers into the curly braces that serve as
the placeholders in the original string:
print("Sammy the {0} has a pet {1}!".format("shark", "pilot fish"))
output: Sammy the shark has a pet pilot fish!
print("Sammy the {1} has a pet {0}!".format("shark", "pilot fish"))
output: Sammy the pilot fish has a pet shark!

5. In addition to positional arguments, we can also introduce keyword

arguments that are called by their keyword name:
print("Sammy the {0} {1} a {pr}.".format("shark", "made", pr = "pull
request"))
output: Sammy the shark made a pull request.

Specifying Type
We can include more parameters within the curly braces of our syntax. We’ll
use the format code syntax {field_name:conversion},
where field_name specifies the index number of the argument to
the str.format() method that we went through in the reordering section,
and conversion refers to the conversion code of the data type that you’re
using with the formatter.

The conversion type refers to the the single-character type code that Python
uses. The codes that we’ll be using here are s for string, d to display decimal
integers (10-base), and f which we’ll use to display floats with decimal
places. You can read more about the Format-Specification Mini-
Language through Python 3’s official documentation.

6. print("Sammy ate {0:f} percent of a {1}!".format(75, "pizza"))

output: Sammy ate 75.000000 percent of a pizza!
7. print("Sammy ate {0:s} percent of a {1}!".format('75', "pizza"))
output: Sammy ate 75 percent of a pizza!
8. print("Sammy ate {0:d} percent of a {1}!".format(75, "pizza"))
output: Sammy ate 75 percent of a pizza!
9. print("Sammy ate {0:b} percent of a {1}!".format(75, "pizza"))
output: Sammy ate 1001011 percent of a pizza!
10. print("Sammy ate {0:e} percent of a {1}!".format(75, "pizza"))
output: Sammy ate 7.500000e+01 percent of a pizza!
11. print("Sammy ate {0:.3f} percent of a pizza!".format(75.765367))
output: Sammy ate 75.765 percent of a pizza!
12. print("Sammy ate {0:.0f} percent of a pizza!".format(75.765367))
output: Sammy ate 76 percent of a pizza!

Padding Variable Substitutions

We can add a number to indicate field size (in terms of characters) after the
colon : in the curly braces of our syntax:
13. print("Sammy has {0:4} red {1:16}!".format(5, "balloons"))
output: Sammy has 5 red balloons !
As we see, by default strings are left-justified within the field, and numbers
are right-justified. You can modify this by placing an alignment code just
following the colon. < will left-align the text in a field, ^ will center the text
in the field, and > will right-align it.
14. print("Sammy has {0:<4} red {1:^16}!".format(5, "balloons")
output: Sammy has 5 red balloons !
By default, when we make a field larger with formatters, Python will fill the
field with whitespace characters. We can modify that to be a different
character by specifying the character we want it to be directly following the
colon:
15. print("{:*^20s}".format("Sammy"))
output: *******Sammy********
We can combine these parameters with other parameters we’ve used
before:
16. print("Sammy ate {0:10.3f} percent of a pizza!".format(75.765367))
output: Sammy ate 75.765 percent of a pizza!

Using Variables
So far, we have passed integers, floats, and strings into
the str.format() method, but we can also pass variables through the
method. This works just like any other variable.
17. nBalloons = 8
print("Sammy has {} balloons today!".format(nBalloons))
output: Sammy has 8 balloons today!

String format operator

One of Python's attractive features is the string format operator %.
Example:
 18. print ("Great batsman %s has scored more than %d runs" %
("Sachin", 18000))
output:Great batsman Sachin has scored more than 18000 runs

19.
a=5
b=6
print("So you are %d of %d" % (a, b))
output: So you are 5 of 6
Symbol Purpose Symbol Purpose
%c Char %o Octal
%d or %i Signed Decimal Integer %x or Hexadecimal integer
%X
%s string %e Exponential notation
%f Floating point number %g Short number in floating
point/ exponential number