1 - Chapter 1
1 - Chapter 1
1 - Chapter 1
OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS
Chapter 1 -
Course Objectives...
To introduce students to a wide range of modern
materials engineering topics.
• Material structure
• How structure dictates properties
• The impact of materials on society
Chapter 1 -
Introduction
• What is materials science?
• Why should we know about it?
Chapter 1 -
History of Materials Science & Engineering
• Materials closely connected our culture
• The development and advancement of societies are
dependent on the available materials and their use
• Early civilizations designated by level of materials
development
Chapter 1 -
Classification of Materials: A Few Additional
Catagories
Biomaterials Semiconductors Composites
• implanted in • electrical properties • consist of more
human body between conductors than one
• compatible and insulators material type
with body • electrical properties • designed to
tissues can be precisely display a
controlled combination of
properties of
each component
Chapter 1 -
Bar-chart of room temperature density values
Atoms in metals and their alloys are arranged in a very orderly manner
and in comparison to the ceramics and polymers, are relatively
Chapter 1 -dense
Bar-chart of room temperature Stiffness
Ceramics: Ceramics are compounds between metallic and
nonmetallic elements; they are most frequently oxides, nitrides,
and carbides. For example, some of the common ceramic
Chapter 1 -
Bar-chart of room temperature strength
Ceramics are typically very hard. On the other hand, they are
extremely brittle (lack ductility), and are highly susceptible to
fracture
Chapter 1 -
Bar-chart of room-temperature resistance to
fracture
Chapter 1 -
Bar-chart of room temperature electrical
conductivity
Chapter 1 -
Metal Applications
Metal Applications
• Electrical wire: aluminum, copper, silver
• Heat transfer fins: aluminum, silver
• Plumbing: copper
• Construction beams (bridges, sky scrapers,
rebar, etc.): steel (Fe-C alloys)
• Cars: steel (Fe-C alloys)
• Consumer goods:
– soup cans
– appliances (stainless steel sheet metal)
– utensils
– tools
– Many, many, many more…
Chapter 1 -
Advanced Applications Metals
• Hydrogen-absorbing metal alloys for energy transportation
or batteries
– Electorlyzed hydrogen from water (fuel cell technology) can be
stored in tanks fabricated from Hydrogen-absorbing metal alloys
(HAMA)
– Nickel Metal Hydride (Ni-MH) batteries use the same principle, but
to improve battery self discharge
– Volume density is significantly higher for gaseous hydrogen; more
hydrogen per tank
• Typical alloys consist of Mn-Ti-V, Mg-Ni, Zr-Mn/Ti/V, Mn-Ni,
La-Ni.
• BCC metals show higher storage and desorption
properties
• Some metals can absorb a gas densities equivalent to
liquid hydrogen densities
Chapter 1 -
Polymer Clay (Sculpey, FIMO)
• Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) long chain or high
molecular weight polymer
• Thermoplastic: polymer that melts to a liquid
when heated and freezes to a brittle, glassy state
when cooled
• as-purchased a plasticizer is added to keep clay
malleable
• heating the clay decomposes the plasticizer
hardening the clay
• Consumer products:
– pottery
– dishes (fine china, plates, bowls)
– glassware (cups, mugs, etc.)
– eye glass lenses
Chapter 1 -
Composites
• A mixture of two different materials to create a new material
with combined properties
• Types of composites:
– Particulate reinforced – discontinuous type with low aspect ratio
– Whisker/rod reinforced - discontinuous type with high aspect ratio
– Fiber reinforced - continuous type with high aspect ratio (naturally)
– Laminated composites - layered structures (surf boards, skate
boards)
• Bonding: depends on type of composite (strong-covalent,
medium-solid solution, weak-tertiary phase layer)
• Properties: Depends on composites
– High melting points with improved high temperature strength:
ceramic-ceramic
– High strength and ductile with improved wear resistance: metal-
ceramic
– High strength and ductile: polymer-polymer Chapter 1 -
Composites: Applications
• Fiberglass: boats
Chapter 1 -
Materials of the Future
Smart (or intelligent) materials are a group of new and state-of-the-art materials now
being developed that will have a significant influence on many of our technologies.
Biomaterials are employed in components implanted into the human body for
replacement of diseased or damaged body parts.
Shape memory alloys are metals that, after having been deformed, revert back to
their original shapes when temperature is changed
Chapter 1 -
ELECTRICAL
• Electrical Resistivity of Copper:
6 Adapted from Fig. 18.8, Callister &
Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 18.8 adapted
from: J.O. Linde, Ann Physik 5, 219
5 (1932); and C.A. Wert and R.M.
Resistivity, r
3
2
1
0
-200 -100 0 T (ºC)
• Adding “impurity” atoms to Cu increases resistivity.
• Deforming Cu increases resistivity.
Chapter 1 -
THERMAL
• Space Shuttle Tiles: • Thermal Conductivity
-- Silica fiber insulation of Copper:
offers low heat conduction. -- It decreases when
you add zinc!
Thermal Conductivity
400
300
(W/m-K)
200
100
0
0 10 20 30 40
Composition (wt% Zinc)
Magnetization
Fe+3%Si
Fe
Magnetic Field
Chapter 1 -
OPTICAL
• Transmittance:
-- Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) may be transparent, translucent, or
opaque depending on the material structure.
polycrystal: polycrystal:
single crystal low porosity high porosity
Chapter 1 -
DETERIORATIVE
• Stress & Saltwater... • Heat treatment: slows
-- causes cracks! crack speed in salt water!
10 -8 “as-is”
“held at
increasing load
4 mm
-- material:
7150-T651 Al "alloy"
(Zn,Cu,Mg,Zr)
Chapter 1 -
SUMMARY
Course Goals:
• Use the right material for the job.
Chapter 1 -