Acs Manual
Acs Manual
Acs Manual
OF TECHNOLOGY SCIENCE
SEMESTER
ADVANCED COMMUNICATION LAB
VIII,EC-804
VISION OF THE DEPARTMENT
PSO2: Apply and transfer interdisciplinary systems and engineering approaches to the
various areas, like Communications, Signal processing, VLSI and Embedded system, PCB
Designing.
PSO3: Inculcate the knowledge of Engineering and Management principles to meet demands
of industry and provide solutions to the current real time problems.
PSO4: Demonstrate the leadership qualities and strive for the betterment of organization,
environment and society.
PEO1: Recognize and apply appropriate experimental and scientific skills to solve real world
problems to create innovative products and systems in the field of electronics and
communication engineering.
PEO2: To evolve graduates with ability to apply, analyze, design in Electronics &
Communication Systems.
PEO3: Motivate graduates to become responsible citizens with moral & ethical values for the
welfare of Society.
PEO4: Inculcate the habit of team work with professional quality of leadership to become
successful contributors in industry and/ or entrepreneurship in view of Global & National
status of technology.
Advanced Communication Lab
EXPERIMENT NO. 1
AIM: Time division multiplexing and recovery of two band limited signals using PAM
technique.
Preamble / Theory:
(or)
In Time Division Multiplexing (TDM), different time periods are allotted for
different signals so that a common communication channel is utilized for transmission
of these signals without interference. Thus in TDM all the samples obtained from
different signals are accommodated on a time shared basis within one sampling
interval Ts.
Each input message signal is first restricted in bandwidth by an LPF to remove the
frequencies that are not essential to adequate signal transmission. The LPF outputs are
then applied to a commutator that is usually implemented using electronic switching
circuitry. Following the commutator process, the multiplexed signal into a form that is
suitable for transmission over the common channel.
At the receiver end of the system, the received signal is applied to pulse
demodulator, which performs the inverse operation of the pulse modulator. The narrow
samples produced at the pulse demodulator are distributed to the appropriate low pass
filters. By means of decommutator, reconstruction filters operates in synchronization
with the commutator, since the synchronization is essential for satisfactory operation of
the system.
DESIGN:
Procedure:
WAVEFORMS:
EXPERIMENT NO.2
AIM : To study the performance of the circuit that is used for generation and detection of
Amplitude shift keying.
The simplest and most common form of ASK operating as a switch is using the presence
of a carrier wave to indicate a binary one and its absence to indicate a binary zero. This type of
modulation is called ON-OFF keying.
Applications:
Capacitor – 0.01µF
Op amp - µA 741
Diode - 0A79
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
DESIGN:
MODULATOIN:
RE =VRE / IC = 1KΩ
DEMODULATION:
Given fm = 300Hzfm
= 1/ 2∏R1C1
PROCEDURE:
WAVE FORMS:
DEMODULATION WAVEFORMS:
EXPERIMEMT NO. 3
AIM: To design an FSK modulator and demodulator and study the performance of the circuits.
Preamble / Theory:
AFSK is not always being used for high –speed data communication schemes. In addition
to its simplicity AFSK has the advantage that encoded signals will pass through AC-coupled
links, telephone links, including most equipment originally designed to carry music or speech.
The simplest and most common form of FSK operates as two switches, using the
presence of one carrier wave to indicate a binary one and another one to indicate binary zero.
Op amp - µA741
Diode - 0A79
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FSK MODULATOR:
DESIGN:
VRB = 0.3V
Department of Electronics & Communication
Lakshmi Narain College of Technology Excellence Page 14
Advanced Communication Lab
IB = Ic / hfe = 2.5 / 100 = 2.5µA
IB(SAT) = 1.2IB
IBsat = 30µA
FSK DEMODULATOR:
fm = 1 / 2RC
Assuming C = 0.1µF
R = 15.9KΩ
fm = 100Hz
fc1 = 1 / 2R1C1
fc1 = 1 KHz
PROCEDURE:
Generation:
1. Rig up the circuit as given in the circuit diagram for generation of FSK.
2. Apply m(t ) > 7Vp-p ,300Hz square wave.
3. Apply c1(t) = 3Vp-p, 2KHz and c2(t) = 3Vp-p, 10KHz Sine wave.
4. Observe FSK output at the transmitter at the emitter of the transistor on an oscilloscope.
Detection:
WAVE FORMS:
MODULATION WAVEFORMS:
DEMODULATION WAVEFORMS:
EXPERIMENT NO. 4
AIM: To design a Phase Shift keying (PSK) modulator and demodulator circuit, and study their
performance.
Preamble / Theory
Phase-shift keying (PSK) is a digital modulation scheme that conveys data by changing, or
modulating the phase of a reference signal (the carrier wave).Any digital modulation scheme
uses a finite number of distinct signals to represent digital data. PSK uses a finite number of
phases; each assigned a unique pattern of binary bits. Usually each phase encodes an equal
number of bits. Each pattern of bits forms the symbol that is represented by the particular phase.
The demodulator which is designed specifically for the symbol it represents thus recovering the
original data. This requires the receiver to be able to compare the phase of the received signal to
a reference signal- such a system is termed coherent PSK (CPSK).
Capacitor – 0.1µF
OP Amp - µA741,
Diode - 0A79
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PSK MODULATOR:
PROCEDURE:
Generation:
5. Rig up the circuit as given in the circuit diagram for generation of FSK.
6. Apply m(t ) > 7Vp-p ,300Hz square wave.
7. Apply c1(t) = 3Vp-p, 2KHz and c2(t) = 3Vp-p, 10KHz Sine wave.
8. Observe PSK output at the transmitter at the emitter of the transistor on an oscilloscope.
Detection:
EXPERIMENT NO. 5
Equipments / Components required: Micro wave test bench, CRO, VSWR meter, Klystron
power supply, cooling fan, wave guide stand, matched termination, detector mount, cables.
VSWR
Tunable probe
Meter/CRO
Klystro
n
power
Detector
supply
PROCEDURE:
Mod – switch : AM
5. Switch ‘ON’ the Klystron power supply, VSWR meter, and cooling fan switch.
6. Switch ‘ON’ Beam voltage switch and set beam voltage at 300 V with help of beam
voltage knob.
7. Adjust the reflector voltage to get some deflection in VSWR meter.
8. Maximize the deflection with AM amplitude and frequency control knob of power
supply.
9. Tune the plunger of klystron mount for maximum deflection.
10. Tune the reflector voltage knob for maximum deflection.
11. Tune the probe for maximum deflection in VSWR meter.
12. Tune the frequency meter knob to get a ‘Dip’ on the VSWR scale and note down the
frequency directly from the frequency meter.
13. Replace the termination with movable sort, and detune the frequency meter.
14. Move the probe along the slotted line. The deflection in VSWR meter will vary. Move
the probe to minimum deflection position, to get accurate reading. If necessary increase
the VSWR meter range db switch to higher position. Note and record the probeposition.
15. Move the probe to next minimum position and record the probe position again.
16. Calculate the guide wavelength as twice the distance between two successive minimum
positions obtained as above.
17. Measure the wave guide inner broad dimension, ‘a’ which will be around 22.86
mm for X- band.
18. Calculate the frequency by following equation.
CALCULATIONS:
Guide Wavelength:
VSWR:
Frequency:
F = C/ λ = C *λg 2 + λc2
λgλc
Where,
λo =λgλc
λg2 + λc2
For dominnant TE10 mode rectangular wave guide λo, λg, λcare related as below:
EXPERIMENT NO. 6
Preamble / Theory: Attenuation is loss of power. During transit light pulse lose some of their
photons, thus reducing their amplitude. Attenuation for a fiber is usually specified in decibels per
kilometer. For commercially available fibers attenuation ranges from 1 dB / km for premium
small-core glass fibers to over 2000 dB / km for a large core plastic fiber. Loss is by definition
negative decibels. In common usage, discussions of loss omit the negative sign. The basic
measurement for loss in a fiber is made by taking the logarithmic ratio of the input power (Pi) to
the output power (Po).
PROCEDURE:
1 neper = 8. 686 dB
The objective of this experiment is to determine the bending loss in an optical fiber cable.
THEORY:
Whenever the condition for angle of incidence of the incident light is violated the losses are
introduced due to refraction of light. This occurs when fiber is subjected to bending. Lower the
radius of curvature more is the loss.
PROCEDURE:
1. Repeat all the steps from 1 to 6 of the previous experiment using 1m cable.
2. Wind the FO cable on the mandrel and observe the corresponding AC amplifier output on
CRO. It will be gradually reducing showing loss due to bends.
AIM: The aim of this experiment is to measure the numerical aperture of the optical fiber
provided with kit using 660nm wavelength LED.
THEORY:
Numerical aperture refers to the maximum angle at which the light incident on the fiber end is
totally internally reflected and is transmitted properly along the fiber. The cone formed by
rotating of this angle along the axis of the fiber is the cone of acceptance; else it is refracted out
of the fiber core.
1. It is very important that the optical source should be properly aligned with the cable
& the distance from the launched point & the cable be properly selected to ensure that
the maximum amount of optical power is transferred to the cable.
2. This experiment is best performed in a less illuminated room
EQUIPMENTS:
PROCEDURE:
3. Connect one end of fiber cable to the output socket of emitter 1 circuit and the other end
to the numerical aperture measurement jig. Hold the white screen facing the fiber such
that its cut face is perpendicular to the axis of the fiber.
4. Hold the white screen with 4 concentric circles (10, 15, 20 & 25mm diameter) vertically
at a suitable distance to make the red spot from the fiber coincide with 10 mm circle.
Figure. 4
1. Record the distance of screen from the fiber end L and note the diameter W of the spot.
2. Compute the numerical aperture from the formula given below
NA = W / √4L2 +W2
3. Vary the distance between in screen and fiber optic cable and make it coincide withone
of the concentric circles. Note its distance
4. Tabulate the various distances and diameters of the circles made on the white screen and
compute the numerical aperture from the formula given above.
Inferences: The N.A. recorded in the manufacturer's data sheet is 0.5 typical.
Propagation loss:
Bending loss:
Page 34
Advanced Communication Lab
Page 35
Advanced Communication Lab
Dept of ECE LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, BHOPAL Page 36