Modern Physics

11
11.1

Chapter Modern Physics

INTEXT EXERCISE: 1
1. λ R > λY > λG 7. ^vincident h final = 12.5 vThresh hold

Photoelectrons are not emitted due to incidence of
= ]0.75g vThresh hold
yellow light. So, even when Red light is incident,
photoelectrons are not emitted as photon of red light
As vincident < vThresh hold ,
are less energetic than yellow light.

Photoelectric effect is not observed.
2. Rate of incidence of photons is proportional to
intensity of light. 8. As ^vinicident h final = 2vThresh hold

3. Stopping potential depends on energy of photon

i.e. photoelectric effect occurs.
]E = hvg and work function of the metal.

Rate of incidence is doubled. Therefore, photo
hc = hc + current get doubled.
4.
λ λ0 Kmax
1240 eV -nm + hc 1242 =
1.5 = λ 9. 400 2.5 + Kmax
230

& λ = 180 nm
& 3.10 = 2.5 + Kmax

5. Kmax = hυ - φ
& Kmax = 0.6 eV

` Kmax is not directly proportional to frequency of Pmax = 2m ^ Kmax h

incident photon.
= ^2 # 9.1 # 10 -31 # 0.6 # 1.6 # 10 -19h
1/2


hc -
6. Kmax = φ
λ
= 4.2 # 10 -25
kg-m/ sec .

= 1240
200 - 2eV hc -
10. Kmax = φ
λ

= 4.2 eV
` Kmax ]vsg λ is a straight line with +ve slope and
1


` Final potential of sphere so that there will be no
further emission of photo electrons = 4.2 V - ve y-intercept.

INTEXT EXERCISE: 2

1. (a) Soft x-rays have larger wavelength. hc hc

λ Kβ = E - E = = ]9 hc g
13.6 b1 - 9 l 8
M K 1 13.6

(b) wavelengths of characteristic x-rays depends
upon of nature of the atom.
λ Kβ = 8 4 _ λ Kα i
9 3


(c) X-rays of smaller wavelength have more
penetrating power. = 27 _λ i
22 Kα = 0.27 Ac

(d) Velocity of any EM wave depends upon nature
of the medium. 4. Peaks in the graph represents characteristic
radiations.
hc hc = ]4hc g
3. λ Kα = E - E =
13.6 b1 - 4 l 3 13.6
1
L K
5. (d) portion represents continuous spectrum.
 11.2 Physics
hc P
2
6. λ min = E Kinetic Energy = 2m

= 1240 eV -nm

2
50, 000 eV
= 2h
λ 2m
1 -9

- 40 # 10 2 2

= e V2

= 0.25 # 10 -10 m 2m c

aKα = RC b 1 - 4 l = 4
1 1 3RC
7. v ? ] z - bg 9.

aKβ = RC b1 - 9 l = 9
v vs z graph should be straight line with 1 8RC
`
+ve slope and - ve Y-intercept.
aKP
Ratio of slopes =
8. λ min = hc
E
aKα

hc
λ electron = eV
= 32
27

INTEXT EXERCISE: 3
µ i qw qV * 6 " 5, 6 " 4, 6 " 3
1. BC = 20r ; i = 2π = 2πr
* 5 " 4, 5 " 3
µ qV

= 0 2 * 4"3
4πr
10
=
z n2
V ? n, r? z
1 1
R hc z d n 2 - n 2 n = λ + 2 mV
2 hc 1 2
6.
BC z3

` ? 5 1 2
n
P photon + P atom = 0
2. As E < 2 ]10.2g eV , maximum possible K $ E lost
2
in the collision is not sufficient to excite the electrons p
& ]Rhcg 16 c 2 m = pc +
1 - 1
in the hydrogen atom. 2
2 m
4 8
2

` Collision must be perfectly elastic. 3 p
R hc 4 = pc + 2m
3. Energy required = Energy required to remove 1st
as p is very small, p 2 is negligible.

electron+energy required to remove 2nd electron.
` Erequired = 24.6 eV + ^2 2h]13.6g

`
3Rh
p = 4

= 24.6 eV + 54.4
3Rh
mV = 4

= 79 eV

After removing 1t electron, 2nd electron is moving 3Rh

& V = 4m
in a hydrogen like system, in which Bohr’s model is
valid. 7. Emission spectra of H atom
1 1
Consists of Lyman series, Balmer series, Paschen
13.6z d n 2 - n 2 n = c1 - 2 m
2 1
4. series.
1 2 n

n1 = 3, n2 = 6 & n = 2 2πr 1
8. T = v ; r ? n2 & v ? n

Satisfy this equation.

` T ? n3
5. Transition is from n1 = 7 to n2 = 3
T1 n13

` no. of possible spectral lines
& T2 = n23 = 8

= * 7 " 6, 7 " 5, 7 " 4, 7 " 3 & n1 = 2n2
  Modern Physics 11.3

Rhc b 1 - 25 l = λ + 2 mV 2 v = m b 25 l
1 1 hc 1 Rh 24
9.

= 4.2 m/s.
P photon + P atom = 0
10. As line from Bracket series is not observed, n2
might be 4 or less than 4.
Rhc b 25 l = pc + 2m
2
24 P

&

For Balmer series, n1 = 2
2
p is very small
1 = c1 - 1 m

Possibility (1): R 2 2
λ 2 4
P = Rh b 25 l
24
` 1 = c1 - 1 m

Possibility (2): R 2 2
λ 2 3
24
mv = Rh 25 1 = 5R
36
λ
INTEXT EXERCISE: 4

1. Higher the binding energy per nucleon, more stable ln 2 ln 2

λ1 = t , λ 2 = 2t
is the nucleus. 0 0

m m λ1 N1 = λ 2 N2 ( N1 & N2 are number

2. P =V = 4 3
3 πr
of nuclei of x & y )
1/5 3
r ? A ;r ? A - λ1 t
m
& λ1 N0 e = λ 2 N0 e - λ2 t

i.e. P = A ; where A is the mass number
` Density is same for daughter nuclei. λ1 ^λ - λ h

& =e 1 2t
234
λ2
4. 238
92 U " 90 Th + 24 He ln 2

& 2 = e 2t0 $ t

` Energy released = B $ E of products

-B $ E of reactant ln 2

& ln 2 = 2t t
0

= y+z-x

& t = 2t0
A-4 4
5. A
x " z - 2 y + 2 He + Q
Z
N
N1 = c m & N2 = 0
N0 2
Q = 10.2 eV, ] K $ E g of He = 10 eV
4
` 2
2
2

Q = ] K $ E gγ + ]K $ E gHe .....(1)
3N N
no. of z nuclei = 4 0 + 20

P y = P HC .....(2) 5N

= 40
A-4
Tα = A Q
ln ]2g
`
1
8. T1/2 = and Tmean =
& 10 = A ]10.2g
A-4 λ λ

& 40.8 = ]0.2g A
T1/2 < Tmean


& A = 204
` f1 > f2
6. Q = (Rest mass energy of reactants N1 N0 e λ1 t
-

- Rest mass energy of product) 9. N2 =
N0 e λ2 t
-

= ^m1 - m2 - m3 hc 2

&
1 = ^λ2 - λ1ht
e
e2
7. x " z ; y"z & ^λ1 - λ 2 ht = 2

^T1/2 h1 = t0
& ^T1/2 h2 = 2 t0
& 10λt = 2

Let at time t rate of disintegration of x and y are 1

& t = 5λ
same.
 11.4 Physics
dN1 dN2 instant are same,
10. dt = λ1 N1 and dt = λ 2 N2
λ1 N1 = λ 2 N2
dN1 = λ1 N1 dt and dN2 = λ 2 N2 dt
N1 λ2

As number of α and β particles emitted at that N2 = λ1 = x : 1

EXERCISE - 1

1. Emission of photo electron is independent of

m ^8 # 106 h = h ^5v0 - v0 h
1 2
external factor. It depends only on the nature of the 2
material and wavelength of incident light
mv 2 = h ^2v0 - v0 h
1

2. Einstein’s formula 2 max
kmax1 = eV1 + z
On dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get

if frequency is doubled, ^8 # 106 h2 4v0
= v

kmax 2 = ev2 ++ z > 2Kmax 1 2
v max 0

^8 # 106 h2
3. The number of photo electron depends on the 2
v max =
number of photons. 4
6
8 # 10

Number of photon =
I m$I
= hc \ m vmax = = 4 # 106
hc/m 2
mA K hν - φ 1 - 0.5 1

Ratio of no. of photoelectrons = 12. K1 = hν 1 - φ1 = 2.5 - 0.5 = 4
mB 2 2 2

4. Experimental observation. φ1 λ 2 2 . 53 λ c
5. The electrons will get accelerated in the electric
13.
φ 2 = λ1 & 5 . 06 = 5896 & λ = 2948A
field. Hence, kinetic energy will increase. 14. Frequency of light does not change with medium.
6. Stopping potential = maximum kinetic energy of h E E
15. C = m $ v = p $ h = p
e = 4V
h
16. m d = mv
7. eV0 = ] KE gmax = hv - hv0 = hc c m - m m
1 1
0
hc
Em = energy of photon = and energy of

In polychromatic light, the photon of shortest m , 2
m
p hv
have maximum energy. e - = 2m =
2m
hv
8. In photo electric effect the maximum velocity of e– 2 m =1
will corresponding to KEmax & other are less than it. The required ratio hc 4
m
9. KEmax = hv - φ 17. m = p
h
φ
10. For threshold frequency, hv0 = φ & v0 = h Since the momenta of the two particles are equal, m
re same.
max = hv - φ = h ^
KE& v - v0 h
h hc
18. Applying p = and E =

Isaturation ? n where I = nhv m m

If m decreases E and p increases.
11. According to Einstein’s photoelectric equation,
3
1 19. K.E.of neutron E = 2 kT
hv = hv0 + mv 2 .....(i)
2 max h h = h
λd = p =
1 2mE 3

or mv 2 = hv - hv0 .....(ii) 2m # 2 kT
2 max

According to the given problem ]927 + 273g

& λ2 = λ 27 + 273 = 2λ
  Modern Physics 11.5
h
20. m = P =
h
=
h
DE A > DE B & Z A > Z B
2mK 2meV nh

L = 2r
21. In Davidson-Garner Experiment, electrons are
emitted by filament.
` L A = LB
22. By increasing potential difference between anode Z2

E = energy of the orbit E \-
and filament, electric field increases. Thereby force n2
experienced by electrons emitted from filament
E A < EB
along the direction of motion of electrons increases,
Z
leading to increased velocity of electrons.
ua n
23. Charge present on both particle are same- n2

` ra Z
h

a m= So q1 = q2
` rA < rB
2mqV
m mp v mt 33. En ^ Li2+h = E1 ] H g
e = me v = me > 1
mp
32 1
a m p >> me
& - 13.6 =- 13.6 # 1
n2

` me > m P

& n=3
24. De Broglie waves are independent of shape & size
of the object. mv2 1 e2
34.
a0 = .
4rf 0 a 02
25. De Broglie waves are probability waves and are e
applicable for all the objects. Wave nature is
& v= .
4r ! 0 a0 m
observed for the small particles like electrons.
35. Since speed reduces to half, KE reduced to
P + b 0.3P l
26. Fexerted = 0.7 C 2 C 1
th
4 &n=2
3P
= 1.C
nh

mvr = 2r .....(i)
]1.3g]10g h
= = 4.3 # 10 -7 N
mv0 r = 2. 2r .....(ii)
3 # 108
27. E \
1
r' = 4.r
n2
13.6 n22 36. According to the Bohr model
3.4 = n12 n2 = 2
P.E. =- 2 K.E. = 2 T.E.
v \ n ]z = 1g
z v
& v2 = 2 .....(b)

& K.E. =- T.E.
28. In quantum state of a Bohr atom - me 4

Where T.E. =
- T.E = KE 3 ! 20 n2 h2

- ]- 3.4g eV
K.E. =- 3
- me 4
&
K.E.
8 ! 20 n2 h2 T.E. =- 1
3.4 ev = KE
29. P.E = 2 ]T.E.g
37. r \ n2 ` r10 = 102 # 1.06 Ac = 106 Ac

= 2 ]- 3.4g 38. 12.1 = E ]n = 3g - E ]n = 1g

10 2 = E ]n = 2g - E ]n = 1g
=- 6.8 eV
.
n2 22
1.9 = E ]n = 3g - E ]n = 2g
30. r = a0 Z = a0 . 4 = a0

1
31. v \ z and r\ z.

At least two atoms must be enveloped as there
32. DE = Ionization energy cannot be two transition from same level from same
atom.

= 13.6 # z2 eV
 11.6 Physics
39. All the transition energies in option (a), (b) and (c) emitted will also increase hence intensity will
are greater than corresponding to n = 4 to n = 3 . increase. Also the shorter wavelengths will also
Hence option (d) decrease.
40. 12.1 eV Radiation will excite a hydrogen atom in 49. The characteristic x-rays are obtained due to the
ground state to n = 3 transition of electron from inner orbits.

State number of possible transition n C2 = 3 C2 = 3 50. The energy of x–ray is more that of U.V. light.
Hence, the K.E. of emitted photoelectrons is more
= R b - 4 - 9 l
1 1 1 4#9 and hence stopping potential required is also more.
41. & m1 = 5R
m1
51. the mass number (sum of protons and neutrons) is
= Rc 4 - 2 m
1 1 1

similarly generally greater than atomic number (number of
m2 4
protons). In few cases, neutrons are absent in the
16 16 5m 20
& m2 = 3R = 3 # 4 # 9 = 27 m nucleus such as hydrogen nucleus. In such cases
mass number is equal to atomic number.
Z2 n
42. E = 13.6 d 2
n 52. Radius of 0s189 = r0 A0 1/3S

13.6 ]1 g2 13.6 ]1 g2
Radius of that nucleus
]1 g2 ]2g2

∆E H = - = 10.2 eV = hv

= 3 = r0 ^AO h 3 = r0 b 27 l = r0 71/3
1

13.6 ]3 g 13.6 ]3 g
1 1 189 3

= 91.80 eV = h ]9vg
2 2

]1 g2 ]2g2

∆ELi =
S
-

` A for that nucleus = 7
43. DE = 13.6 c 2 - 2 m = 12.2
1 1
1 n R 1
53. ln R = 3 ln A
0
13.6
.
13 6 - 12.2 =
n2
It is similar to y = mx
13.6 13.6
2
n = 13.6 - 12.2 = 1.4 & n=3 54. Nuclear density is constant hence, mass \ volume
44. For Lyman series
or m \ V

Shortest wavelength :n = 3 " n = 1
55. Nuclear force is charge independent.

DE = 13.6 eV
56. the binding energy per nucleon in a nucleus varies in
12400 a way that depends on the actual value of A .

And m min = 13.6 . 900 Ac

Longest wavelength n = 2 " n = 1 57. it is the sum of the kinetic energy of all the nucleous
in the nucleus.

DE = 10.2 eV

12400 58. Q = ^2BEHe - BEU h

m min = 10.2 . 1200 Ac
= ]2 # 7.06 # 4 - 5.60 # 7g Mev

45. The continuous x-ray comes out because the striking
electron loss its kinetic energy. = 17.28 Mev.

46. The cut off wavelength depends on the accelerating 59. Let 10
5 5 B be in the ratio m: n
B and 11
potential difference which is unchanged. Hence, the
wavelength will remain unchanged.
Average atomic weight

47. Ka: Transition from 2 " 1 m # 10 + n # 11

.
10 81 = m+n

Similarly for
m 0.19 19

& n = 0.81 = 81

Kb: 3 " 1, Kc: 4 " 1; La: 3 " 2: Ma: 4 " 3

Now we can compare energy and m . 60. During c - decay atomic number (Z) and mass
number (A) does not change. so the correct option
48. As the potential difference is increased, the kinetic is (c) because in all other options either Z, A or both
energy is increased. The total energy of x-rays is/are changing.
  Modern Physics 11.7
61. 4
2
14 17
He + N " O + H
7 8
1
1 dN m
70. Initial activity = dt = mN0 = m. M .N A
62. n " p + e - + y- N
71. No. of atoms of A after 2hrs. = 40
63. Energy of c photon
N
= Difference in energies
No. of atoms of B after 2hrs. = 20

of a particles = 0.4 MeV ]dN/dt gA λ A N A ^T1/2 hB .N A 2 1

]dN/dt gB = λ B NB = ^T1/2 hA .NB = 1 2 = 1
#
1 ln 2
64. Tavg. = & T1/2 = < Tavg.
m m
72. 92 U235 + n " 54 Xe139 + 38 Y94 + 3n
65. 64 = 2 6

74. No. of nuclear splitting per second is

1

After 6 half lives activity will become = 64 100MW 100

N = 200MeV = S -1
200 # 1.6 # 10 -19

Hence required time = 6 # 2h = 12h

No of neutrons liberated
m
66. No. of nucleus of P, N P = 10 # N A
100 1
m = 200 # # 2.5 S -1

No. of nucleus of Q, NQ = 20 # N A 1.6 # 10 -19
N 125

No. of Isotope P after 20 days, N P ' = 4P = 16 # 1018 S -1

Let no. of Isotope Q after 20 days be NQ ' 75. the energy released per unit mass is more in fusion
and that per atom is more in fission.
10
NP ' # N 1
` A
=4 (given) 76. Fusion reaction is possible at high temperature
20
NQ ' # N
A
because kinetic energy is high enough to overcome
repulsion between nuclei.
N
77. Q = ^BEx + BEy - Beuh
NQ ' = 2 # N P ' = 2P = NQ

= ]2 # 117 # 8.5 - 236 # 7.6g MeV

Thus no change in number of Q , Hence its half life
is infinity.
= 195 MeV . 200 MeV
67. The weight will not change appreciably as the 78. Energy released
process is b - decay.
= 6]80 # 7g + ]120 # 8g@ = 6200 # 6.5@

dN
68. dt 2 = mN1 - 2mN2

= 220 MeV
For N2 to be maximum,
79. no. of moles of 1 H2 consumed
1MW # ]24 # 3600g sec /day
dN N
dt 2 = 0 & mN1 = 2mN2 or N1 = 2

^20 MeV # 6.023 # 10 23h
2
=
69. Radioactive disintegration is a spontaneous, random
process i.e. any nucleus may disintegrate at any time
= 0.05
after t = 0 but in half-life time, half of the nuclei

` m = 0.1 g
disintegrate.

EXERCISE - 2
1. The current I is proportional to light energy failing 1
become 9 # 18 mA = 2mA
on the lens per second which is same in the two
cases. Hence same I . 3. Since frequency of light solurce is double, the
energy carried by each photon will be doubled.
2. When the source is 3 times farther, number of
1
photons failing on the surface becomes 9 th but the
Hence intensity will be doubled even if number of
frequency remains same. Hence stopping potential photons remains constant. Hence saturation current
will be same i.e. 0.6 V and saturation current is constant. Since frequency is doubled, maximum
KE increases but it is not doubled.
 11.8 Physics
4. The threshold frequency for Al must be greater as it v1 2hν0 - hν0 1
# 6 -1
has higher work function. v2 = 5hν0 - hν0 = 2 & v2 = 8 10 ms
:
5. Stopping potential depends on the K.E. of emitted Nhc
15. (a) P =
electron. The K.E. of emitted electron depends on λ
the frequency of the photon, not on the intensity of :
0.1 :
n = 100 N
the photon.
: :
1 i = ne
6. With distance intensity will fall as
r2 hc -
hc - 2c φm
7. In photoelectric experiment, speed of fastest emitted K2 λ2 φ λ K
electron is given by- 16. K = hc = hc 2 & K1 < 22
λ1 φ c λ 2 - 2φ m
1 -
1 2 hc

2 mv max = m - w 17. Greater work function greater intercept
1 hc

Case-I 2 mv = m - w .....(i)
2
18. Energy of each photon
1 '2 hc

Case-II 2 mv = 3m/4 - w = hc
λ
1 '2 4hc # -26

2 mv = 3m - w .....(ii) = 4 10 = 4 # 10 -19 J
-7
10

From eqn. (i) and (ii)
Number of photons incident per second

10 3 = 1016 = # 14
-
4 w 25 10
v'2 = 3 v2 + 3 =
-19 4
4 # 10
4
Number of electrons emitted

Hence, v' > v 3 6
-
= 0.16 10-19
#
8. K = E - 13.6 ]in eV g or
1.6 # 10
= 1012
^1 8 # 1.6 # 10 -19h = hc - 13.6 # 1.6 # 10 -19
.
m1
Percentage of photons which produce photoelectrons
.....(1)

Similarly for the second wavelength: 1012 # 2
= 14 10
25 # 10
^4 0 # 1.6 # 10 -19h =
.
hc
- 13.6 # 1.6 # 10 -19
m2 1 =
= 25 0.04%

.....(2)

Solving these two equations, we get 19. φ = 5eV - 2eV = 3eV
m1 8 6eV - 3eV
= =
& - VS = e & VS =- 3V
m2 7
9. Intensity is directly proportional to the number of 20. Radiation force
photon per unit area so no of photo electron also
I I 1 IRH
= C # Area = C . 2 $ 2R $ H = C
increase.
21. P = P- + P+
10. eVS = hv - φ i.e. stopping potential continuously
increase with frequency = 2000 # ^6.25 # 1018 + 3.125 # 1018h

# 1.6 # 10 -19 W
11. Ek = hv - φ

= 300 W
φ λ λ
12. φ1 = 2 ; λ 2 = 2 22. Radiation pressure on any surface, for a given
λ
2 1
intensity, depends upon nature of the surface.
hc -
e ^6V0h λ φ & φ = hc & λ = 4λ h
13. e 2V = hc
^ 0h 4λ 0 23. m = p
2λ φ
-
Hence, higher the momentum, smaller the
1 1
14. a I ? 2 ` intensity becomes 4 th wavelength.
r
  Modern Physics 11.9
24. Some of the energy of photon will be absorbed 2

by the electron. Hence, energy of the photon will 37. En = 13.6 Z2

n
reduce correspondingly wavelength will increase
and frequency decreases. 13.6 ]1 g2 13.6 ]1 g2
]1 g2 ]2g2

∆E H = - = 10.2eV
25. Two photons having equal wavelengths, have equal
linear momenta in magnitude not necessarily in 13.6 ]2g2 13.6 ]2g2
]1 g2 ]2g2

∆EHe = - = 40.8 eV
same direction.
dp (2P sin θ) 38. Energy required to remove the second e -
26. F = dt & F =
` TE = ]54.4 + 24.6g = 79.0 eV
∆t

& F = 2np sin θ [ n = number of photon]
39. The distance of closest approach is given by
& 1N = 2 ]ng
h
sin 30c & n = 10 27
λ 1 2Ze2

r0 = 4rf . E
27. K.E. = q∆V 0 k

h h h = h
Here Z = 92 for a uranium and

λ1 = p = ;λ =
1 2m1 K1 2 p2 2m2 K2

Ek = 5meV = 5 # 106 # 1.6 # 10 -19 J
λ m
a q = q1 = q2 & ∆V is same ` λ1 = m2
2 1
Also e = 1.6 # 109 Nm2 C -2 . Using these values,
h
28. λ = p (so same); so both have same debroglie we get r0 , 10 -12 cm , which is choice (c)
wavelength. hc
40. For maximum λ = ∆E
h 3
^n1 = 2 " n2 = 1 Lymen h
29. λ = ; K = 2 kT
2mK

`λ=
h = h = 25.15 Å ^n1 = 3 " n2 = 2 Balmer h

3 3mkT T hc
2m 2 kT
Longest λ Lymen = 3
13.6 # 4
n hc n hc
30. Pr = r , Pb = b hc
λr λb
Longest λ Balmer = 5

If Pr = Pb Since λ r > λb & nr > nb 13.6 # 36

31. We have work is done by only electric field. Thus 5

λ Lymen 36 = 5
if Er vv, vv decreases, & thus momentum of electron 3 27
λ Balmer
decreases & vice–versa, while in magnetic field 4
remains constant.
150 13.6 z2
32. For electron λ db = 41. Kinetic energy (K.E.) = eV
100 + 50 = 1 A n2
- 2 ]13.6gz2
33. Jn = 2π and nλ n = 2π _r0 n i
nh 2

Potential (P.E.) = eV
n2
& λ n = ^2πr0 hn = 13.6 z2

Total energy (T.E.) = eV
n2

So Jn ? m n
42. Due to recoil of the H-atom, energy of photon must
K = K = be less than 10.2 eV , so its wavelength will be less
34.
λ1 E3 E1 λ 2 E3 E2
- & -
than m 0
K 1 - 1 = 1
= E2 - E1 & 43. Maximum photon energy = 13.6 eV (emitted)
λ3 λ1 λ 2 λ3
35. The atom will absorb photon whose enery is equal
So Kmax = 13.6 - 4 = 9.6 eV
to the energy gap between two energy levels of the
Hence stopping potential is - 9.6 V
atom.
So - 10V can stop
36. DE ]1 to 3g = DE ]1 to 2g + DE ]2 to 3g 13.6eV =
44. E = 34 eV

= y1 = y 2 + y 3 22
 11.10 Physics
52. No of spectral lines
45. E4 - E3 = Z 2 : 9 - 16 D = 144 Z 2
1 1 7
n ( n - 1)
E2 - E1 = Z 2 81 - 4 B = 4 Z 2
1 3 2 = 10 & n 2 - n - 20 = 0 & n = 5; n =- 4

E4 - E2 = Z 2 Z 2 : 4 - 16 D = 16 Z 2 ∆E = 13.6 :1 - 25 D = 13.056; λ = ∆E = 95 nm
1 1 3 1 hc

53. ∆E = 13.6 a 2k
46. In nth orbit, 1 - 1 = hc 1
+ 2 mv 2
1
2
5 λ
nh h
mvr = 2π
0 = mv - λ
nh
2πr = mv
54. L = a 2π k; r = a0.53 Z k; f ? c 3 m
nh n2 Z2
n
= n c hp m
^ f r L h ? Z Constant for all orbits




= nλ
55. 10 eV electron cannot excite a hydrogen atom

` In nth orbit of Bohr’s atom, n waves are
Hence collision is elastic.
associated with the electron.
56. The maximum kinetic energy available for transition
47. Room temperature & n = 1
to potential energy/excitation energy is:
Upon absorption excitations take place to many
2 . m + mH . ^vrel h
higher states which upon de-excitation emit all U.V., 1 mαm 2

α H
infrared and visible light.

5m . ^ α
v + vH h2
13.6 4m, mH
48. En =- 2 (Z 2)
=
n
13.6 2 =- 13.6 c Z 2 m = 25m . _vα + vH + 2vα vH i
2 2

E2n =-
2 Z 4 n2
(2n)
= 25m ; α + 4 + 2. 2E.α 2EH E
2.E 2E
E2n - En = ;`- 4 j 2 E - ;- 13.6 c 2 mE
13.6 Z 2 Z2
4m m 4m . m
n n
13.6 Z 2 Z2 = 52 : 22.1 + 2 # 8.4 + 2 # 2.1 # 8.4 D


E2n - En =- 4 2 + 13.6 2
n n

= 10.5 eV > 10.2 eV
Z2 ` 13.6 j = c Z2 m

E2n - En = 2 13.6 - 4 ( 10. 2)
n n2
` Collision may be inelastic.
(13.6) 2 4
^ E2n h^ En h = 4 c Z4 m
57. Excitation upto n = 3 is required so that visible
n
length is emitted upon de-excitation.
(10.2) c
Z2 m
So required energy = 13.6 a1 - 9 k = 12.1 eV
(E2n - En) n 2 & (E2n - En) ? c n m
2
1
(E2n) (En) = 2 (E2n) (En)
(13.6) Z Z2
c
4
m
4 n4 58. ]m kagA > ]m kagB & ZB > Z A
49. From n2 level, while returning to the ground level,
it may emit six different wavelengths. It is possible ^m cut off hA < ^m cut off hB
& VA > VB
when n2 = 4
59. By increasing the operating voltage, Ik does not

Emitted photons energy is either less, greater (or) change but Imin decreases.
same, if initial transition is from n1 = 2 to n2 = 4
2 2
V 2 = V0 = V0 a1 n 24 2 4 16
50. r 4 & a2 n 4 = 3 4 = 81
=
n 2 r0 n 2 r0 n 1

51. T ? n3

Ti 1 _ni n 1
3

Tf = 27 = m & m = 3
Hence m k - m min increases.
  Modern Physics 11.11

v K = K ] Z - ag #
1 216
60. a 1- 4
= 220 # 5.5 Mev = 5.4 Mev

v K = K ]z - ag #
1 mv
b 1- 9 69. R = 2B
m v
8
RP = ebP
Kb 9 = 32

Ratio for K = m235 .v
a 3 27
R235 U = eB U

4
3M v

61. hf = 13.6 ]Z - 1g2 . b1 - 4 l
1 Dx = 2 # 2BP = 6 # 10 mm = 60 mm

70. When a b - particle is emitted from a nucleus, a

= 13.6 # 4 ]31 - 1g2
3
proton increases and a neutron decreases. Hence the
neutron-proton ratio is decreased.
hf = 13.6 # 4 ]51 - 1g2
3
'
71. As a proton is lighter than a neutron, proton can
f' 502 25
& f = 2 & f' = 9 .f not be converted into neutron without providing
30
energy from outside. Reverse is possible. The weak
= R ]Z - 1g2 # b1 - 4 l
1 1
62. interaction force is responsible in both the processes
m
(i) conversion of p to n and (ii) conversion of n to
4 = R ]Z1 1g 4 & Z1 = 26
1875R - 23
& p.

and 675 R = r ]Z2 - 2g2 . 4 & Z2 = 31

3 72. (a) The emitted b - particles may have varying

energy.

Hence number of elements = 4

(b) e - or e + does not exists inside the nucleus.
4
hC 1.24 # 10 c
63. m min = E = A
(c) v does carry momentum.
66 # 103

Since 0.01 nm is less than m min , it will be absent
(d) In b - decay mass number does not change.
but 0.02 nm and longer wavelength will be present.
73. In beta decay, atomic number increases by 1 whereas
64. With increase of potential difference, x-ray of higher the mass number remains the same.
energy will be produced. To stop them, thicker foil is
required. 74. Statement (d) is wrong. Nuclear forces are saturated.

hc = 1242eV - nm = 75. BE of X = 6A
65. E = 0.021nm 59 keV
λ

BE of Y = 6A - 2 + 1 = 6A - 1
1 = - 2 1 - 1
λ R (Z 1) ; n12 n 22 E
66.

[Because absorption of energy decreases BE and

For Kα line, n1 = 1, n2 = 2 release of energy increases BE]

In Y nucleus there are A + 1 includes.
= R (43 - 1) 2 : 2 - 2 D = R ^42h2 ` 4 j
1 1 1 3
.....(i)
λ 1 2 BE 6A - 1
` nucleon = A + 1

and
my A-4
76. We have
l = R (29 - 1) 2 : 2 - 2 D = R ^28h2 ` 4 j
1 1 1 3 Ka = my + ma .Q & Ka = A .Q
.....(ii)
λ 1 2
A-4
λl = 9 9
& 48 = A .50 & A = 100

Dividing eq. (i) by (ii), we get 4 & λl = 4 λ
λ
68. The magnitude of momentum of the daughter 77. Q =- 7 ]5.6g + 64 ]7.06g@ 2 & Q = 17.3 MeV
nucleus and a - particles will be equal. Q = KE of
78. 2 Deuteron " 24 He
daughter nucleus + KE of a -particle

Q = BE of product - BE of reactant
p2 p2

= 628 MeV - 2 ]2.2 MeV g@
= 2m + 2m
d a

p2
= 528 - 4.4? = 23.6 MeV
1 m .m

KE of a -particle = 2m = ma # m a+ md .a
a a d
 11.12 Physics

79. R = R0 b 2 l .....(1)
1 n 1 #1
1 1 1
86. TA = 2 hr, TB = 14 hr; TA + B = 12 14 = 6 hr

Here R = activity of radioactive substance after n 2+4
half lives. 1
So, first 2 hr = 1 half lives (by A)
R
= 160 (given) Next 1 hr = 4 half lives (by B)

Substituting in equation (1), we get n = 4 1
Next 2 hr = 3 half lives (by A+B)
` t = ]ng t1/2 = ]4g ^100nsh = 400 ns

N
Thus N = 80 ( a Total eight half live)
80. Activity of the sample after time t1 2

A = Nm = N0 me -
t
N
87. N = N0 e λt & 100
x -

Energy stored in the compacter = N0 e λt & ,n ]1 g - ,n ]1 g - ,n ]10g =- λt
-

1 _Q0 e i & = a ,n2 k T1/2 & t = 33 days

2 - 2 2
t
,n10
1 Q 1 Q0 -2 RCt RC
t

E= 2 C = 2 C = 2 C e
88. r = λN = λ : M N AD
m
A N0 m b- xt + 2t l
E = Q02 /2C .e
RC w

89. A " B

For the ratio to remain constant.
dN A dN
1 2 2x =+ λ N A = dt B

- x + RC = 0 &R= C dt
N A = N0 e λt
-
- λt
81. A = A0] e
dNB - λt

ln A = ln A0 - λt
` dt = λ N0 e
AQ dNB
82. A P = AQ e - mt = AQ e -
1
t
T
t = T ln A` t=0 ;
P i.e. at dt " λN0
83. Rate of decay of A keeps on decreasing continuously
dNB
because concentration of A decreases with time.
& at t"3 ; dt " 0
& A is false.
- λ0 t -10λ 0 t 1
90. N = N0 e , N' = N0 e & e = e 9λ t
- 0

Initial rate of production of B is m1 N0 and rate of
decay is zero. With time, as the number of B atom 1
increase the rate of its production decrease and its t
& = 9λ
0
rate of decay increases. Thus the number of nuclei
91. Radioactivity law is valid for large samples
of B will first increase and then decrease.
- λT1 - λT2
92. N1 = N0 e ; N2 = N0 e

& (b) is the correct choice

R1 = λN1; R2 = λN2

The initial activity of B is zero whereas initial
activity of A is m1 & C is false.
^ N1 - N2 h = λ ^ N1 - N2h = 1
(R - R2)


As time t " 3: N A = 0, NB = 0 and NC = N0 & D λ λ
log e 2 log e 2

is false
T = λ ;λ = T

^ N1 - N2 h = (1log 22 )
84. n = mN (R - R ) T

n e
= m = N
^ N1 - N2 h ? ^ R1 - R2 hT

0.69 0.69 N

` t1/2 = = n dN =
m 93. λ1 N1 + λ 2 N2 & λ1 N10 e λ t + λ 2 N20 e λ t
- -
1 2

dt
85. P ] Dg = 1 - e
2
= e 21
-
94. N # ^200 # 106 # 1.6 # 10 -19h = 1000
- λt
= 1 - e- λ
# 2/λ :
e
  Modern Physics 11.13

EXERCISE - 3

Numerical Type 1
5. Emax = 13.6Z 2 e1 - o = 204
db n2
1. = 10 -4 & db = 10 -4
b 1 2040
d ( z - b) & 2 e1 - 2 o =
Z
1 dv dv 2 # 10 -4 n 136
v = & v = = 4 # 10 -6
2 (Z - b) 50 1 1
13 6Z 2 >
. - 2 H = 10.57r
12400 ( n - 1) 2
n
2. Energy of incident photons = eV
2000 1 1
10.57r 7
Maximum kinetic energy of ejected electrons Z2 >
- H=
=
(n - 1) 2
n 13.6
2
9
12400 By hit and trial method, if we put Z = 4, n = 4,

= -z RHS=LHS for both equations (i) and (ii) which are
2000 1 1 7

Maximum kinetic energy of electrons striking plate shown below. 16 d - n=
9 16 9
1
16 d1 - n = 15
12400

B= - z + 10 ⇒n=4
2000 16

Minimum wavelength of photons emitted from 6.
3kT h h h
12400 vrms =

B= mn ; m = p & m = mn # vrms =
1000 3kTmn
12400 12400 6.6 # 10 -34

` - z + 10 = & z = 3.8 eV
&m=
2000 1000 3 # 1.44 # 10 -23 # 1.69 # 10 -27 # 300

3. The cut-off voltage or stopping potential measures 2.2 # 10 -10

=
maximum kinetic energy of the electron. It depends 1.2 # 1.3
156 156 # 2.2 # 10 -10 220 # 10 -10
on the frequency of incident light whereas the current
& m= =
11 11 # 1.2 # 1.3 11
depends on the number of photons incident. Hence, 22
cut-off volt age will be 0.5 V. Now by inverse square
= nm = 2 nm
11
law,
7. The force experienced by A is due to infinite number
1 1 of incidence and reflection. The situation is shown

12 ? or I ?
(0.2) 2 (0.4) 2 in the diagram.
I (0.2) 2 1 I

` = =
12 (0.4) 2 4
12 0.5 I

or, I = = 3 mA
4 0.5 I
4. Let the velocity be v. 0.5 I
2

a Photoelectron will follow parabolic path, 2

0.5 I
1 2 3

\d= at
0.5 I
2
eE I 0.5 I 0.5 2 I 0.5 2 I

Now, acceleration, a = m , where e and me are
F= + c # 2 + c # 2 + c # 2 + ...
e
C
charge and mass of electron
I 2I 1 1 1 I 2I 1/2
1 eE 2 + = + 2 + 3 + ....G = + #< F
d
` = t c c 2 2 2 c c 1 - 1/2
2 me
3I

= c
 11.14 Physics
p2 p2 p2 m 13. Change in momentum of
8. Q = + = d + 1n single photon
2M 2M 2m M
m
Q = Ea d + 1n
= 2p cos 60c
M
QM
= h
E ` a= λ
M+m

Force exerted = momentum transfered per second
9. At t = T
# 19 # 6.63 # 10 -34

Nx = Ny (one half life)
= 1 10 -9
663 # 10

⇒T=t

= 1 # 10 -8 N
hc =
10. hv + eV0 14. As initial kinetic energy of the neutron is less
λ
1242 ev - nm = + than 20.4 eV, neutron undergoes perfectly elastic

& 200 nm hv eV0
collision with hydrogen atom. Therefore, neutron
hv comes to rest after the collision.

& 6.21 = e + 2.5 V
hc
15. 3 E =
6.634 # 10 34
-
m

& -19 v = 3.71
1.6 # 10 hc
m = 3 E (1)

& v = 0.9 # 1015
3 E = 13.6 c 2 - 2 m = 1.9eV
1 1

= 9 # 1015 Hz
2 3

` x =9
Recoil of atom is considered
h h
11. E =- ]13.6 eV g Z2 c ]Z + 2g2 - 2 m
1 1
0 =- mv + &v=
Z m' mm'
hc 1 h2 hc
Z2 - ]Z + 2g2 n 4 ]Z + 1g # 13.6
1

3 E = 2 mv2 + = 2m 2 2 +
=- 13.6 # d m' m m' m'
]Z + 2g2 ]Z + 2g2
= eV
h2 hc
h2
3E = +

Now energy of electron is k = ; 2mm'2 m'
2m2 m
h2
h
m'2 3 E - hcm' - 2m = 0
d We have m =
n or k = 6 eV
2mk
h2
4 ]Z + 1g # 13.6 hc ! h2 c2 + 4 3 E 2m
]Z + 2g2
So, = 10.2 eV
m' = 23E
]Z + 1 g
& ]Z - 2g]3Z + 2g = 0
3 2h2 3 E
]Z + 2g2 16
or = hc + h2 c2 +

= m
So, the value of Z = 2 23E
(neglecting the negative/fractional value) 23E
hc + hc 1 +

= mc2
h ^2v0 h = hv0 + 2 mV12
1 23E
12. .....(1)
1 + c1 + m
2 3 E 1/2 3E
h ^5v0 h = hv0 + 2 mV22
1 1+1+
.....(2) m' mc2 mc 2

= 2 = 2
m

From (1) & (2) 3E
= 1+
2mc2
4 b 12 mV12 l = 2 m V22
1 m' 3E 1.9 # 1.6 # 10 -19
-1 = 2 = = 10 -9
m 2mc 2 # 1.67 # 10 -27 # 9 # 1016

& V2 = 2V1
Fractional change in wavelength = 10 -9 .

` V2 = 8 # 106 m/s.
  Modern Physics 11.15
16. Momentum change due to absorption of single 18. Let x no. of α particles emitted by source at a
h particular instant of time, per second.
photon = .
λ
Momentum transfered per second in a elemental
No. of α particle detected by window.
area x # # -4 x

= 1 10 = 4r # 10 -4
4r 1 2
= dn b λ l; dn is no. of photons
h

x -4 4

` 4π # 10 = 5 # 10

incident on small area.

& x = 6.28 # 109 counts/sec.

= dn hc
c λ dN =
dt λN = x
P

= 1c c 2 dA m
x # 9
4πR
& λ = N = 6.28 1016
1 P 6 # 10
Pressure = c
4πR 2
= 1.04 # 10 -7

= 500 8 = 4 # 10 -7 N/m 2
4π # 10

b dN l t1 N e λt1
-
dt
17. = 0 - λt2
b dN l t2 N0 e
dt
5 = λ^t2 - t1h

& 2 e

ln ]5/2g = λ ]50 ming

λ = 3 # 10 4 s 1
- -
&

EXERCISE - 4
1. Number of photons emitted per second 2m ] K $ E gmax
h
& Bq < 10 cm
Pm
N = 100 # hc
2 ]9.1g # 10 # b 400 l
-31 λc -

Potential of the sphere after time is nm 2.39eV

& B> -19
1.6 # 10
]negt hPmet
& 2.85 # 10 5 T
-

V' = V - 4rf R = V - 400rf Rhc
0 0

2. Let n number of electrons are emitted. 4.

Charge on Sphere = ne

Potential of the sphere ]V g = a

K ne


Photo electrons doesn’t emit
Photo electrons emitted from emitter plate with
zero velocity reaches collector plate with minimum

If eV = Kmax kinetic energy, equal to ]e g ( P $ D across emitter
and collector plate)
Kne 2 = c 1 - 1 m
a hc λ λ
0

= 2eV
4πε0 hca 1
cλ - λ m
1

& n =
e 2
0
Maximum K $ E of electrons reaching collector
plate
3. Magnitude of magnetic field is in such a manner that
photo electrons doesn’t reach upper plate (collector
= b λ - φ0 l + 2eV
hc
plate). Then registered current is zero.

mV
= 3.7 eV
r = Bq < 10 cm
 11.16 Physics
2E 10. Smallest wavelength is possible for n = 1 transition
5. C = mv ...(i) under the given conditions.
COE 2 mv2 = mgl ]1 - cos ig
1
13.6 b 1 - 9 l
hc =+ 1 1

λ
] g
1 # 4E 2 i2 1242 ev - nm = 8
13.6 9 eV
2 m2 C2 = gl 1 - cos i = gl 2 λ
2E 1242

`i = & λ = 12.1 = 103nm
mC gl
13.6 b 4 - 16 l ; Balmer series
hc = 1 1
hc - 1 ke 2 = mv 2 11.
6. φ = mV
2
; .....(1) λ
λ 0 2 d
2 d lies in visible
2
range.
hc - = ke

& λ φ0 2d .....(2)
1242 =
13.6 b 16 l
3
λ

& λ = hc
λ - φ0

& λ = 487 nm
8πε0 d hc
λ = 2 hc = 1242
e + 8πε0 d φ0 12.
E photon = 50
λ

This in maximum possible λ to make photoelectron

= 124
5
.2
move in a circular path.

b 25 eV
7. F net = Fabsorbed = Freflected

Total energy of electron at ground level
0.7IrR2 0.3IrR2
= c + c
2

=- 13.6 eV
= IπcR
K
` $ E of electron ejected

dF = ]dng λ cos θ
h
= 25 eV - 13.6 eV
8.

= 11.4 eV
]P dAg

= cos θ 14. Maximum possible energy available for ionisation,
C 4πR 2
after collision
P ]2πR sin θRdθg

= cos θ
C 4πR 2
= 12 ^T $ Ei h = 12 b 12 mV 2 l
π/2

# 4 ]13.6g # ]1.6g # 10
-19
F = dF
& V2 =
1.76 # 10 27
-
0
π/2
V = 7.2 # 10 4 m/s.
= 2PC #
sin θ cos θ dθ
L = ]2ng 2π ; n = 1, 2, 3, ....
0 h
15.

= 4PC
1 1
13.6 d n 2 - n 2 n
hc =

λ
∆E = E6 - E1 = 13.6 b 1 - 36 l = 13.6 b 36 l
9. 1 1 35 1 2

In this case, for maximum wavelength,

= 13.22 eV
n1 = 2 & n2 = 3
∆E = E1 + E2
13.6 b 4 l = 4
hc = 1 13.6

&
E1 " Energy emitted in the 1st transition. λ

E2 " Energy emitted in the 2nd transition. ]1640g4

& λ = 13.6 = 484 nm

` E2 = 13.22 - 1.13

b 12.1 eV
  Modern Physics 11.17
hc 19. If ∆V = 11.3 KV,
16.
eV = λ
min
1242 ev - nm
Incident electron may knockout electron inside the L

& V = shell.
66.3 # 10 3 nm
-

= 18.75 kV
Therefore ∆V should be less than 11.3 kv

Just before reaching anti cathode
to ensure characteristic K or L x-ray doesn’t emit.
h h
λ electron = P = 20.
2m K $ E
h 6.034 # 10 34
-

2m ]eV g
=
^2 # 9.1 # 10 # 1.6 # 10 # 18750h
= -31 -19 1/2

= 89 # 10 -13 m = 0.89 # 10 -11 m

1242 ev - nm = 6] g] g
17.
λ1 e 40 # 103 V @]0.7g

Energy falling on sphere per sec
1242

& λ1 =
2.8 # 10 4
nm i.e., Power ] P g = 1A = 1rr 2 .....(1)

= 44.3 pm
[Consider area perpendicular to waves]

λ1 is the wavelength of photon emitted during 1st
This energy is used to raise temperature
collision. during 2nd collision energy of photon.
So if dT temperature increases in dt time

= 7]0.3g e ^40 # 10 h V A 0.7 3

Then energy received by sphere in one second

(which 70% of remaining energy after first collision) dT

= mS .....(2)
dt
λ
λ 2 = 0.31
From equation (1) and (2) we get

- 148 pm dT
Irr 2 = mS [Given S = K/T ]
λ dt

Similarly, λ3 = 0.32 4 3 K dT
Ir r = c r r t m
2

or
148pm 3 T dt

= 0.3 T2
t
4Krt dT

= 470 pm
or # dt =
3I
# T
[Given T2 = 2T1 ]
0 T1
hc hc
18. λ Kα = E - E ; λ Kβ = E - E 4Krt T2 Krt 4
K L K M
or t = ,n or t = ,n (2)
hc 3I T1 3I
λ Lα = E - E
M L 4Krt

or t ,n2
EK - EM = EK - EL + EL - EM 3I
hc = hc + hc 21. As operating voltage increases,

λ Kβ λ Kα λ Lα
λ min decreases. Therefore, graph shifts towards
1 1 1 origin.

& 0.63Ac = 0.71Ac + λ Lα
H
2
1 " 1P
1
+10 n
1 = 1 - 1

& 0.63 0.71 22. . . .
λ Lα
1876 meV 939 meV 940 mEV
1 = ]0.08g

λ Lα ]0.63g]0.71g
i.e. 12 H captures photon of 3 meV
λ Lα = 8 ]0.71g
63

&

= 5.6 Ac
 11.18 Physics
26. x " y " z dN

- dt = N # m
dNx =-
dt λxNx 180
60 = 7.8286 # 10 # m
11

dNy
dt =- λyNy + λxNx 1 7.8286 # 1011
= 3
m

Number of nuclei y will be maximum

m = 0.3832 # 10 -11
d Ny

if dt =0 0691 0.692

t1/2 = = = 1.80 # 1011 sec
m 0.3832 # 10 -11

` λxNx = λyNy

Half life = 1.8032 # 1011 sec
dN
27. dt = n - λN

= 0.5740 # 10 4 year = 5740 year
N t

# dN # dt I Aeff
=
n - λN 31. F =
N0 0 C
- 1 6 ]n - λN g@N 2

&
λ
ln N0 = t
= IπCR
n - λN dN = -

& ln n - λN =- λt 35. α λN
0 dt

& λN = _n - ^n - λN0 h e - λt i
dN
N is maximum at the instant when dt = 0

N = + b N0 - λ l e λt
n n -

i.e. α - λN = 0
λ
ln 2 α
^T1/2 hx = ^Tmean hy & e = 1

& N = λ
28.
λx λy
36. Kmax = E - W

& λy > λx
Therefore

Initially y decays at faster rate than x .

TA = 4.25 - WA .....(i)
b dN l TB = ]TA - 1.50g = 4.70 - WB .....(ii)

dt 2 N
29. = N2 = 0.015
Equation (i) and (ii) gives
b dN l 1
dt 1
WB - W = 1.95 eV ....(iii)
A

- λ^t2 - t1 h
e = 15 # 10 -3

de-Bronglie wavelength is given by

& - λ ^t2 - t1 h = ln 15 - 3 ln10
m=
h
or m\
1
2Km K
3 ln10 - ln 15 ^t h

& t2 - t1 = 1 /2 K = KE of electron
ln e2
t2 - 83
`
mB
=
KA
mA KB
14
30. 12 c = 1.3 # 10 -12 TA
c
or 2 = TA - 1.5 or TA = 2eV

12 g contain 6.022 # 1023 atoms

From equation (i)

No. atoms of 14 c = 6.022 # 10 # 1.3 # 10 23 -12

WA = 4.25 - TA = 2.25 eV

= 7.8286 # 1011
From equation (iii)
WB + 1.95 eV = ]2.25 + 1.95g eV


N = N0 e - mt

or WB = 4.20 eV
dN
dt = N0 e
- mt
#m
TB = 4.70 - WB = 4.70 - 4.20 = 0.50 eV
  Modern Physics 11.19
37. (a) Minimum wavelength will correspond to 41. The total number of nucleons will be A - 4 and the
Maximum energy i.e. from 3 to k number of neutrons will be A - Z - 3

DE = 1.9 KeV 42. As the number of protons increases, Coulomb

repulsive force among protons increases. To
1.24 # 10 4 c compensate, number of neutrons which are neutral
` m min = A = 0.62 Ac
19.9 # 103 is increased.
= 62 pm.

(b) Energy of the characteristic x-rays will be dN ln 2 # 1 # 6.02 # 1023
43. dt = m N = T1/2 238
less than corresponding to 3 to k-shell,
hence than 19.9 KeV . ln 2 # 6.023 # 1023

&T = 1
= 4.5 # 109 yrs
2
238 # 1.24 # 10 4
38. The photo electric effect can be explained if photon
The activity = number of disintegration per second
is considered as particle i.e. quantum nature.
= 1.24 # 10 4 dps
13.6 - 2 ]13.6g
39. KE = 2 eV . PE - eV for Hydroge 44. N14 + n " 3 LI7 + 4p + 4n
n n2 7

7
z=1 " 3 LI + 2a
" 3 LI7 + a + 4p + 2b -

DK = K f - Ki
45. Given m = 0.173
DK.E. = 13.6 ; ]2 g2 - ]1 g2 E = 20.4 eV
1 1

ln 2 0.693
]increaseg

T1/2 = = 0.173 , 4
m

= ] PE gf - ] PE gi

Also N0 - N = N0 e - mt

1

For t = 0.173 year
DP.E. =- 2 ]13.6g; ]2 g2 - ]1 g2 E = 20.4 eV
1 1

N

N0 - N = e 0 = 0.37 N0

(increase)
46. Due to mass defect (which is finally responsible
nh

Angular momentum L = 2r for the binding energy of the nucleus ), mass of a
nucleus is always less than the sum of masses of its
DL = 2r ]2 - 1g = 2r = 1.05 # 10 -34 J - s
h h
constituent particles.

(increase)
10 Ne is made up of 10 protons plus 10 neutrons.
20

40. Kinetic energy of an electron is given by Therefore, mass of 20

10 Ne nucleus.

1
k = 2 mv2 = eV = same for both electron M1 < 10 ^m p + mnh

Where V = speed of electron

Also, heavier the nucleus, more is the mass defect.

V = Potential difference
Thus 20 ^mn + m ph - M2 > 10 ]M P + MNg - M1

10 ]M P + Mng > M2 - M1
Linear momentum of two electron may be different,
in direction but their magnitude i.e. mv = 2mk

M2 < M1 + 10 ^m p + mnh
will be same. De-Broglie wavelenth is given by

Since M1 < M1 + 10 ^m p + mnh
h

m = mv = same for both electrons.
M2 < 2M1

Minimum wavelength of produced x-rays is given nh - 13.6Z 2
by 47. (a) L = 2π (b) E =
n2
hc c Z U

m min = eV = same for both electrons.
(c) v = 137 n (d) K =- 2
 11.20 Physics
1 = 1 - 1 57. For first excited state to ground excited state
λ0 R :1 2 n 2 D, n 4
48. =
E2 = λ 81 - 4 B & λ 8 4 B
hc 1 hc 3
hc = hc + hc 1 = 1 + 1

(a)
λ0 λ1 λ 2 & λ0 λ1 λ 2
(B) E1 = c mc hc2 m = 2 = 5
E 5 E hc λ λ 27
(A) E1 = 27

hc = hc + hc + hc 1 = 1 + 1 + 1 λ λ

or 2 2 1 1
λ0 λ1 λ 2 λ3 & λ0 λ1 λ 2 λ3 P
1 5

(C) P ? & P1 = 27
λ
49. 13.6 :1 - 9 D = 13.6Z 2 a 9 - 2 k
1 1 1 1 2

58. P.E. =- 2 ]K.E.g

n

T.E. = ]P.E.g + ] K.E.g

2 2 2
ke - 2U ke mv
50. U =- 3; F = 2r = r 4 = r
3r
T.E. =- 2 ] K.E.g + ] K.E.g

n2 h2
mv 2 r3 = ke 2; m 2 v 2 r 2 =

T.E. =- ]K.E.g - T.E. = K.E. K.E. = 3.4 eV
2
4π
6
m 2 n
λ = 6.6 # 10
-10
m

r = 2 (constant), Also V ? 4
n m
ke
2
n
6 13.6 2

U=
1 2 59. (a) Binding energy = 2 z
3 , KE = 2 mv ? n
3c 6 m
3
m m
n 13.6 2 =
at ground state, 1 $z 22.4
n6 n6

U ? 3 , T.E. = U + K.E. ? 3 & 2
z =9
m m
n6 & z =3

Then total energy ?
m3
E2 - E1 = 9 ]13.6gb 1 - 4 l

1 1
51. Kmax = 10.4 eV; φ = 1.7 eV
]13.6g]27g

E = 10.4 + 1.7 = 12.1 eV & n = 3 to n = 1
= 4
1242.eVÅ
= 91.8 eV
.
12 1 = λ
1
(b) An electron of 90 eV can’t excite this hydrogen
52. Stopping potential ? frequency ? wavelength like atom.
Saturation current ? rate of photoelectron emission.
(c) An electron of 91.8 eV energy, can be brought

Also, K.E. max = hv - φ, P = 2mKE to rest

N
(d) 125 eV = K $ E + B $ E
- λt
53. N = N0 e & 20 = N0 e λT
- 1/2

` K $ E = 125 - 122.4
log 2 1
& T1/2 = λe & Tmean = λ
= 2.6 eV

54. Assuming β to be +1 β0 60. Some of incident wavelengths may excite the

γ α β α hydrogen atoms to higher levels. So, some of the

0
172
69 E D172 C176 B176 A180
+1

69 71 72 74
incident wavelengths are missing in the light “A”.
55. At t = 0 : N1 = N0 emission spectra contains wavelengths greater
- λt than wavelength is absorption spectra. Therefore

At time t : N2 = N0 e all wavelength in B are not absent in A. Light “B”
Decayed in time t ^ N1 - N2 h = N0 ^1 - e - λt h
contain some wavelengths greater than infrafed.

Probability that a radioactive nuclei does not decay 13.6
61. T.E. of electron in the nth state = 27.2 - 2 (as
n
N N e λt
-
P.E. at the ground level considered to be zero, which
in t = 0 to t : N = 0N = e λt

-
0 0
is - 27.2 eV )
ks as n increases, T.E. increases ∆ ]T.E.g of any
two shells remains same.

Total energy at ground state is 13.6 eV.
  Modern Physics 11.21
1 72. Initially uranium atom is at rest, so after decay both
62. We have r ? , λ = reduced mass
λ nuclei have equal momentum,
2 2 2
Kq mv mv nh 2
r = r e = r n ; mver3 = 2π P
e N
and K = 2m' , here X is light so it has more kinetic
63. K $ 20.4 eV for inelastic collision energy.
64. α decay : 2 He 4 , so both Z A decreases. 73. Q = ∆m.C 2
4

β decay : 2 He , so both Z & A decreases.
+

0

= ^mu - mTh - mx h.C 2

β decay : e ,
-

= ]236.045562 - 232.038054 - 4.002603g

-1



so A will not change but Z will change (decreases)
γ decay : no change in A & Z.
# 1.5 # 10 -10 J
12400 -13
65.
∆E = c
= 7.4 # 10 J
4500 A
∆E = 2.75 eV 74. Rate of production of B depends on the decaying
dN

For photoelectric effect rate ] Ag: dtA =- λN A = λN1

∆E > W0 (work function)

B is decaying simultaneously with two rates
66. ∆E = W0 + Ek d NB
dt =- λ 2 NB =- λ 2 N2
^ Ek h = ∆E - W0
d NB
for maximum value of ^ Ek h , W0 should be minimum.
dt =- λ3 NB =- λ3 N2

W0 for lithium = 2.3eV 75. Number of nuclei of ‘B’ is = λ1 N1 - λ 2 N2 - λ3 N2
67. The maximum magnitude of stopping potential will B will increase when λN1 > ^λ 2 + λ3 hN2

be for metal of least work function.

as initially N1 = N2 = N0 & λ1 > λ 2 + λ3

` required stopping potential is
hv - φ0 76. N2 = 0, N1 = 0 as both will decay completely:

Vs = e = 0.45 volt
2N λ
N3 = λ +0 N2 therefore (b) is incorrect.

68. In equilibrium, rate of decay = rate of production. 2 3

69. As rate of decay = rate of production. = hc hc

77. e V0 - ; e is magnitude of charge
λ λ0
P

& P = λN & N= λ

of electron.
Pt

= ln12/2 = 1.8 # 1015
V0 = e c λ - λ m
hc 1 1

0
70. It is dependent upon P and t1/2 initial no. of Mn
56

nuclei will make no difference as in equilibrium rate 78. After a long time, potential of sphere again becomes
of production equals rate of decay. Large initial no. V0 .
will only make equilibrium come sooner.

` Potential difference across capacitor is V0
71. (a) Since energy will be released X will not be at Charge on capacitor = C0 V0
rest.
C hc 1
= 0e c λ - λ m
1


(b) Generally daughter nucleus is in excited state. 0

(c) If X has kinetic energy, 232 Th will also have 79. Energy of photoelectron
kinetic energy to conserve the momentum. eV
= c λ - λ m - 20
hc hc


(d) The Q value. 0

Q = ^mu - mTh - mx h.C = c 2λ - 2λ m

hc hc
2

0
 11.22 Physics
80. Saturation photo current is directly proportional to 82. For given atomic number, energy and hence
intensity. frequency of K-series is more than L-series. In one

Kmax = hy - z series also β - line has more energyof frequency
compared to that of α - line.

Stopping voltage is independent of intensity.

1 1
81. E \ , V\ n and r \ n2
n2
1 #1 1

(a) Epr \ or Epr \ n
n2 n
p 1 p

(b) E \ n # n2 or E \n
1 # 2

(c) Er \ n or Er is independent
n2

of n

1

(d) Pr \ n # n2 or pr \ n

Numerical Type 3. RA = 10 mCi, RB = 20 mCi

1240
NA = 2NB
1. Energy of photon. E = 310 = 4ev 2 2ev
R m N ^T1/2hB N A

m B N B ^T1/2hA N B

(so photoelectric effect will take place) ` RA = A A = #
B

1 ^T1/2hB #
2 & ^T1/2hA = 4 ^T1/2hB

E = 4 × 1.6 × 10 -19 = 6.4 × 10 -19 Joule
2 =
^T1/2hA

No. of photons falling per second
1240 1250
4. E1= 350 eV; E2 = 540 eV
6.4 # 10 # 1 -5

= = 1014 Also, v1 = 2v2
6.4 # 10 -19

No. of photoelectron emitted per second
Using Einstein photoelectric equation,
1

E – f = 2 mv2
1014
= = 1011
103 E1 - z v12
= = 4 ⇒ E1 – f = 4E2 – 4f
Single Option Correct E2 - z v22
4E2 - E1
r n2 n n3 z= 3
2. T \ v \ z # z \ z2
= 3 540 - 350 l . 1.88eV
1240 b 4 1

T1 n13 1

T2 = n23 = 8 5. At t = 0, R0B = R0A

T2 = 8T1 R
At time t, R A = e3t
B

= 8 # 1.6 # 10 -16 = 12.8 # 10 -16 R 0A e - m t A

& = e 3t
R 0B e - m t b

1
f2 = . 7.8 # 1014
12.8 # 10 -16 e -]m A - m Bgt = e 3t
& m A - m B =- 3
ln 2 ln 2 ln 2
=- 3; =4
^T1/2hA ^T1/2hB ^T1/2hB
` -

6a ^T1/2hB@ = ln 2
^T1/2hB = ln 2
4
  Modern Physics 11.23
6. f = 4.7 eV. 1
&λ\
c1 - 2 m
Frequency of light used for maximum energy 1

]6.28 # 107gc λn
y=
& λ \ c1 - λ 2 m
2 # 3.15 1 -1

n
= 107 × 3 × 108 = 3 × 1015 Hz

As n is large
E = hu= 6.6 × 10–34 × 3 × 1015 J
λ \ c1 + λ 2 m
1
6.6 # 3 # 10 -19 n
= = 12.375 eV
1.6 # 10 -19
B
Using Einstein’s photoelectric equation, & An b A + 2
λn
Kmax = E – f = 12.375 – 4.7 10. Series limit frequency of Lyman series = vL
= 7.675 eV ≈ 7.72 eV
` For Pfund series [n = 5]

7. The minimum energy of the electron is 1

f\
n2
E = 2m = b l 2m
P2 h 2 1 v
` fPfund series = 25L

m
hc =
=c
606 # 10 -34 m2 1 11. eV
λ min
7.5 # 10 -12 2 # 9.1 # 10 -31 # 1.6 # 10 -19
- 25keV log ]hcg - log ^λ min h = log e + log V

log ^λ min h = log a e k - log V

8. According to law of radioactivity, the count rate at t hc

= 8 seconds is

This is a straight line with positive y-intercept and
N1 = N0 e–lt slope negative.
dN 12. Before collision
dt = lN = lN0 e–lt
1600 = N0 e0 = lN0 A(m) B(m/2)

100 = lN0 e–8l = 1600 e–8l

e–8l = 16 = 24 ⇒ e2l = 2
After collision
At t = 6 sec A B
V1 V2
dN
dt = lN0e–6l = 1600 × (e–2l)3

Because Psys = constt
1
= 1600 × 8 = 200. m

& mv =- mv1 + 2 v 2 .
h
9. λ = mv
& 2v = v2 - 2v1
z v1 + v 2
vn = 2.18 # 106 n


Further e = v = 1 & v1 + v 2 = v
1
v
& n\ n Solving the 2 equations we get,

&λ\n v 4v

v1 =- 3 ; v2 = 3 .

Now, mv 2mv

` pA = 3 ; pB = 3
= RZ 2 ; 2 - 2 E
1 1 1
λ 1 n h = 3h

` λA = mv
pA
& = RZ 2 ;1 2 - Rλ 2 E
1 1 1
λ n
h = 3h λ
1
λB = ; ` A =2
& \ R c1 - λ 2 m
1 pB 2 mv λB
λ
 11.24 Physics

N = N0 ` 2 j
hc = hc 1 n
13. 2E - E = E & λ1 = E 15.
λ1
N1 = N0 ` 2 j
hc 4E E 3hc 1 4
= 3 - E = 3 & λ 2 = E
λ2
N2 = N0 ` 2 j
1 2

λ 1
` 1 = 3 = r.

RS 1 4 VW
N0 SS1 - ` 2 j WW
λ2
N0 - N1
N - N = N SS W
S1 - ` 2 j WW
14. A " B 0 2 0S 1 2W
- λt

N A = N0 e T X
1
NB = N0 ^1 - e - λt h
1 - 16

= 1
1- 4
- λt
N (1 - e )
B = - λt = e λt - 1 = 0.3 (given) 15
NA e 16 5

3 = 4
e λt = 1.3
4
log 1.3

& λt = log 1.3 or t= 1
λ *17. K = 2 mV 2
log 2

Also; λ = - ke 2
T U = r
T log 1.3 T =- K

` t=
log 2

As particle Jumps to ground state
V - ` KE -
r . ` U ., T .
  Modern Physics 11.25

1. So equivalent decay constant = l1 + l2 = 5 × 10-10 4. 15

7 N " 7 ^11 H h + 8 ^10 n h
per year

BE]N g = 0.123986 # 931.5 = 115.492959 MeV
N N0 - N
^1 H h + 7 ^10 n h
N0 = e
-m eq t
and given that N = 99
8 O " i 1
15

1
40
BE]Og = 0.12019 # 931.5 = 111.956985 MeV
20 Ca
So t = 9.2 × 109 year 40
BE]N g - BE]Og = 3.535974 = 5 4πε R 68 ]7 g - 7 ]6 g@
19 K 3 e2

0
2 40
& R = 3.42 fm
18
Ar
2. For photo electric effect 5. 64 = 26
hc - ` the material should decay for 6 half lines for a
K = φ
λ
safe laboratory. Thus answer = 18 # 6 = 108 days
h h
λD = p =
2mK hc -
6. eV =
2 λ ph φ
h

` K =
2mλ D 2 hc φ

v= λ e- e
2 ph
h = hc - φ

`
2mλ D 2 λ h

λe =
2mE

Differentiating we get,
h
- 2h 2 Tλ D
λe =
2m 3 =- hc2 Tλ 2meV
λD λ
7. U = Fr
Tλ D λ3 [Using U = potential energy and v = velocity,
` ? D2
Tλ λ to avoid confusion between their symbols]
8
3. C = 3 # 10 m/s - dU
& Force = =- F
e = 1.6 # 10 19 C

- dr

λ in µm & Magnitude of force = Constant = F

E = φ + eV mv 2
hc & F= .....(1)

& λ = φ + eV1 R
1
nh
hc = + & mvR = ....(2)

λ 2 φ eV2 2r
m n2 h2 1
hc c λ - λ m = eV1 - eV2
1 1 & F= # # 2 2
R 2
1 2 4r m R
2 2
n h
R=e 2 o .....(3)
1 1

& h # 3 # 108 : - - - D &
0.3 # 10 6 0.4 # 10 6 4r mF
= 1.6 # 10 -19 52 - 1? nh
& v=
2rmR
h # 3 # 108 ;
0.4 # 10 - 0.3 # 10 E
-6 6

& -12 1
0.3 # 0.4 # 10
nh 4r 2 mF 3
= 1.6 # 10 -19 & v = e 2 2 o
2rm n h
1.6 # 10 9
- 1

n h F
1 1
-12
h= -6 # 0.12 # 10 Js
^ h
3
& 8
3 3

3 10 0.1 10
# # & v = .....(4)
2 r m
1 1 2
3 3 3

= 6.4 # 10 -34
 11.26 Physics
(b) is correct increases. Hence energy is released.
1 (c) On fission for 100 < A < 200 , the mass no. for
& E= mv 2 + U
2 fission nuclei will be between 50 to 100. B/A
1 decreases. Hence no energy is released.
= mv 2 + FR
2 (d) On fission for 200 < A < 260 , the mas no. of
2 1

n h F n2 h2
2 2
1
E = mf p+ F #e 2 o
fission nuclei will be between 100 to 130. B/A
3 3
3 3

&
2 2 r m
2
4r mF
3
2
3
4
3 will increase. Hence energy is released.
1

n2 h2 F2 11. KEmax of β
-
1
E=e o < + 1F
3

&
4r 2 m 2
Q = 0.8 # 106 eV

1
2 2 2
3 n h F
e o
3

=
KEP + KEβ + KEv = Q -

2 4r 2 m

KEP is almost zero
hc
8. m min =
eV
When KEβ = 0 Then KEv = Q - KEP
-

1 m2
& ^m min hnew =
,Q

& m min a
V 2
12. 0 # KEβ # Q - KEP - KEv
-

dN hc
I
a = #
0 # KEβ < Q
dt m
-

dN 1 # 2

a decreases Q
13. <
dt Ne 2 F =L3
=T1
mε 0 Q2

Hence I decreases M# 2
L #F
9. The energy level diagram is shown in the figure So only (c) is dimensionally correct
14. For resonance
ma 1
It is given : =
me 5
4 # 10 # ^1.6 # 10 -19h
27 2
Ne 2 =

ω = ωP = mε 0 -30 -11
10 # 10
c - m
1 1 1
m2 42 me 1
ω = 3.2 # 10
15
or, = 1 =5
c1 - 2 m
1
15
4 ma ω 3.2 # 10 1
f = 2π = 2 # 3.14 . 2 # 1015
⇒m = 2 c 3 # 108

λ= f = 1 15

clearly
Dp a 1
! 2 2 # 10
Dp e
λ . 600 nm

The ratio of the kinetic energies is also the ratio of
1 15. 226
Ra a - decay 22286Rn
the corresponding total energies = 4 88

∴correct options are b, d Total energy emitted = (Dm)C2

= 0.005 × 931.5 MeV = E0 (say) …(i)
10. (a) For 1 < A < 50 , on fusion mass number for
compound nucleus is less than 100. Also, Ea = 4.44 MeV …(ii)
B/A remains same. Hence no energy is released 4
ERn = 4.44 MeV × 222 …(iii)
(b) For 51 < A < 100 , on fusion mass no. of ⇒ Er = E0 - Ea - ERn = 135 keV
compound nucleus is between 100 and 200. B/A
  Modern Physics 11.27
200W
16.
Number of electrons emitted N = 6.25eV
200 # 29 # 10 -31 # 1.6 # 500

F =
1.6 # 6.25 # 10 19
-

= 24.00

13.6 Z 2 b1 - 4 l = 74.8 eV + 13.6 z 2 b 4 - 9 l

17. 1 1 1

& 13.6 # Z b 18 l = 74.8

2 11


& Z2 = 9 & Z = 3
18. Let total volume of blood = υ 0 ml
Activity of 2.5 ml = 115 Bq

115 υO
Activity of υ 0 ]ml g =
2.5 after 11.5 hrs.
Using R = RO e λt
-

115 υO 5
ln 2
t
e
-
2.5 = 2 . 4 # 10 # T 1/2

115 υO 5
0.7 # 11.5
e
- 8 # 24
2.5 = 2 . 4 # 10 #

Solving for υO = 5
2
nf
19. 2 = 6.25 & n f = 2.5 ni
ni
` Smallest n f = 5
c
20. Wavelength = 970 A
n=4 –0.85
n=3 –1.51

n=2 –3.4
12.75

n=1 –13.6

= 12375
970 = 12.75 eV

Now we know that:

The energy gap corresponding to the given
wavelength is same as for n = 4 to n = 1 .
n ^n - 1 h

` Now for spectral lines = 2
4 ^4 - 1 h

= 2

= 6 Lines
11.28 Physics