Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

Sub. Code : KEE-064

Dr. Sadasiva Behera

Assistant Prof. Dept. EE, MIET Meerut
 Syllabus
Unit 1:
• Introduction to Hybrid Electric Vehicles: History of hybrid and electric vehicles,
social and environmental importance of hybrid and electric vehicles.
• Conventional Vehicles: Basics of vehicle performance, vehicle power source
characterization, transmission characteristics, and mathematical models to describe
vehicle performance.
• Hybrid Electric Drive-trains: Basic concept of hybrid traction, introduction to
various hybrid drive-train topologies, power flow control in hybrid drive-train
topologies, fuel efficiency analysis. Electric Drive-trains: Basic concept of electric
traction, introduction to various electric drive-train topologies, power flow control in
electric drive-train topologies, fuel efficiency analysis.
…Contd
Unit 2: Electric Propulsion unit:
• Introduction to electric components used in hybrid and electric vehicles,
Configuration and control of
• DC Motor drives, Configuration and control of Induction Motor drives,
configuration and control of
• Permanent Magnet Motor drives, Configuration and control of Switch Reluctance
Motor drives, drive system efficiency.
Unit 3: Energy Storage:
• Introduction to Energy Storage Requirements in Hybrid and Electric Vehicles,
Battery based energy storage and its analysis, Fuel Cell based energy storage and its
analysis,
• Super Capacitor based energy storage and its analysis, Flywheel based energy
storage and its analysis, Hybridization of different energy storage devices.
…Contd
Unit4: Sizing the drive system:
• Matching the electric machine and the internal combustion engine (ICE), Sizing the
propulsion motor, sizing the power electronics, selecting the energy storage
technology, Communications, supporting subsystems
Unit5: Energy Management Strategies:
• Introduction to energy management strategies used in hybrid and electric vehicles,
classification of different energy management strategies, comparison of different
energy management strategies, implementation issues of energy management
strategies.

Books:
1. Iqbal Hussein, Electric and Hybrid Vehicles: Design Fundamentals, CRC Press, 2003
2. James Larminie, John Lowry, Electric Vehicle Technology Explained, Wiley, 2003
3. Mehrdad Ehsani, YimiGao, Sebastian E. Gay, Ali Emadi, Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric
and Fuel Cell Vehicles: Fundamentals, Theory and Design, CRC Press, 2004
…Contd

Course Outcomes
CO1 Choose a suitable drive scheme for developing an
electric hybrid vehicle depending on resources.
CO2 Design and develop basic schemes of electric
vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles.
CO3 Choose proper energy storage systems for vehicle
applications.
CO4 Identify various communication protocols and
technologies used in vehicle networks.
 Introduction

• Electric vehicles mitigate noise and pollution, lessening dependence on oil

for transport.
• They necessitate power from non-fossil-fuel sources to achieve zero carbon
emissions.
• With only 40 years of oil left, alternatives like coal-derived oil become
economically viable.
• Coal, with over 100 years of supply, is a finite but more abundant resource
than oil.
• Despite challenges, electric road vehicles aim to match the convenience of
internal combustion engines in range and refueling ease.
 History of EV
Early Days
• Electric motors evolved from Faraday's discoveries, with Sturgeon's
invention of the first practical DC motor in 1832.
• In 1834 the first non-rechargeable battery operated EV was built by
Thomas Davenport.
• Robert Davidson's electric locomotive, powered by non-rechargeable
batteries, debuted in 1837.
• The first electric tram was experimented with in St Petersburg in 1880,
leading to the Gross-Lichterfelde Tramway in Berlin in 1881.
• The Blackpool Tramway marked Britain's first electric street tramway in
1885, spreading to many cities worldwide by WWI.
• Trolleybuses emerged in 1882 with Dr. Werner's Berlin bus, followed by
passenger service in Germany in 1901 and in Leeds and Bradford, UK, in
1911.
 Figure 2 Double-decker tram in London, 1910 (Source:
Figure 1 Electric locomotive, 1895 (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_locomotive)

Figure 3 The Lohner Porshe, the first electric hybrid vehicle designed and driven by Dr Ferdinand Porsche (Reproduced with permission from the
Beaulieu Motor Mus
Figure 4 Historical timeline of the development of EV/HEV
Hybrid vehicle
• A hybrid vehicle is a type of vehicle that utilizes a combination of two or more power sources,
typically an internal combustion engine and an electric motor.
• These vehicles are designed to improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions by utilizing the
electric motor for low-speed driving and the combustion engine for higher speeds or when
additional power is needed.

Hybrid electric vehicle

• A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a type of vehicle that combines an internal combustion
engine (usually gasoline) with an electric propulsion system.
• HEVs use regenerative braking and the combustion engine to charge the battery, improving fuel
efficiency and reducing emissions compared to traditional vehicles
Social and environmental importance of hybrid vehicles

• Hybrid vehicles reduce greenhouse gas emissions, combating climate change.

• By utilizing both electric and gas power, they lessen reliance on fossil fuels.
• Their efficiency promotes cleaner air quality in urban areas, enhancing public
health.
• Hybrid technology encourages innovation towards sustainable transportation
solutions.
• Choosing hybrids supports a shift towards a greener future, balancing social needs
with environmental preservation.
 Basic of vehicle performance

• Vehicle performance refers to how well a vehicle accelerates, brakes, handles

corners, and maintains stability.
• Key performance indicators include horsepower, torque, acceleration, braking
distance, and top speed.
• Engine performance affects acceleration and top speed, while braking systems
determine stopping distances.
• Suspension and chassis design influence handling and stability during
maneuvers.
• Aerodynamics play a role in reducing drag and improving fuel efficiency,
enhancing overall performance.
 Electric Propulsion Unit

• Electric Propulsion Unit systems are the heart of the EV/HEV.

• They consists of
• Electric motors,
• Power converters
• Electronic controller
• The electric motor convert the electric energy into mechanical energy to propel
the vehicle or, vice versa to enable re-generative breaking and/or to generate
electricity for the purpose of charging the onboard energy storage.
Hybrid based energy storage system
Flywheel based energy storage system
Introduction
Shaft
Advantages
 Disadvantages
• Weight and Space Constraints
• Mechanical Complexity and Maintenance
• Limited Energy Density
• High Initial Costs
Series HEV
Parallel HEV
Series-Parallel HEV
 EV Drive Train Configurations
Some common EV drivetrain configurations:
Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV):
• BEVs use only electric power stored in a battery pack to drive one or more electric motors.
There is no internal combustion engine (ICE) in a BEV.
• Single-motor configurations power either the front or rear wheels, while dual-motor
configurations power both axles, providing all-wheel drive (AWD) capability.
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV):
• PHEVs combine an internal combustion engine (ICE) with an electric motor and a battery
pack.
• PHEVs can operate in electric-only mode for a limited range before the ICE takes over, or they
can use both power sources simultaneously for increased performance.
Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV):
• HEVs also have both an internal combustion engine (ICE) and an electric motor, but they
cannot be plugged in to charge the battery. Instead, the battery is charged through regenerative
braking and by the ICE.
• The electric motor assists the ICE during acceleration and can sometimes operate the vehicle
independently at low speeds.
 Electric Drive-trains

C: Clutch, M: Motor, GB : Gearbox, D: Differential, FG: Fixed gear

Transmission
 Transmission is a key component in vehicles, its main function is to transmit power from the
engine to the wheels.
 It converts torque and engine speed so that the vehicle performance requisites are achieved.
 There is a wide variety of transmission configurations – manual, automatic, continuous
variable transmission (CVT) which can be further subdivided. Major components commonly
present in transmission include: clutch, gearbox, differential and drive shaft.
Gearbox:
 While electric motors inherently provide a wide torque range and high efficiency across
various speeds, a gearbox may still be incorporated in some EV configurations to optimize
performance, efficiency, or packaging.
 A gearbox allows the electric motor to operate more efficiently by adjusting the gear ratio to
match the vehicle's speed and load conditions. This can improve acceleration, top speed, or
energy efficiency.
 Gearboxes in EVs are often simpler than those in ICE vehicles, with fewer gears due to the
broader torque range of electric motors. Some EVs use single-speed transmissions, while
others may incorporate multi-speed gearboxes for specific performance or efficiency goals.
Clutch:
 In traditional ICE vehicles, a clutch is used to engage or disengage the engine from the
transmission to allow gear changes and smooth operation.
 In EVs, a clutch may be included in certain configurations, primarily in hybrid or plug-in
hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs or PHEVs) where an internal combustion engine (ICE) is also
present. The clutch can be used to disconnect the ICE from the drivetrain during electric-only
operation or to engage it when needed for hybrid operation.
Differential:

 The differential in a vehicle allows the wheels to rotate at different speeds while transferring
torque from the drivetrain to the wheels.
 In EVs, differentials are essential components of the drivetrain, as they ensure smooth power
delivery and traction to the wheels.
 Electric vehicles may use traditional mechanical differentials or electronic differential
systems that use software control to distribute torque between the wheels for optimal traction
and stability.
• In some EV configurations, particularly those designed for specific performance goals or
applications, a mechanical gearbox may be incorporated into the drivetrain alongside wheel
motors.
• This setup aims to optimize torque delivery, efficiency, or top speed by adjusting gear
ratios to match the vehicle's speed and load conditions, offering benefits such as improved
acceleration, energy efficiency, or top-end performance compared to single-speed setups.