Phase Coherence Imaging

(PCI) Best Practices

Getting Started with the PCI Technique
Agenda

01 What Is PCI? 04 PCI Settings Selection

02 Advantages 05 Use Case Examples

03 Probe and Group Selection 06 Tip Diffraction Sizing

01 What is Phase Coherence
Imaging (PCI)
What Is PCI?
• Phase coherence imaging (PCI) is a new technology
using A-scan phase information.

• An amplitude-free variation of TFM, PCI uses FMC data

that is collected for the chosen wave set(s).

• The signal is treated so that only the phase information

is conserved and the amplitude is discarded.

• A TFM image is then created from the level of phase

coherence between A-scans rather than the sum of the
signal amplitudes.

• Phase coherence is compared through the analysis of

the frequency distribution of the A-scan.

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What Is PCI?

• Signal noise = low coherence (high-frequency

variance noise)

• Indication = high coherence (low-frequency

variance)

• This means that phase coherence imaging is less affected by attenuation since the frequency information is independent of
amplitude.

• The PCI technique also offers improved performance in noisy materials. In many cases, the image quality is improved with
high signal noise from the greater frequency distribution variance.

• The diffraction of small defects and crack tips emits a highly coherent signal compared to large reflectors, resulting in a
better SNR versus amplitude-based techniques.

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What Is PCI?

High coherence Low coherence

between A-scans between A-scans

• The TFM image is generated by comparing the coherence of the elementary A-scans for each point in the matrix.

• The maximum coherence value is 100%, which corresponds to all the elementary A-scans having the same frequency
distribution for that point in the matrix.

• For more information about how TFM images are generated, click here.

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02 Advantages
Advantages
• Impossible to saturate the signal—there is no gain adjustment since this technique is amplitude free.
• No need to preadjust the gain to a reference reflector—properly selecting wave sets using the AIM tool is
sufficient.
• More consistent scanning between inspections because there are fewer parameters to adjust for the
acquisition and during analysis.
• Fewer groups are required for the same part coverage since small reflectors have highly coherent
responses.
• Tip diffractions are obvious and can be used for accurate flaw sizing since they have a stronger signal
relative to reflections.
• Better imaging close to large reflectors such as the back wall.
• Sizing is easier with few manipulations.

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03 Probe and Group Selection
Probe and Group Selection
In general, the same probes used with conventional TFM or PA are effective for PCI.
TIPS:
• Selecting a higher frequency probe with more elements often yields better results.
• Doubling the probe frequency is a good starting point.

The Acoustic Influence Map (AIM) tool is still useful for group selection since the sound distribution in the zone must be adequate for the
technique to be effective.
NOTE:
• The amplitude distribution has significantly lower impact on the final image than conventional TFM.
• Fewer groups (wave sets) are usually required to visualize all the defects with PCI than TFM.
• The TT and TT-TT wave sets have shown to be particularly effective with PCI.

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Probe Selection and Setup for PCI
Characteristic Recommendation Reason

Frequency Use a higher frequency probe Higher sensitivty for smaller

defects and better imaging
Number of elements Use the maximum number of More elements = more signal
elements possible for the statistical analysis
Sparse For the best image quality, use Full matrix = more data for the
the full matrix setting, but statistical analysis
sparse can be used to increase
the scan speed
Voltage Set the voltage to 160 Vpp The technique is improved
with more noise
Element pitch Select a probe with a larger Higher contrast between noise
pitch and defects

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Effects of a Higher Probe Frequency

• Improved visualization of
defect details

• Reduced background noise

• Tip diffractions become

more visible with higher
peak coherence

A32 probe: 10L64 versus 5L64

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Effects of a Higher Number of Elements

• Lower noise level

• Better definition of defects

• Easier sizing because the

tip diffractions are easier to
identify

A31 probe: 10L64 versus 5L32

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Effects of a Higher Element Pitch

• Lower noise

• Improved sizing due to

better focusing

• Improved visualization of
defects

10L64-A32 versus 10L64-A31

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Effects of a Higher Voltage Setting

• Lower noise particularly

near the probe-part
interface

• Better resolution of defects

10L64-A32 10 Vpp versus 160 Vpp

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Effects of Filters

• Lower noise near the probe-

part interface

• Some low-frequency coherent

grain noise is removed

• Crack tip diffractions are

better defined

10L64-A32: no filter versus an 8 MHz high-pass filter

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Effects of the Sparse Setting

• More noise with the sparse

applied

• Better scan speed with the

sparse applied

• Like TFM, there is a balance

between the image quality
and the scan speed

10L64-A32: ¼ sparse setting versus the full matrix

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04 PCI Settings Selection
 PCI Settings Selection
• On your OmniScan™ X3 64 flaw detector, start a standard
TFM setup creation using the AIM tool for the sound
distribution of wave sets.

• In the TFM Settings – General, turn off the envelope, and

under the TFM method, select Phase Coherence.
• The PCI parameter applies to all groups.

• Achieve the best results with the Sparse set to Full Matrix
(except in cases where scan speed is a priority) and the
Voltage set to 160 Vpp.

• If the signal is excessively noisy, the voltage can be changed

to the 10 Vpp, but this is rarely necessary. A high-pass filter
just below the probe frequency can also improve the signal-
to-noise ratio (SNR).

• Adjust the image using the palette zoom (to change the
bounds of the color palette) rather than the gain.

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05 Use Case Examples
Use Case Examples
Smaller Defects Such as HTHA
• PCI has shown to provide better results than TFM and PA in a lot of common challenging cases as well as classically difficult defects, especially
on real (not machined) defects. When testing PCI, try it on real weld samples (particularly with stainless), high-temperature hydrogen attack
(HTHA), stress corrosion cracking (SCC), or other samples with small natural defects.

Small Reflectors near Large Reflectors

• In general, PCI is particularly effective with small reflectors (small cracks, HTHA, porosity, etc.). This effect is amplified when these defects are
near flat reflectors such as the back wall since these flat reflectors are less apparent with PCI.

Noisy Coarse-Grained or Highly Attenuative Materials

• PCI requires noise in order to be effective, so it will perform better than conventional methods for noisy materials, materials with high
attenuation, or with setups that would saturate a conventional TFM configuration.

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Use Case Examples

Defect Difference from Regular TFM Reason

Small defects (HTHA and The back wall and large specular reflectors are The tips of cracks diffract generating a stronger phase
others) close to specular less visible and small cracks stand out with coherence compared with large specular reflectors.
reflectors greater contrast.
Attenuative materials The defects are more uniform throughout the The phase is not affected by the amplitude of the signal, so
zone and are still be visible at depth. even if the signal amplitude is weak the coherence data is
still valid.
Noisy materials The PCI signal generated from noisy elementary PCI data is improved by noisy materials because there is
A-scans is cleaner and the defect better greater variation in the phase variance between the
imaged. background noise and signal from defects.
Improved sizing The signal is not changed since it is The phase information is not changed during analysis and
independent of the amplitude, so there is less small defects will diffract and are displayed as hot spots
user error when sizing. (see section “Tip Diffraction Sizing”).

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HTHA

HTHA: LL wave set in PCI versus LL in TFM – 10L64-A32 probe in contact

The HTHA defects are more apparent because of the high phase coherence of crack tip diffraction.

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HTHA

HTHA: LL in PCI versus LL in TFM – 10L64-A32 probe in contact

With conventional TFM, if the gain is increased so the signal amplitude of the HTHA defects meets the reference, the
defects are hidden by the back wall, which is not the case with the PCI as amplitude is not a factor.

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HTHA

HTHA: LL in PCI versus LL in TFM – 10L64-A32 probe in contact

With PCI, the HTHA defects are clearer and with a much lower SNR near the back wall versus conventional TFM.

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Weld in a 12 mm Stainless Steel Plate

• The actual size and

shape of the defect is
much easier to
distinguish with PCI.

• Accurate sizing can be

done using the two hot
spots at the extremities,
which are the tip
diffractions, rather than
using the −6 dB method
(discussed in further
detail later).

Lack of fusion (LOF): TT-TT in PCI versus TT-TT in TFM – 10L64-A32 probe

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Weld in a 12 mm Stainless Steel Plate

• Extensive porosity is
revealed with the PCI
but was unseen with
conventional TFM.

• PCI offers similar

results with other
small natural defects.

Porosity: TT in PCI and TT in TFM – 10L64-A32 probe

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Steel Pipe Electric Resistance Welding (ERW)

• The entire hook crack

can be seen with only
the TT-TT group in PCI
but with conventional
TFM two groups (TTT
and TT-TT) are needed
to see the whole crack.

• The crack can be sized

using the tip diffraction.

Hook crack: TT-TT in PCI versus TTT and TT-TT in TFM – 5L32-A31 probe
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Steel Pipe Electric Resistance Welding (ERW)

• PCI shows significantly

more detail on the size
and shape of the crack
as well as the tip
diffractions for easier
sizing.

Branch crack: TT in PCI versus TT in TFM – 5L32-A31 probe

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06 Tip Diffraction Sizing
Tip Diffraction Sizing
• One of the advantages of the PCI technology is that sharp tips from cracks and other defects will diffract. While these signals
are rarely distinguishable in conventional TFM or PA, with PCI these diffractions signals are highly coherent and easily visible.

• Like the time-of-flight diffraction (TOFD) method, these tip diffractions can be used for accurate sizing, but with a 2D image
of the defect. This means the defect can be sized in both directions.

• The reference cursor is placed on the

peak of the highest point of the crack
in order to find its height.

• Because the tips of the crack diffract,

the peak of the signal can be used for
sizing rather than the −6 dB method.

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 Tip Diffraction Sizing – Calibration Notch
• To qualify a PCI setup, a notch sample can be used to validate the
sizing. TT
• Like with TFM, the corner trap and notch tip show up as hot spots,
which can be used as sizing markers for the notch height.

TT-TT

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Tip Diffraction Sizing – Hook Crack Example

• Placing the cursors on the last max

of the crack and the base of the
crack enables the readings to be
used directly for sizing.

• These 3 readings will be the height,

width, and total length of the crack.

• These peaks remain constant

regardless of the palette zoom.

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Tip Diffraction Sizing – LOF

• Like crack tips, the ends of a lack of

fusion (LOF) will diffract and have
‘’hot spots’’ at the ends.

• The cursors can be placed on each of

the peaks of these hot spots, and you
can use the readings for sizing.

• Since the sizing uses the peaks of

these hot spots, their positions are
unaffected by adjustments to the
palette zoom.

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