Globalization and Its Impact on the Middle

East
RASWANTO Arya Bakti 11416115, HOQUE Md Iftakhaul 11216022, DINH

Nguyen Cam Ly 12416214

Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University

Transnational Sociology EA

Professor KOJIMA Shinji

May 30, 2018

INTRODUCTION
 Being a part of globalization can be a very good opportunity to obtain stable

economic growth in the Middle East regions. In fact, globalization and its use in economic

development have profound importance each for the region’s stability and for the world

economy. Geographic area countries ought to notice the way to use globalization to their

profit. So as to realize this least globalized region’s integration into the world economy and

promote international institutions’ support to the region’s economic process, it is vital to

grasp globalization and its impact in the region.

The challenge to globalization exists at the state level within the Near East, that could be a

critically necessary a part of the globe. Most countries within the region accepted the

principles of economic easing and therefore they want for the adoption of World Trade

Organization (WTO) standards. In spite of this, there's a true worry of globalization as a result

of its negative connotations as pro-Western. This worry has formed the region’s relations,

notably with the West.

Globalization is that the results of monumental progress in data Technology (IT) in

recent decades. It is Associated in Nursing economic term that signifies free movement of

products, services, labor, and capital across borders. However, the perception of this idea

within the Mideast is totally different. It is vital for the West to grasp this totally different

perception of the economic process so as to restore a positive economic and political

relationship with the Middle East countries. Whereas the new world order is inevitable as a

result of its Associate in a Nursing age of contemporary technology, data, and

communication, it's not within the Middle East countries’ best interest to shut their doors to

world integration. Thus, it's crucial to seem at globalization’s actual definition, the perception

from the center East states’ purpose of reading, and globalization’s impact on the region. It is

clear and sure that the Middle East has to manufacture enough youth with viable skills to

achieve a worldwide economy.

A closer crosscheck in this new thrust of the world can indicate each it’s positive and

negative effects on the center East economy. Systematic and organized understanding of these
impacts is needed to develop the region’s economy and to own it gain stability. This could

lead the region to a fascinating economic pattern.

LITERATURE REVIEW

The literature discusses the economic process from three completely different

approaches: generally as a trend and, specifically, its pros and cons. According to Robert

(2006), Globalization has been taking place for centuries whenever improvements in

transportation and communications have brought formerly separated peoples into contact with

one another. Arabs coined a replacement term, "al-awlama," to use rather than economic

process, which suggests, increasing levels of mutuality over vast distances, cultural,

environmental, and political dimensions.

Three dimensions of globalization are market growth, which is economic; newly

emerged social movements, which are cultural; and, challenges to states and institutions,

which are political. In terms of economics, transnational companies often ignore the territorial

borders of states and work globally. In the second dimension, globalized states need the

approval of international institutions in the decision-making process on certain issues such as

the environment. The third dimension impacts society as an attitudinal change resulting in a

global society.

Scholars of the center East region read globalization as a philosophic term.

Muhammed al-Mutawa talks concerning the center East statesmen's perception of the

conception. To some students within the geographical area countries, it's a brand new version

of imperialism.

The Muslim community has shaped 3 groups against the cultural globalization. The Arab

world has had 3 sorts of reaction to cultural globalization. The primary views globalization as

a threat and sees it as a danger. They separate each world firmly and support total severance

from cultural integration. The second welcome globalization. Sadeq Jalal al-Azm of Syrian

University has AN approach that implies that the Muslims area unites a hospitable world

dialogue.
 This cluster would really like to embrace Western culture and build integration to an

unprecedented degree. People who read globalization as a chance make up this class. The

third cluster compromises as a result of them worrying regarding cultural deprivation. This

cluster preserves their own identity nevertheless don't shut doors to world interactions; they

welcome the approaching concepts. Naguib Mahfouz, who is one of these people, does not

see any challenge between the Western world and Islamic civilization. However, this thesis

will focus on the concept of globalization mainly in the context of economics.

Some scholars blame the Middle East region's poor economic performance on

globalization and therefore the world economy. These students assume the region's economy

would are stronger while not globalization. Another analysis of globalization's impact on the

region from Mark (2004) is that "People from the region World Health Organization are

against globalization contend that globalization is in abundance and distinct versions of its

struggle for a form of government." These are the views of anti-globalization supporters.

One important Muslim scholar's economic perspective is that there's very little

empirical information suggesting that the Muslim culture is very totally different from the

West. Imai (2006) argued in "Clash of Civilizations." that Islamic culture has no applied

mathematics importance in decreasing the economic easement. So, challenges of the Arab

economies square measure thanks to the normal factors of economic development.

Additionally, students agree that the failure of economic process within the geographical

region region favors religionist organizations with political motivations by taking advantage

of economic condition by providing basic merchandise and services whereas manufacturing

political instability for the Arab world.18 In fact, this time ought to facilitate to know that a

"religion" variable isn't a constraint on economic easement of the region.

Friedman talks about globalization as a trend in his book Lexus and the Olive Tree,

(Friedman, 2000). He states there are 2 main teams in globalization: one is for globalization,

viewing its positive effects; the opposite is against it, considering the negative effects are

additional dominant. Though Friedman favors globalization for its positive effects, the

supporters of negative effects of globalization argue that it's not profitable for all. They see
the glass as 0.5 empty once evaluating globalization. They entail the unequal distribution of

advantages, instability caused by world mutualistic economies, and sovereignty issues of

nation states.

METHODS

This paper examines globalization and its impacts on the Middle East. The paper

will explain how globalization has affected the Middle East region regarding general

economic aspects and the reactions to the results. Arguments are stated by evidence from

scholarly books, articles, and journals on the matter.

GLOBALIZATION AND THE MIDDLE EAST

The end of the Cold War and 9/11 were two deeply vital turning points within the

fashionable history of the center East region. As Richard N. Haass noted, “This isn't the

primary such tectonic politics shift within the region.” History of the fashionable amount

started some two hundred years past. It began in 1798 once the Ottoman rule was weak. Then

in check of England and France, the post- warfare I colonial era came. The cold-war era

followed, during which war-drained Europe declined, Arab nationalism rose, and two

superpowers emerged. The top of the Soviet Union caused the yank era. Its leading options

were the U.S.-led liberation of Kuwait, the capital of Spain peace conference and therefore

the Clinton administrations targeted however failing peacemaking effort at Camp David.

“This American era coincided with the zenith of the ‘old Middle East’: top-heavy Arab

regimes that repressed their people; relatively low oil prices, for the most part; an uneasy

coexistence between Israel and both the Palestinians and the Arabs; Israel alone as a nuclear

power; a frustrated Iraq balancing an internally divided Iran, and American primacy.” The

politics within the Near East and North Africa (MENA) region have altered so the center East

region enlarged to a bigger region, that currently includes Afghanistan and the Islamic

Republic of Pakistan. The Larger Near East is going to be a crucial lever within the new

world order.

The region has significant resources like hydrocarbons and oil, which are important

energy resources. Hydrocarbons are used as a combustible fuel source. Two-thirds of World’s
oil need comes from this region. In addition, the region is unique for its closeness to Europe,

Asia, and Africa. While these features are an opportunity for its place on the world’s stage,

some regional and political problems remain challenging.

Throughout history, the Middle East has been exposed to the involvement of

outsiders. Unlike the European development, all alternative powerful states cared regarding

the rising states and their power, even their borders within the Middle East. Europeans

engineered countries in peace and neighbors failed to interfere. Middle East states evolved

late and the majority of close states concerned politically and economically within the method

of evolution. Resources and therefore the location of the region plays a crucial role in

attracting the outsiders’ attention furthering involvement within the region.

Globalization is obviously an inevitable force of change facing the world. The world

is shrinking to a small village where all should be ready to learn to live together and interact.

As globalization arrived, time and distance concepts changed. It is a trend. It is an opportunity

yet also a threat. It is a force of change for any region in the world including the MENA

region. Most regimes in the region may not welcome globalization. A consequence will be

lack of stability and a fundamental change in the region.

A long list has been anticipating the response to the regional issues of the MENA

politically, socially, economically, and militarily. Virtually every state within the

geographical area was inbuilt last century. Once a century of disputes, no one within the

geographical area region accepts these boundaries. Perpetual, low-intensity conflict is

constant within the geographical area. The state system within the region was the grounds of

this low-intensity conflict; thus, no hegemonic power diode an outdoors land to require action

so as to secure the region’s stability. In contrast, the MENA is that the least globalized region

of the globe. The Middle East’s considerations regarding the economic process and negative

associations to globalization badly influenced the U.S.-Middle East relations and particularly

its connection with the West. The situation has worsened after 9/11. Since the United States

had power in the region, the Bush administration decided to democratize the region to achieve

its security goals and to wage war on global terror.

Globalization challenged authoritarian states within the Middle East. “Globalization”

within the region could be a fancy name for “outsiders’ intrusion within the region.” The

underneath the Bush administration is seen as associate degree interventionist. Most Middle

East states don't approve of the policy of us despite the fact that they need being allies with

us. The US pursued a reform approach within the Muslim society whereas Muslims had a

serious concern regarding globalization. Globalization and also the reform agenda of the US

underneath the Bush administration have a destabilizing impact on the Middle East.

On the other hand, the Bush administration was pursuing the same foreign policy on

terrorism in order not to face terrorism at home or at any other place in the world. President

George W. Bush’s speech about the war on terror at National Defense University in

Washington, DC was clear in his message.

“Like an earlier generation, America is pursuing a clear strategy with our allies to achieve

victory. Our immediate strategy is to eliminate terrorist threats abroad, so we do not have to

face them here at home. The theory here is straightforward: terrorists are less likely to

endanger our security if they are worried about their own security. When terrorists spend their

days struggling to avoid death or capture, they are less capable of arming and training to

commit new attacks. We will keep the terrorists on the run until they have nowhere left to

hide. Global terror requires a global response, and America is more secure today because

dozens of other countries have stepped up to the fight.

Our strategy to keep the peace in the longer term is to help change the conditions that give

rise to extremism and terror, especially in the broader Middle East. Parts of that region have

been caught for generations in a cycle of tyranny and despair and radicalism. When a

dictatorship controls the political life of a country, the responsible opposition cannot develop,

and dissent is driven underground and toward the extreme. And to draw attention away from

their social and economic failures, dictators place blame on other countries and other races

and stir the hatred that leads to violence. This status quo of despotism and anger cannot be
 ignored or appeased, kept in a box or bought off, because we have witnessed how the

violence in that region can reach easily across borders and oceans. The entire world has an

urgent interest in the progress, and hope, and freedom in the broader Middle East. The

advance of hope in the Middle East requires new thinking in the region. By now it should be

clear that authoritarian rule is not the wave of the future; it is the last gasp of a discredited

past. It should be clear that free nations escape stagnation, and grow stronger with time

because they encourage the creativity and enterprise of their people. It should be clear that

economic progress requires political modernization, including honest representative

government and the rule of law. And it should be clear that no society can advance with only

half of its talent and energy and that demands the full participation of women. The advance of

hope in the Middle East also requires new thinking in the capitals of great democracies

including Washington, D.C. By now it should be clear that decades of excusing and

accommodating tyranny, in the pursuit of stability, have only led to injustice and instability

and tragedy. It should be clear that the advance of democracy leads to peace because

governments that respect the rights of their people also respect the rights of their neighbors. It

should be clear that the best antidote to radicalism and terror is the tolerance and hope kindled

in free societies. And our duty is now clear: For the sake of our long-term security, all free

nations must stand with the forces of democracy and justice that have begun to transform the

Middle East.

Each country in the Middle East will take a different path of reform. And every nation that

starts on that journey can know that America will walk at its side.”

ANALYSIS

Optimistically, the new pattern of globalization, especially its monetary

measurement, includes commendable openings. Most financial specialists advocate monetary

globalization since it advances productivity and specialization. They concur that the more

worldwide the size of the market, the more effective the distribution of assets. As per enter

thinks about in the region, countries with open, advertise arranged economies have enhanced

their economies twice as quick as those with shut economies. In the 1980s, the imbalance was
higher than now. The ongoing decade was the first run through in history that genuine wages

have expanded at a degree that has never been seen. Amid the previous decade, the worldwide

economy developed by around 30 percent in complete esteem, helping numerous nations - in

Asia, as well as in the Middle East too. Globalization assumes enter part in bringing exchange

up in the worldwide economy. Mechanical advance and transportation improvements have

helped coordination of a worldwide financial framework. Along these lines, with the

globalization, assembled work constrain, worldwide data stream, cash exchanges over the

fringes have expanded impressively. In this littler universe of this period, exchanges are

quick; worldwide trade of thoughts is more probable than at any earlier time; developments of

HR or capital is straightforward; association is immense in numbers due to this shared view

for all concerned. This is globalization.

Globalization is somewhat dangerous and brings social, political, and financial

difficulties for the states, which are going to encounter the new world pattern. This negative

observation is alive and crisp all the time in the third world. Combination into the universal

monetary framework can mean confronting worldwide contenders, which requires the state to

have certain arrangement of establishments with a specific end goal to succeed. Especially in

the Middle East, monetary structures are powerless, the requirement for administrative laws

are at its pinnacle, interior markets are exceptionally delicate, and execution of financial

changes is to a great extent political. Also, in a few nations, organized commerce brought

about business issues for unpracticed specialists, wage decrease, bring down earnings, and

rejections. These components add to expanding neediness in creating nations. Inability to

have fundamental establishments and framework, execution challenges, insecure

administrative laws, defilement, and terrible administration are the worries while in transit to

financial development of the Middle Eastern nations. This minimum globalized and most

critical piece of the world needs to figure out how to finish its combination into worldwide

monetary framework in an approach empowering it to get generally advantage.

Other than the positive effects of globalization, there are definitely a few expenses.

Globalization postures advantage, as well as causes some mischief that rivals see as awesome
dangers. These dangers could cause conflicts at various levels whether at the provincial,

national or universal level.

The main cost of globalization is that it constructs a specific gathering who picks up

from globalization there can be impressive value issues in the designation of the additions

from globalization among all gatherings, for example, people, establishments, nations, and

areas. Indeed, a lion's share of the advantages have been setting off to the prosperous

countries or people, broadening the hole amongst rich and poor, creating bigger imbalances,

and prompting likely clashes inside both the state and interstate. Short of what one-fourth of

the total populace has exploited more than three-fourths of whole characteristic assets of the

world.

CONCLUSION

The test for the Middle Eastern nations is to exploit globalization's chances while

limiting its dangers. Tending to this test requires a superior comprehension of globalization

and its effects. Globalization emerges in three territories of human life: governmental issues,

financial aspects and social life. Globalization includes positive and negative effects. On the

positive side, it has put a reward on great administration, because of the need to set up

arrangements and foundations required by an undeniably focused worldwide commercial

center. Globalization includes benefits, as well as has disadvantages. One problem is

identifying who profits from its potential benefits. A second problem is that of essential

ability local or worldwide instabilities stemming from the interdependencies of economies on

a worldwide basis. a third form of problem is that the control of national economies is visible

by some as possibly shifting from sovereign governments to multi-country wide businesses.

1. Gilpin, R., & Gilpin, J. M. (2006). Global political economy: Understanding the

international economic order.

2. Engler, M. (2004). Are They Really Connected? The War And Globalization. Retrieved

May 17, 2018, from https://www.counterpunch.org/engler10212004.html

3. Imai, K. (2006). Culture, Civilization, Or Economy? Test Of The Clash Of Civilizations

Thesis,. Retrieved May 17, 2018, from http://www.proquest.com.libproxy.nps.edu/

4. Friedman, T. L. (2000). The Lexus and the olive tree. New York: Anchor Books.

5. Haass, R. N. (2007, January 8). The New Middle East; as the Iraq War Helps Bring

the American Era to a Close, a New Order Will Begin to Emerge in the Region.

Retrieved May 17, 2018, from https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-156577308.html

6. Transcript of Bush speech on terrorism. (n.d.). Retrieved May 18, 2018, from

http://www.cnn.com/2005/ALLPOLITICS/03/08/bush.transcript/index.html