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Power System Protection Lec 3

The document discusses different paradigms of protective relaying including overcurrent, directional overcurrent, distance and differential protection. It explains the principles, applications and characteristics of each protection scheme.

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42 views16 pages

Power System Protection Lec 3

The document discusses different paradigms of protective relaying including overcurrent, directional overcurrent, distance and differential protection. It explains the principles, applications and characteristics of each protection scheme.

Uploaded by

Doba
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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‫كلية الهندسة – قسم الهندسة الكهربائية‬

‫العام الدراسي‪2022 /2021 :‬م – الفصل الدراسي األول‬


‫المقرر‪ :‬حماية نظم القوى الكهربائية‬ ‫الفرقة‪ :‬الخامسة (قوى وماكينات)‬
‫رقم المحاضرة‪3 :‬‬ ‫عنوان المحاضر‪PROTECTIVE RELAYING PARADIGMS :‬‬
‫‪BY. MUBARAK MOHAMMED‬‬
OBJECTIVES

 Identify the principles of overcurrent protection


 Understand the principle of directional overcurrent protection.
 Identify the principle of distance protection.
 Understand the principle of differential protection.
Overcurrent Protection
ANSI/IEEE (50, 51)
 Over current relaying and fuse protection uses the principle that
when the current exceeds a predetermined value, it indicates
presence of a fault (short circuit).
 This protection scheme finds usage in radial distribution systems with a
single source.
 The fault current is fed from only one end of the feeder.

Discrimination:
1. By time grading
2. By current grading
3. By Time Current grading

 Overcurrent relay need only CT signal.


Overcurrent Protection

The applications of overcurrent protection:


1. Motor protection.
2. Generator protection
3. Transformer protection.
4. Transmission line and feeder protection.
5. Electrical utility equipment.
Directional Overcurrent Protection
ANSI/IEEE (67)
 In case for a radial system with source at both ends.
Consequently, fault is fed from both the ends of the feeder.
 To interrupt the fault current, relays at both ends of the feeder are
required.

Discrimination:
 Directional overcurrent relay need CT and VT signal. 1. Directional grading
Directional Overcurrent Protection

 In this case, from the magnitude of the current seen by the relay
R2, it is not possible to distinguish whether the fault is in the
section AB or BC.
 Since faults in section AB are not in its jurisdiction, it should not
trip.
 To obtain selectivity, a directional overcurrent relay is required.
 It uses both magnitude of current and phase angle information for
decision making.
Directional Overcurrent Protection

The applications of directional overcurrent protection:


1. Transmission line and feeder protection.
2. Transformer protection.
3. Ring main distribution line.
4. Radial distribution line.
Distance Protection
ANSI/IEEE (21)
 The basic principle of distance relay is that the apparent
impedance seen by the relay, which is defined as the ratio of
phase voltage to line current of a transmission line (Zapp),
reduces drastically in the presence of a line fault.

 Distance relay need CT and VT signal.


Distance Protection

 A distance (impedance) relay compares this ratio with the positive


sequence impedance (Z1) of the transmission line.
 If the ration of Zapp/Z1 is less than unity, it indicates a fault.
 This ratio also indicates the distance of
the fault from the relay.
 Because, impedance is a complex
number, the distance protection is
essentially directional.
 The first quadrant is the forward
direction i.e. impedance of the
transmission line to be protected lies in
this quadrant.
Characteristics of an Impedance Relay
Distance Protection

 The impedance relay trips if the magnitude of the impedance is within the
circular region.
 Since, the circle spans all the quadrants, it leads to non-directional
protection scheme.
 The trip law for the impedance relay can be written as follows:

VR
Zapp = < Zset =⇒ Trip
IR
Distance Protection

 The admittance or mho relay which covers primarily the first quadrant is
directional in nature.
 Mho relay has two design parameters; transmission line impedance and its
angle, and torque angle.
 The trip law for mho relay can be written
as follows:

Zapp < Zn cos 𝜃 − 𝜆 =⇒ Trip

Characteristics of Mho Relay


Distance Protection

The applications of distance protection:


1. Transmission line protection.
2. Distribution line feeder protection.
Principle of Differential Protection
ANSI/IEEE (87)
 Differential protection is based on the fact that any fault within an
electrical equipment would cause the current entering it, to be different,
from the current leaving it.
 By comparing the two currents either in
magnitude or in phase or both we can
determine a fault and issue a trip
decision if the difference exceeds a
predetermined set value.
 Protection zone is clearly demarcated
by the CTs which provide the
boundary.
 Differential protection is a unit-type
protection.
Principle of Differential Protection

The applications of differential protection:


1. Transmission line and feeder protection.
2. Busbar protection.
3. Transformer protection.
4. Large stator generator and motor.
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